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Title: Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, ssRNA virus from the family Filoviridae capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 80–90% mortality rates. The most recent outbreak of EBOV in West Africa starting in 2014 resulted in over 11,300 deaths; however, long-lasting persistence and recurrence in survivors has been documented, potentially leading to further transmission of the virus. We have previously shown that exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1, HTLV-1 and Rift Valley Fever virus are able to transfer viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to naïve recipient cells, resulting in an altered cellular activity. In the current manuscript, we examined the effect of Ebola structural proteins VP40, GP, NP and VLPs on recipient immune cells, as well as the effect of exosomes containing these proteins on naïve immune cells. We found that VP40-transfected cells packaged VP40 into exosomes, and that these exosomes were capable of inducing apoptosis in recipient immune cells. In addition, we show that presence of VP40 within parental cells or in exosomes delivered to naïve cells could result in the regulation of RNAi machinery including Dicer, Drosha, and Ago 1, which may play a role in the induction of cell death in recipient immune cells. Exosomemore » biogenesis was regulated by VP40 in transfected cells by increasing levels of ESCRT-II proteins EAP20 and EAP45, and exosomal marker proteins CD63 and Alix. VP40 was phosphorylated by Cdk2/Cyclin complexes at Serine 233 which could be reversed with r-Roscovitine treatment. The level of VP40-containing exosomes could also be regulated by treated cells with FDA-approved Oxytetracycline. Additionally, we utilized novel nanoparticles to safely capture VP40 and other viral proteins from Ebola VLPs spiked into human samples using SDS/reducing agents, thus minimizing the need for BSL-4 conditions for most downstream assays. Collectively, our data indicates that VP40 packaged into exosomes may be responsible for the deregulation and eventual destruction of the T-cell and myeloid arms of the immune system (bystander lymphocyte apoptosis), allowing the virus to replicate to high titers in the immunocompromised host. Moreover, our results suggest that the use of drugs such as Oxytetracycline to modulate the levels of exosomes exiting EBOV-infected cells may be able to prevent the devastation of the adaptive immune system and allow for an improved rate of survival.« less

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
George Mason Univ., Manassas, VA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE; National Institutes of Health (NIH)
OSTI Identifier:
1433437
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1430124
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0001599; AI078859; AI074410; AI043894; U19AI109664
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Microbiology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Frontiers in Microbiology Journal Volume: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1664-302X
Publisher:
Frontiers Media SA
Country of Publication:
Switzerland
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; Ebola virus; EBOV; VP40; VLP; exosomes; ESCRT; microRNA; apoptosis

Citation Formats

Pleet, Michelle L., Mathiesen, Allison, DeMarino, Catherine, Akpamagbo, Yao A., Barclay, Robert A., Schwab, Angela, Iordanskiy, Sergey, Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Benjamin, Ilinykh, Philipp A., Bukreyev, Alexander, Nekhai, Sergei, Aman, M. Javad, and Kashanchi, Fatah. Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction. Switzerland: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765.
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Pleet, Michelle L., Mathiesen, Allison, DeMarino, Catherine, Akpamagbo, Yao A., Barclay, Robert A., Schwab, Angela, Iordanskiy, Sergey, Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Benjamin, Ilinykh, Philipp A., Bukreyev, Alexander, Nekhai, Sergei, Aman, M. Javad, & Kashanchi, Fatah. Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction. Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765
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Pleet, Michelle L., Mathiesen, Allison, DeMarino, Catherine, Akpamagbo, Yao A., Barclay, Robert A., Schwab, Angela, Iordanskiy, Sergey, Sampey, Gavin C., Lepene, Benjamin, Ilinykh, Philipp A., Bukreyev, Alexander, Nekhai, Sergei, Aman, M. Javad, and Kashanchi, Fatah. Mon . "Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction". Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765.
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@article{osti_1433437,
title = {Ebola VP40 in Exosomes Can Cause Immune Cell Dysfunction},
author = {Pleet, Michelle L. and Mathiesen, Allison and DeMarino, Catherine and Akpamagbo, Yao A. and Barclay, Robert A. and Schwab, Angela and Iordanskiy, Sergey and Sampey, Gavin C. and Lepene, Benjamin and Ilinykh, Philipp A. and Bukreyev, Alexander and Nekhai, Sergei and Aman, M. Javad and Kashanchi, Fatah},
abstractNote = {Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped, ssRNA virus from the family Filoviridae capable of causing severe hemorrhagic fever with up to 80–90% mortality rates. The most recent outbreak of EBOV in West Africa starting in 2014 resulted in over 11,300 deaths; however, long-lasting persistence and recurrence in survivors has been documented, potentially leading to further transmission of the virus. We have previously shown that exosomes from cells infected with HIV-1, HTLV-1 and Rift Valley Fever virus are able to transfer viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to naïve recipient cells, resulting in an altered cellular activity. In the current manuscript, we examined the effect of Ebola structural proteins VP40, GP, NP and VLPs on recipient immune cells, as well as the effect of exosomes containing these proteins on naïve immune cells. We found that VP40-transfected cells packaged VP40 into exosomes, and that these exosomes were capable of inducing apoptosis in recipient immune cells. In addition, we show that presence of VP40 within parental cells or in exosomes delivered to naïve cells could result in the regulation of RNAi machinery including Dicer, Drosha, and Ago 1, which may play a role in the induction of cell death in recipient immune cells. Exosome biogenesis was regulated by VP40 in transfected cells by increasing levels of ESCRT-II proteins EAP20 and EAP45, and exosomal marker proteins CD63 and Alix. VP40 was phosphorylated by Cdk2/Cyclin complexes at Serine 233 which could be reversed with r-Roscovitine treatment. The level of VP40-containing exosomes could also be regulated by treated cells with FDA-approved Oxytetracycline. Additionally, we utilized novel nanoparticles to safely capture VP40 and other viral proteins from Ebola VLPs spiked into human samples using SDS/reducing agents, thus minimizing the need for BSL-4 conditions for most downstream assays. Collectively, our data indicates that VP40 packaged into exosomes may be responsible for the deregulation and eventual destruction of the T-cell and myeloid arms of the immune system (bystander lymphocyte apoptosis), allowing the virus to replicate to high titers in the immunocompromised host. Moreover, our results suggest that the use of drugs such as Oxytetracycline to modulate the levels of exosomes exiting EBOV-infected cells may be able to prevent the devastation of the adaptive immune system and allow for an improved rate of survival.},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765},
journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
number = ,
volume = 7,
place = {Switzerland},
year = {Mon Nov 07 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Nov 07 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01765
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Figures / Tables:

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 1: Treatment of recipient cells with EBOV VLPs and free VP40. Mid log phase CEM, Jurkat (T-cells) and U937 (monocyte) cells (5 x 104) were treated with either Ebola VLPs containing GP, NP, and VP40 (A) or E. coli-purified VP40 protein (B) in concentrations of 0.1 or 0.5 µgmore » and incubated for 5 days, followed by cell viability assay with CellTiter-Glo. (C) VLP and purified VP40 proteins (0.1 or 0.5 µg) were run on a 4–20% SDS/PAGE and analyzed by Western blot for levels of VP40. Percentage of VP40 with 5 µg purified VLP positive control set to 100% was determined by densitometry and is shown in the bottom panel. (D) Two hundred microliters of CEM, Jurkat, and U937 cells (5 x 105) was treated with 1 µg of Ebola VLP or E. coli-purified VP40 protein and incubated for 5 days. Cells were lysed, run on a 4–20% SDS/PAGE, and analyzed by Western blot for the presence of apoptotic markers Pro-Caspase 3, cleaved and un-cleaved PARP-1, and Actin.« less
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