How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid

Tannenbaum, M. J.

doi:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80056-0

Title: How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid

Abstract

A revolution in elementary particle physics occurred during the period from the ICHEP1968 to the ICHEP1982 with the advent of the parton model from discoveries in Deeply Inelastic electron-proton Scattering at SLAC, neutrino experiments, hard-scattering observed in p+p collisions at the CERN ISR, the development of QCD, the discovery of the J/Ψ at BNL and SLAC and the clear observation of high transverse momentum jets at the CERN SPS $$\bar{p}$$ + p collider. These and other discoveries in this period led to the acceptance of QCD as the theory of the strong interactions. The desire to understand nuclear physics at high density such as in neutron stars led to the application of QCD to this problem and to the prediction of a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) in nuclei at high energy density and temperatures. This eventually led to the construction of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL to observe superdense nuclear matter in the laboratory. This article discusses how experimental methods and results which confirmed QCD at the first hadron collider, the CERN ISR, played an important role in experiments at the first heavy ion collider, RHIC, leading to the discovery of the QGP as a perfect liquid as well as discoveries at RHIC and the LHC which continue to the present day.

Authors:

Tannenbaum, M. J. ^[1]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics

Publication Date:: 2018-01-30

Research Org.:: Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1431486

Report Number(s):: BNL-203455-2018-JAAM
Journal ID: ISSN 2102-6459; TRN: US1802650

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The European Physical Journal. H

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 43; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2102-6459

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Tannenbaum, M. J.. How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80056-0.

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                    Tannenbaum, M. J.. How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2017-80056-0

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                    Tannenbaum, M. J.. Tue .  
"How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2017-80056-0.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1431486.

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@article{osti_1431486,

  title        = {How hadron collider experiments contributed to the development of QCD: from hard-scattering to the perfect liquid},

  author       = {Tannenbaum, M. J.},

  abstractNote = {A revolution in elementary particle physics occurred during the period from the ICHEP1968 to the ICHEP1982 with the advent of the parton model from discoveries in Deeply Inelastic electron-proton Scattering at SLAC, neutrino experiments, hard-scattering observed in p+p collisions at the CERN ISR, the development of QCD, the discovery of the J/Ψ at BNL and SLAC and the clear observation of high transverse momentum jets at the CERN SPS $\bar{p}$ + p collider. These and other discoveries in this period led to the acceptance of QCD as the theory of the strong interactions. The desire to understand nuclear physics at high density such as in neutron stars led to the application of QCD to this problem and to the prediction of a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) in nuclei at high energy density and temperatures. This eventually led to the construction of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL to observe superdense nuclear matter in the laboratory. This article discusses how experimental methods and results which confirmed QCD at the first hadron collider, the CERN ISR, played an important role in experiments at the first heavy ion collider, RHIC, leading to the discovery of the QGP as a perfect liquid as well as discoveries at RHIC and the LHC which continue to the present day.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjh/e2017-80056-0},

  journal      = {The European Physical Journal. H},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 43,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2018},

  month        = {1}

}

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Figure 1: a) (left) F (ν/Q²) as a function of ω = ν/Q² with values of Q² indicated for θ = 6° [Panofsky 1968] b) (right) (d²σ /dΩdE')/σ_Mott) in GeV^-1 vs q² for 3 values of W the invariant mass of the recoil hadron state, indicated, compared to (dσ/dΩ)_elastic/σ_Mott) wheremore »

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Centrality, rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">J</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">/</mml:mo><mml:mi>ψ</mml:mi></mml:math> suppression in Pb–Pb collisions at <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">NN</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.76</mml:mn><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext>TeV</mml:mtext></mml:math>
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Della Negra, M.; Drijard, D.; Fischer, H. G.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 127, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(77)90349-2

Large transverse momentum π0 production in αα, dd and pp collisions at the CERN ISR
journal, February 1987

Angelis, A. L. S.; Basini, G.; Besch, H. J.
Physics Letters B, Vol. 185, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(87)91557-7

Measurement of the Inclusive Jet Cross Section in $p \bar{p}$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1.96 TeV$
journal, August 2008

Abazov, V. M.; Abbott, B.; Abolins, M.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.062001

Direct-photon production in high-energy collisions
journal, April 1984

Ferbel, T.; Molzon, W. R.
Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.56.181

Systematic studies of the centrality and $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ dependence of the $d E_{T} / d η$ and $d N_{ch} / d η$ in heavy ion collisions at midrapidity
journal, March 2005

Adler, S. S.; Afanasiev, S.; Aidala, C.
Physical Review C, Vol. 71, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.71.034908

Observation and studies of jet quenching in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76$ TeV
journal, August 2011

Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.
Physical Review C, Vol. 84, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.84.024906

Single direct photon production in pp collisions at √s = 53.2 GeV in the pt interval 2.3 to 5.7 GeV/c
journal, January 1979

Amaldi, E.; Beneventano, M.; Borgia, B.
Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 150
DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(79)90305-5

Inclusive processes at high transverse momentum
journal, December 1972

Blankenbecler, R.; Brodsky, S. J.; Gunion, J. F.
Physics Letters B, Vol. 42, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(72)90107-4

A study of high transverse momentum η and π0 mesons at the CERN ISR
journal, February 1975

Büsser, F. W.; Camilleri, L.; Di Lella, L.
Physics Letters B, Vol. 55, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(75)90450-5

Memories of Murray and the Quark Model
conference, January 2012

Zweig, G.
Quantum Mechanics, Elementary Particles, Quantum Cosmology and Complexity, Proceedings of the Conference in Honour of Murray Gell-Mann's 80th Birthday
DOI: 10.1142/9789814335614_0002

How Much do Heavy Quarks Thermalize in a Heavy Ion Collision?
text, January 2004

Moore, Guy D.; Teaney, Derek
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0412346

A new critical study of photon production in hadronic collisions
text, January 2006

Aurenche, Patrick; Fontannaz, Michel; Guillet, Jean-Philippe
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0602133

Recent results in relativistic heavy ion collisions: from ``a new state of matter'' to "the perfect fluid"
text, January 2006

Tannenbaum, M. J.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0603003

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Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Observation of the Top Quark journal, April 1995

Enhanced J / ψ production in deconfined quark matter journal, April 2001

Search for Intermediate Bosons in Proton-Nucleon Collisions journal, November 1965

Observation of High-Energy Neutrino Reactions and the Existence of Two Kinds of Neutrinos journal, July 1962

Lepton production in hadron collisions journal, August 1976

Direct photon production at the CERN ISR journal, December 1989

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies journal, August 1970

Spectrum of Charmed Quark-Antiquark Bound States journal, February 1975

Observation of jet structure in high transverse energy events at the CERN intersecting storage rings journal, June 1983

(Non)thermal aspects of charmonium production and a new look at J/ψ suppression journal, October 2000

Jet properties from dihadron correlations in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV journal, October 2006

The strongly interacting quark–gluon plasma and future physics journal, March 2005

Implications of the Intermediate Boson Basis of the Weak Interactions: Existence of a Quartet of Intermediate Bosons and Their Dual Isotopic Spin Transformation Properties journal, August 1960

A simple phenomenological description of hadron production journal, November 1976

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark–gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions journal, August 2005

Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in p + p , d + Au , and Au + Au collisions at s NN = 62.4 –200 GeV and implications for particle-production models journal, April 2014

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC journal, August 2005

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration journal, August 2005

Internal Pair Production Associated with the Emission of High-Energy Gamma Rays journal, June 1955

Beam Energy Dependence of Moments of the Net-Charge Multiplicity Distributions in Au + Au Collisions at RHIC journal, August 2014

Strangeness in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, September 1986

Heavy-quark colorimetry of QCD matter journal, November 2001

Soft gluon corrections to large-pT direct photon and dilepton production journal, August 1981

Observation of Top Quark Production in p ¯ p Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab journal, April 1995

J/ψ suppression by quark-gluon plasma formation journal, October 1986

Elementary particles and SU(4) journal, August 1964

How much do heavy quarks thermalize in a heavy ion collision? journal, June 2005

RESULTS FROM THE UA2 EXPERIMENT AT THE CERN SPS COLLIDERThe UA2 Collaboration-Univ. Bern-CERN-NBI Copenhagen-LAL Orsay-Univ. and INFN Pavia-CEN Saclay journal, December 1982

Jet Production and Fragmentation journal, December 1982

Discovery of a Second Narrow Resonance in e + e − Annihilation journal, December 1974

Is Bound Charm Found? journal, January 1975

Freeze-Out Conditions in Heavy Ion Collisions from QCD Thermodynamics journal, November 2012

Electrodynamic processes with nuclear targets journal, June 1964

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment journal, August 2005

Magnetic relaxation phenomena in Dy-Sc alloys journal, October 1978

Freeze-Out Parameters from Electric Charge and Baryon Number Fluctuations: Is There Consistency? journal, July 2014

High-p T direct photon production inpp collisions journal, December 1982

Search for Intermediate Vector Boson Production in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions journal, November 1965

Quantum chromodynamics and the theory of superdense matter journal, May 1980

Investigation of the electromagnetic structure of the η meson in the decay journal, August 1980

Trigger bias in large pT reactions journal, October 1976

A measurement of the production of massive e+e− pairs in proton-proton collisions at √s = 62.4 GeV journal, November 1979

Heavy quarks in e+e- annihilation journal, January 1977

Deep inelastic scattering: Comparisons with the quark model journal, July 1991

Inclusive π0 production at very large pT at the ISR journal, June 1979

Production of hadrons at large transverse momentum in 200-, 300-, and 400-GeV p − p and p -nucleus collisions journal, February 1979

Direct-photon plus away-side jet production inpp collisions at $$\sqrt s = 63$$ GeV and a determination of the gluon distribution journal, September 1987

The dominance of jets at large transverse energy in a full-azimuth hadron calorimeter at ISR energies journal, September 1983

Production of High-Mass Muon Pairs in Proton-Nucleus Collisions at 400 GeV journal, November 1976

Observation in e + e − Annihilation of a Narrow State at 1865 MeV/ c 2 Decaying to K π and K π π π journal, August 1976

Charmed and bottom flavoured particle production in hadronic interactions journal, November 1987

A measurement of the prompt e± production cross-section in proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt s = 62.2 GeV$$ journal, October 1981

Measurement of Single Electrons and Implications for Charm Production in A u + A u Collisions at s NN = 130 GeV journal, April 2002

Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e + e − Annihilation journal, December 1974

Eta decays with e+e− and μ+μ− pairs journal, March 1967

A measurement of inclusive π0 production at large pT from p-p collisions at the CERN ISR journal, December 1978

Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories journal, June 1973

Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions? journal, June 1973

Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J journal, December 1974

Study of massive electron pair production at the CERN intersecting storage rings journal, April 1980

Superconducting magnets for the CBA project journal, April 1985

Asymptotic freedom and the "absence" of vector-gluon exchange in wide-angle hadronic collisions journal, March 1975

J / ψ Production versus Centrality, Transverse Momentum, andRapidity in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, June 2007

Recent critical study of photon production in hadronic collisions journal, May 2006

Angular distributions and structure functions from two-jet events at the CERN SPS collider journal, March 1984

Observation of charmed D meson production in pp collisions journal, February 1979

Experimental observation of lepton pairs of invariant mass around 95 GeV/c2 at the CERN SPS collider journal, July 1983

Calibrating the In-Medium Behavior of Quarkonia journal, January 2013

Helicity of Neutrinos journal, February 1958

High pT π0 production from αα and αp collisions at the CERN ISR journal, October 1982

Direct production of high pT single photons in pp collisions at the CERN ISR journal, November 1979

Copious Direct Photon Production: A Possible Resolution of the Prompt-Lepton Puzzle journal, April 1976

DETERMINATION OF THE ANGULAR AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF HARD CONSTITUENT SCATTERING FROM π 0 PAIR EVENTS AT THE CERN INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGSCERN -Columbia -Oxford -Rockefeller (CCOR) Collaboration, R-108 journal, December 1982

The relation between W-meson production and charged lepton pair creation by hadron-hadron collisions journal, May 1966

The Story of Quarks journal, May 2013

Estimated Cross Section for the Reaction p + p → d + W journal, September 1964

Observation of the Top Quark
journal, April 1995

Enhanced $J / ψ$ production in deconfined quark matter
journal, April 2001

Search for Intermediate Bosons in Proton-Nucleon Collisions
journal, November 1965

Observation of High-Energy Neutrino Reactions and the Existence of Two Kinds of Neutrinos
journal, July 1962

Lepton production in hadron collisions
journal, August 1976

Direct photon production at the CERN ISR
journal, December 1989

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies
journal, August 1970

Spectrum of Charmed Quark-Antiquark Bound States
journal, February 1975

Observation of jet structure in high transverse energy events at the CERN intersecting storage rings
journal, June 1983

(Non)thermal aspects of charmonium production and a new look at J/ψ suppression
journal, October 2000

Jet properties from dihadron correlations in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$
journal, October 2006

The strongly interacting quark–gluon plasma and future physics
journal, March 2005

Implications of the Intermediate Boson Basis of the Weak Interactions: Existence of a Quartet of Intermediate Bosons and Their Dual Isotopic Spin Transformation Properties
journal, August 1960

A simple phenomenological description of hadron production
journal, November 1976

Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark–gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions
journal, August 2005

Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in $p + p$ , $d + Au$ , and $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 62.4$ –200 GeV and implications for particle-production models
journal, April 2014

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC
journal, August 2005

Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration
journal, August 2005

Internal Pair Production Associated with the Emission of High-Energy Gamma Rays
journal, June 1955

Beam Energy Dependence of Moments of the Net-Charge Multiplicity Distributions in $Au + Au$ Collisions at RHIC
journal, August 2014

Strangeness in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, September 1986

Heavy-quark colorimetry of QCD matter
journal, November 2001

Soft gluon corrections to large-pT direct photon and dilepton production
journal, August 1981

Observation of Top Quark Production in $\bar{p} p$ Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab
journal, April 1995

J/ψ suppression by quark-gluon plasma formation
journal, October 1986

Elementary particles and SU(4)
journal, August 1964

How much do heavy quarks thermalize in a heavy ion collision?
journal, June 2005

RESULTS FROM THE UA2 EXPERIMENT AT THE CERN SPS COLLIDERThe UA2 Collaboration-Univ. Bern-CERN-NBI Copenhagen-LAL Orsay-Univ. and INFN Pavia-CEN Saclay
journal, December 1982

Jet Production and Fragmentation
journal, December 1982

Discovery of a Second Narrow Resonance in $e^{+} e^{-}$ Annihilation
journal, December 1974

Is Bound Charm Found?
journal, January 1975

Freeze-Out Conditions in Heavy Ion Collisions from QCD Thermodynamics
journal, November 2012

Electrodynamic processes with nuclear targets
journal, June 1964

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment
journal, August 2005

Magnetic relaxation phenomena in Dy-Sc alloys
journal, October 1978

Freeze-Out Parameters from Electric Charge and Baryon Number Fluctuations: Is There Consistency?
journal, July 2014

High-p T direct photon production inpp collisions
journal, December 1982

Search for Intermediate Vector Boson Production in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions
journal, November 1965

Quantum chromodynamics and the theory of superdense matter
journal, May 1980

Investigation of the electromagnetic structure of the η meson in the decay
journal, August 1980

Trigger bias in large pT reactions
journal, October 1976

A measurement of the production of massive e+e− pairs in proton-proton collisions at √s = 62.4 GeV
journal, November 1979

Heavy quarks in e+e- annihilation
journal, January 1977

Deep inelastic scattering: Comparisons with the quark model
journal, July 1991

Inclusive π0 production at very large pT at the ISR
journal, June 1979

Production of hadrons at large transverse momentum in 200-, 300-, and 400-GeV $p - p$ and $p$ -nucleus collisions
journal, February 1979

Direct-photon plus away-side jet production inpp collisions at $$\sqrt s = 63$$ GeV and a determination of the gluon distribution
journal, September 1987

The dominance of jets at large transverse energy in a full-azimuth hadron calorimeter at ISR energies
journal, September 1983

Production of High-Mass Muon Pairs in Proton-Nucleus Collisions at 400 GeV
journal, November 1976

Observation in $e^{+} e^{-}$ Annihilation of a Narrow State at 1865 MeV/ $c^{2}$ Decaying to $K π$ and $K π π π$
journal, August 1976

Charmed and bottom flavoured particle production in hadronic interactions
journal, November 1987

A measurement of the prompt e± production cross-section in proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt s = 62.2 GeV$$
journal, October 1981

Measurement of Single Electrons and Implications for Charm Production in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV$
journal, April 2002

Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in $e^{+} e^{-}$ Annihilation
journal, December 1974

Eta decays with e+e− and μ+μ− pairs
journal, March 1967

A measurement of inclusive π0 production at large pT from p-p collisions at the CERN ISR
journal, December 1978

Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories
journal, June 1973

Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?
journal, June 1973

Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle $J$
journal, December 1974

Study of massive electron pair production at the CERN intersecting storage rings
journal, April 1980

Superconducting magnets for the CBA project
journal, April 1985

Asymptotic freedom and the "absence" of vector-gluon exchange in wide-angle hadronic collisions
journal, March 1975

$J / ψ$ Production versus Centrality, Transverse Momentum, andRapidity in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, June 2007

Recent critical study of photon production in hadronic collisions
journal, May 2006

Angular distributions and structure functions from two-jet events at the CERN SPS collider
journal, March 1984

Observation of charmed D meson production in pp collisions
journal, February 1979

Experimental observation of lepton pairs of invariant mass around 95 GeV/c2 at the CERN SPS collider
journal, July 1983

Calibrating the In-Medium Behavior of Quarkonia
journal, January 2013

Helicity of Neutrinos
journal, February 1958

High pT π0 production from αα and αp collisions at the CERN ISR
journal, October 1982

Direct production of high pT single photons in pp collisions at the CERN ISR
journal, November 1979

Copious Direct Photon Production: A Possible Resolution of the Prompt-Lepton Puzzle
journal, April 1976

DETERMINATION OF THE ANGULAR AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF HARD CONSTITUENT SCATTERING FROM π ₀ PAIR EVENTS AT THE CERN INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGSCERN -Columbia -Oxford -Rockefeller (CCOR) Collaboration, R-108
journal, December 1982

The relation between W-meson production and charged lepton pair creation by hadron-hadron collisions
journal, May 1966

The Story of Quarks
journal, May 2013

Estimated Cross Section for the Reaction $p + p \to d + W$
journal, September 1964

Memories of Murray and the Quark Model
journal, August 2010

Radiative energy loss of high energy quarks and gluons in a finite-volume quark-gluon plasma
journal, January 1997

Measurement ofW ± andZ 0 properties at the CERN $$\bar pp$$ p collider
journal, March 1986

Statistical hadronization of heavy quarks in ultra-relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions
journal, June 2007