ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges

Ma, Yan-Qing; Venugopalan, Raju; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Zhang, Hong-Fei

doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014909

Title: $ψ (2 S)$ versus $J / ψ$ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges

Abstract

Here, we argue that the large suppression of the $$\psi(2S)$$ inclusive cross-section relative to the $$J/\psi$$ inclusive cross-section in proton-nucleus (p+A) collisions can be attributed to factorization breaking effects in the formation of quarkonium. These factorization breaking effects arise from soft color exchanges between charm-anticharm pairs undergoing hadronization and comoving partons that are long-lived on time scales of quarkonium formation. We compute the short distance pair production of heavy quarks in the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) effective field theory and employ an improved Color Evaporation model (ICEM) to describe their hadronization into quarkonium at large distances. The combined CGC+ICEM model provides a quantitative description of $$J/\psi$$ and $$\psi(2S)$$ data in proton-proton (p+p) collisions from both RHIC and the LHC. Factorization breaking effects in hadronization, due to additional parton comovers in the nucleus, are introduced heuristically by imposing a cutoff $$\Lambda$$, representing the momentum kick from soft color exchanges, in the ICEM model. Such soft exchanges have no perceptible effect on $$J/\psi$$ suppression in p+A collisions. In contrast, the interplay of the physics of these soft exchanges at large distances, with the physics of semi-hard rescattering at short distances, causes a significant additional suppression of $$\psi(2S)$$ yields relative to that of the $$J/\psi$$. A good fit of all RHIC and LHC $$J/\psi$$ and $$\psi(2S)$$ data, for transverse momenta $$P_\perp\leq 5$$ GeV in p+p and p+A collisions, is obtained for $$\Lambda\sim 10$$ MeV.

Authors:: Ma, Yan-Qing; Venugopalan, Raju; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Zhang, Hong-Fei

Publication Date:: Wed Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1418877

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1418830; OSTI ID: 1431284

Report Number(s):: JLAB-THY-17-2528; DOE/OR/23177-4192; arXiv:1707.07266; BNL-203406-2018-JAAM
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985; PRVCAN; 014909

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177; FG02-97ER41028; SC0012704; 11575070

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Physical Review C Journal Volume: 97 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Ma, Yan-Qing, Venugopalan, Raju, Watanabe, Kazuhiro, and Zhang, Hong-Fei. ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014909.

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                    Ma, Yan-Qing, Venugopalan, Raju, Watanabe, Kazuhiro, & Zhang, Hong-Fei. ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014909

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                    Ma, Yan-Qing, Venugopalan, Raju, Watanabe, Kazuhiro, and Zhang, Hong-Fei. Wed .  
"ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014909.

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@article{osti_1418877,

  title        = {ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges},

  author       = {Ma, Yan-Qing and Venugopalan, Raju and Watanabe, Kazuhiro and Zhang, Hong-Fei},

  abstractNote = {Here, we argue that the large suppression of the $\psi(2S)$ inclusive cross-section relative to the $J/\psi$ inclusive cross-section in proton-nucleus (p+A) collisions can be attributed to factorization breaking effects in the formation of quarkonium. These factorization breaking effects arise from soft color exchanges between charm-anticharm pairs undergoing hadronization and comoving partons that are long-lived on time scales of quarkonium formation. We compute the short distance pair production of heavy quarks in the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) effective field theory and employ an improved Color Evaporation model (ICEM) to describe their hadronization into quarkonium at large distances. The combined CGC+ICEM model provides a quantitative description of $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ data in proton-proton (p+p) collisions from both RHIC and the LHC. Factorization breaking effects in hadronization, due to additional parton comovers in the nucleus, are introduced heuristically by imposing a cutoff $\Lambda$, representing the momentum kick from soft color exchanges, in the ICEM model. Such soft exchanges have no perceptible effect on $J/\psi$ suppression in p+A collisions. In contrast, the interplay of the physics of these soft exchanges at large distances, with the physics of semi-hard rescattering at short distances, causes a significant additional suppression of $\psi(2S)$ yields relative to that of the $J/\psi$. A good fit of all RHIC and LHC $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2S)$ data, for transverse momenta $P_\perp\leq 5$ GeV in p+p and p+A collisions, is obtained for $\Lambda\sim 10$ MeV.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevC.97.014909},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 97,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Wed Jan 31 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16 $$ TeV
journal, July 2018

Acharya, S.; Acosta, F. T. -.; Adamová, D.
Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1007/jhep07(2018)160

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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.034904

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Measurements of charmonium production in p+p, p+Au, and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV$ with the STAR experiment

Journal Article Todoroki, Takahito - Nuclear Physics. A

Here, we present the first results from the STAR MTD of mid-rapidity charmonium measurements via the di-muon decay channel in p+p, p+Au, and Au+Au collisions at √S_NN = 200 GeV at RHIC. The inclusive J/Ψ production cross section in p+p collisions can be described by the Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD) formalism coupled with the color glass condensate e ective theory (CGC) at low transverse momentum (p_T) and next-to-leading order NRQCD at high p_T. The nuclear modification factor in p+Au collisions for inclusive J/Ψ is below unity at low p_T and consistent with unity at high p_T, which can be described bymore »« less
Cited by 3
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2017.04.020

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Measurement of prompt ψ(2S) production cross sections in proton–lead and proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV$

Journal Article Sirunyan, A. M. ; Tumasyan, A. ; Adam, W. ; ... - Physics Letters. B

Measurements of promptmore »« less
Cited by 12
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.058
Outlook

Technical Report Brodsky, S

One of the most remarkable observations at RHIC [1] is the nearly complete quenching of away-side hadrons produced opposite a detected high p{sub T} hadron in central AuAu collisions at {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV. This strong suppression implies a jet energy loss dE/dx {approx} 15 GeV/fm, some 30 times larger than the jet energy loss seen in pp, dA, and peripheral ion-ion collisions [2]. The observation of anomalous jet quenching at RHIC is perhaps the strongest evidence that a new phase of hot, dense hadronic matter has been produced in high energy ion-ion collisions. A possible dynamical mechanism formore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/826698

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Title: ψ ( 2 S ) versus J / ψ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges

Abstract

Citation Formats

Measurement of quarkonium production at forward rapidity in $$\mathbf {pp}$$ pp collisions at $$\mathbf {\sqrt{s}=7}~$$ s = 7 TeV journal, August 2014

Sequential regeneration of charmonia in heavy-ion collisions journal, November 2015

Quark contribution to the small- x evolution of color dipole journal, January 2007

Cold Nuclear Matter Effects on J / ψ Yields as a Function of Rapidity and Nuclear Geometry in d + A Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, September 2011

Charmonium suppression in p A collisions journal, April 2000

Producing heavy quark flavors in hadronic collisions—' A test of quantum chromodynamics journal, March 1977

Comprehensive Description of J / ψ Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at Collider Energies journal, November 2014

Transverse-momentum dependence of the J / ψ nuclear modification in d +Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, March 2013

Forward heavy quarkonium productions at the LHC journal, December 2015

Excited charmonium suppression in proton–nucleus collisions as a consequence of comovers journal, October 2015

Erratum: Rigorous QCD analysis of inclusive annihilation and production of heavy quarkonium [Phys. Rev. D 51 , 1125 (1995)] journal, May 1997

The Color Glass Condensate journal, November 2010

Semihard processes in QCD journal, November 1983

Reconciling J / ψ Production at HERA, RHIC, Tevatron, and LHC with Nonrelativistic QCD Factorization at Next-to-Leading Order journal, January 2011

Small-x physics in perturbative QCD journal, July 1997

Operator expansion for high-energy scattering journal, March 1996

Long range two-particle rapidity correlations in collisions from high energy QCD evolution journal, May 2010

Study of ψ(2S) production and cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions at s N N = 5 $$ \sqrt{s_{N\;N}}=5 $$ TeV journal, March 2016

Universal suppression of heavy quarkonium production in p A collisions at low transverse momentum journal, February 2014

Gluon contribution to hadronic J ψ production journal, May 1978

On ψ and ϒ production via gluons journal, April 1980

Quarkonium production in an improved color evaporation model journal, December 2016

Ground and excited state charmonium production in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV journal, May 2012

Forward J / ψ production in proton-nucleus collisions at high energy journal, June 2015

Centrality dependence of ψ(2S) suppression in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 $$ {\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}=5.02 $$ TeV journal, June 2016

Quarkonium production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions: CGC meets NRQCD journal, January 2014

Energy dependence of forward-rapidity $$\mathrm {J}/\psi $$ J / ψ and $$\psi \mathrm {(2S)}$$ ψ ( 2 S ) production in pp collisions at the LHC journal, June 2017

Rapidity and transverse-momentum dependence of the inclusive J/ψ nuclear modification factor in p-Pb collisions at s N N $$ \sqrt{s_{N\ N}} $$ = 5.02 TeV journal, June 2015

J / ψ Polarization at the Tevatron and the LHC: Nonrelativistic-QCD Factorization at the Crossroads journal, April 2012

J / ψ ( ψ ′ ) Production at the Tevatron and LHC at O ( α s 4 v 4 ) in Nonrelativistic QCD journal, January 2011

Inclusive quarkonium production at forward rapidity in pp collisions at $$\mathbf {\sqrt{s}=8}~$$ s = 8 TeV journal, April 2016

New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis journal, July 2002

Suppression of ψ(2S) production in p-Pb collisions at s N N $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV journal, December 2014

Limiting fragmentation in hadron–hadron collisions at high energies journal, October 2006

Heavy quark pair production in high-energy pA collisions: Quarkonium journal, October 2013

Prompt and nonprompt J / ψ production and nuclear modification in p Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 TeV journal, November 2017

Measurement of the relative yields of ψ ( 2 S ) to ψ ( 1 S ) mesons produced at forward and backward rapidity in p + p , p + Al , p + Au , and He 3 + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV journal, March 2017

Cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium production in p+Pb collisions at LHC energy journal, February 2017

J / ψ production and suppression in high-energy proton-nucleus collisions journal, October 2015

Gluon recombination and shadowing at small values of x journal, May 1986

High energy pA collisions in the color glass condensate approach II: quark pair production journal, October 2004

Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei journal, March 1994

Polarization for Prompt J / ψ and ψ ( 2 s ) Production at the Tevatron and LHC journal, January 2013

Quark pair production in high energy pA collisions: General features journal, December 2006

AAMQS: A non-linear QCD analysis of new HERA data at small-x including heavy quarks journal, July 2011

Rigorous QCD analysis of inclusive annihilation and production of heavy quarkonium journal, February 1995

J / ψ Polarization at Hadron Colliders in Nonrelativistic QCD journal, June 2012

QCD radiative corrections to χ c J production at hadron colliders journal, June 2011

Complete Next-to-Leading-Order Study on the Yield and Polarization of Υ ( 1 S , 2 S , 3 S ) at the Tevatron and LHC journal, January 2014

Nuclear Modification of ψ ′ , χ c , and J / ψ Production in d + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, November 2013

Ψ(2S), Υ(3S) Suppression in p-Pb, Pb-Pb Collisions and Mixed Hybrid Theory journal, October 2015

Gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei at small transverse momentum journal, April 1994

Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16 $$ TeV journal, July 2018

Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16 $$ TeV journal, July 2018

Saturation and forward jets in proton-lead collisions at the LHC journal, December 2019

Event engineering studies for heavy flavor production and hadronization in high multiplicity hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions journal, October 2018

Title: $ψ (2 S)$ versus $J / ψ$ suppression in proton-nucleus collisions from factorization violating soft color exchanges

Measurement of quarkonium production at forward rapidity in $$\mathbf {pp}$$ pp collisions at $$\mathbf {\sqrt{s}=7}~$$ s = 7 TeV
journal, August 2014

Sequential regeneration of charmonia in heavy-ion collisions
journal, November 2015

Quark contribution to the small- $x$ evolution of color dipole
journal, January 2007

Cold Nuclear Matter Effects on $J / ψ$ Yields as a Function of Rapidity and Nuclear Geometry in $d + A$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, September 2011

Charmonium suppression in $p A$ collisions
journal, April 2000

Producing heavy quark flavors in hadronic collisions—' A test of quantum chromodynamics
journal, March 1977

Comprehensive Description of $J / ψ$ Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at Collider Energies
journal, November 2014

Transverse-momentum dependence of the $J / ψ$ nuclear modification in $d$ +Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200$ GeV
journal, March 2013

Forward heavy quarkonium productions at the LHC
journal, December 2015

Excited charmonium suppression in proton–nucleus collisions as a consequence of comovers
journal, October 2015

Erratum: Rigorous QCD analysis of inclusive annihilation and production of heavy quarkonium [Phys. Rev. D 51 , 1125 (1995)]
journal, May 1997

The Color Glass Condensate
journal, November 2010

Semihard processes in QCD
journal, November 1983

Reconciling $J / ψ$ Production at HERA, RHIC, Tevatron, and LHC with Nonrelativistic QCD Factorization at Next-to-Leading Order
journal, January 2011

Small-x physics in perturbative QCD
journal, July 1997

Operator expansion for high-energy scattering
journal, March 1996

Long range two-particle rapidity correlations in collisions from high energy QCD evolution
journal, May 2010

Study of ψ(2S) production and cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions at s N N = 5 $$ \sqrt{s_{N\;N}}=5 $$ TeV
journal, March 2016

Universal suppression of heavy quarkonium production in $p A$ collisions at low transverse momentum
journal, February 2014

Gluon contribution to hadronic $\frac{J}{ψ}$ production
journal, May 1978

On ψ and ϒ production via gluons
journal, April 1980

Quarkonium production in an improved color evaporation model
journal, December 2016

Ground and excited state charmonium production in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$
journal, May 2012

Forward $J / ψ$ production in proton-nucleus collisions at high energy
journal, June 2015

Centrality dependence of ψ(2S) suppression in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 $$ {\sqrt{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}=5.02 $$ TeV
journal, June 2016

Quarkonium production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions: CGC meets NRQCD
journal, January 2014

Energy dependence of forward-rapidity $$\mathrm {J}/\psi $$ J / ψ and $$\psi \mathrm {(2S)}$$ ψ ( 2 S ) production in pp collisions at the LHC
journal, June 2017

Rapidity and transverse-momentum dependence of the inclusive J/ψ nuclear modification factor in p-Pb collisions at s N N $$ \sqrt{s_{N\ N}} $$ = 5.02 TeV
journal, June 2015

$J / ψ$ Polarization at the Tevatron and the LHC: Nonrelativistic-QCD Factorization at the Crossroads
journal, April 2012

$J / ψ (ψ^{'})$ Production at the Tevatron and LHC at $O (α_{s}^{4} v^{4})$ in Nonrelativistic QCD
journal, January 2011

Inclusive quarkonium production at forward rapidity in pp collisions at $$\mathbf {\sqrt{s}=8}~$$ s = 8 TeV
journal, April 2016

New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis
journal, July 2002

Suppression of ψ(2S) production in p-Pb collisions at s N N $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV
journal, December 2014

Limiting fragmentation in hadron–hadron collisions at high energies
journal, October 2006

Heavy quark pair production in high-energy pA collisions: Quarkonium
journal, October 2013

Prompt and nonprompt J / ψ production and nuclear modification in p Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 8.16 TeV$
journal, November 2017

Measurement of the relative yields of $ψ (2 S)$ to $ψ (1 S)$ mesons produced at forward and backward rapidity in $p + p$ , $p + Al$ , $p + Au$ , and ${}^{3}{He} + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV
journal, March 2017

Cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium production in p+Pb collisions at LHC energy
journal, February 2017

$J / ψ$ production and suppression in high-energy proton-nucleus collisions
journal, October 2015

Gluon recombination and shadowing at small values of x
journal, May 1986

High energy pA collisions in the color glass condensate approach II: quark pair production
journal, October 2004

Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei
journal, March 1994

Polarization for Prompt $J / ψ$ and $ψ (2 s)$ Production at the Tevatron and LHC
journal, January 2013

Quark pair production in high energy pA collisions: General features
journal, December 2006

AAMQS: A non-linear QCD analysis of new HERA data at small-x including heavy quarks
journal, July 2011

Rigorous QCD analysis of inclusive annihilation and production of heavy quarkonium
journal, February 1995

$J / ψ$ Polarization at Hadron Colliders in Nonrelativistic QCD
journal, June 2012

QCD radiative corrections to $χ_{c J}$ production at hadron colliders
journal, June 2011

Complete Next-to-Leading-Order Study on the Yield and Polarization of $Υ (1 S, 2 S, 3 S)$ at the Tevatron and LHC
journal, January 2014

Nuclear Modification of $ψ^{'}$ , $χ_{c}$ , and $J / ψ$ Production in $d + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, November 2013

Ψ(2S), Υ(3S) Suppression in p-Pb, Pb-Pb Collisions and Mixed Hybrid Theory
journal, October 2015

Gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei at small transverse momentum
journal, April 1994

Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16 $$ TeV
journal, July 2018

Inclusive J/ψ production at forward and backward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 8.16 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=8.16 $$ TeV
journal, July 2018

Saturation and forward jets in proton-lead collisions at the LHC
journal, December 2019

Event engineering studies for heavy flavor production and hadronization in high multiplicity hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions
journal, October 2018