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Title: LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster

Abstract

We present deep LOFAR observations between 120 {181 MHz of the `Toothbrush' (RX J0603.3+4214), a cluster that contains one of the brightest radio relic sources known. Our LOFAR observations exploit a new and novel calibration scheme to probe 10 times deeper than any previous study in this relatively unexplored part of the spectrum. The LOFAR observations, when combined with VLA, GMRT, and Chandra X-ray data, provide new information about the nature of cluster merger shocks and their role in re-accelerating relativistic particles. We derive a spectral index of α = -0:8±0:1 at the northern edge of the main radio relic, steepening towards the south to α ≈ -2. The spectral index of the radio halo is remarkably uniform (α = -1:16, with an intrinsic scatter of ≤ 0:04). The observed radio relic spectral index gives a Mach number of M = 2:8+0:5 -0:3, assuming diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). However, the gas density jump at the northern edge of the large radio relic implies a much weaker shock (M≈1:2, with an upper limit ofM≈1:5). The discrepancy between the Mach numbers calculated from the radio and X-rays can be explained if either (i) the relic traces a complex shock surface along themore » line of sight, or (ii) if the radio relic emission is produced by a re-accelerated population of fossil particles from a radio galaxy. Our results highlight the need for additional theoretical work and numerical simulations of particle acceleration and re-acceleration at cluster merger shocks.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [1];  [1];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [1];  [7];  [8];  [1];  [5];  [3];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [5];  [3];  [10] more »;  [3];  [2];  [12];  [13];  [14];  [15];  [16];  [17];  [18];  [19];  [20];  [1];  [14];  [16];  [21];  [14];  [14];  [17];  [22];  [5];  [14];  [23] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
  2. Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Bologna (Italy)
  3. Hamburger Sternwarte (Germany)
  4. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands); Netherlands Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Dwingeloo (Netherlands); Univ. of Hertfordshire, Hatfield (United Kingdom)
  5. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
  6. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  7. Hamburger Sternwarte (Germany); Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
  8. Univ. of Hertfordshire, Hatfield (United Kingdom)
  9. Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States)
  10. Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland (United Kingdom)
  11. Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
  12. Jagiellonian Univ., Krakow (Poland)
  13. Univ. of Southampton (United Kingdom)
  14. Netherlands Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Dwingeloo (Netherlands)
  15. Max Planck Society, Garching (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Astrophysics
  16. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands); National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM (United States)
  17. Netherlands Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Dwingeloo (Netherlands); Kapteyn Astronomical Inst., Groningen (Netherlands)
  18. Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, (Germany)
  19. Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Onsala (Sweden)
  20. Oxford Astrophysics (United Kingdom); Univ. of Western Cape, Bellville (South Africa)
  21. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States); Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  22. Inst. of Space and Astronautical Science, Kanagawa (Japan)
  23. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL); The Open Univ., Milton Keynes (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1430947
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-676706
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; TRN: US1803004
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 818; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

van Weeren, R. J., Brunetti, G., Bruggen, M., Andrade-Santos, F., Ogrean, G. A., Williams, W. L., Rottgering, H. J. A., Dawson, W. A., Forman, W. R., Gasperin, F. de, Hardcastle, M. J., Jones, C., Miley, G. K., Rafferty, D. A., Rudnick, L., Sabater, J., Sarazin, C. L., Shimwell, T. W., Bonafede, A., Best, P. N., Birzan, L., Cassano, R., Chyzy, K. T., Croston, J. H., Dijkema, T. J., Ensslin, T., Ferrari, C., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Horellou, C., Jarvis, M. J., Kraft, R. P., Mevius, M., Intema, H. T., Murray, S. S., Orru, E., Pizzo, R., Sridhar, S. S., Simionescu, A., Stroe, A., Tol, S. van der, and White, G. J. LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/204.
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van Weeren, R. J., Brunetti, G., Bruggen, M., Andrade-Santos, F., Ogrean, G. A., Williams, W. L., Rottgering, H. J. A., Dawson, W. A., Forman, W. R., Gasperin, F. de, Hardcastle, M. J., Jones, C., Miley, G. K., Rafferty, D. A., Rudnick, L., Sabater, J., Sarazin, C. L., Shimwell, T. W., Bonafede, A., Best, P. N., Birzan, L., Cassano, R., Chyzy, K. T., Croston, J. H., Dijkema, T. J., Ensslin, T., Ferrari, C., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Horellou, C., Jarvis, M. J., Kraft, R. P., Mevius, M., Intema, H. T., Murray, S. S., Orru, E., Pizzo, R., Sridhar, S. S., Simionescu, A., Stroe, A., Tol, S. van der, & White, G. J. LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/204
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van Weeren, R. J., Brunetti, G., Bruggen, M., Andrade-Santos, F., Ogrean, G. A., Williams, W. L., Rottgering, H. J. A., Dawson, W. A., Forman, W. R., Gasperin, F. de, Hardcastle, M. J., Jones, C., Miley, G. K., Rafferty, D. A., Rudnick, L., Sabater, J., Sarazin, C. L., Shimwell, T. W., Bonafede, A., Best, P. N., Birzan, L., Cassano, R., Chyzy, K. T., Croston, J. H., Dijkema, T. J., Ensslin, T., Ferrari, C., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Horellou, C., Jarvis, M. J., Kraft, R. P., Mevius, M., Intema, H. T., Murray, S. S., Orru, E., Pizzo, R., Sridhar, S. S., Simionescu, A., Stroe, A., Tol, S. van der, and White, G. J. Mon . "LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/204. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430947.
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@article{osti_1430947,
title = {LOFAR, VLA, and Chandra observations of the Toothbrush Galaxy Cluster},
author = {van Weeren, R. J. and Brunetti, G. and Bruggen, M. and Andrade-Santos, F. and Ogrean, G. A. and Williams, W. L. and Rottgering, H. J. A. and Dawson, W. A. and Forman, W. R. and Gasperin, F. de and Hardcastle, M. J. and Jones, C. and Miley, G. K. and Rafferty, D. A. and Rudnick, L. and Sabater, J. and Sarazin, C. L. and Shimwell, T. W. and Bonafede, A. and Best, P. N. and Birzan, L. and Cassano, R. and Chyzy, K. T. and Croston, J. H. and Dijkema, T. J. and Ensslin, T. and Ferrari, C. and Heald, G. and Hoeft, M. and Horellou, C. and Jarvis, M. J. and Kraft, R. P. and Mevius, M. and Intema, H. T. and Murray, S. S. and Orru, E. and Pizzo, R. and Sridhar, S. S. and Simionescu, A. and Stroe, A. and Tol, S. van der and White, G. J.},
abstractNote = {We present deep LOFAR observations between 120 {181 MHz of the `Toothbrush' (RX J0603.3+4214), a cluster that contains one of the brightest radio relic sources known. Our LOFAR observations exploit a new and novel calibration scheme to probe 10 times deeper than any previous study in this relatively unexplored part of the spectrum. The LOFAR observations, when combined with VLA, GMRT, and Chandra X-ray data, provide new information about the nature of cluster merger shocks and their role in re-accelerating relativistic particles. We derive a spectral index of α = -0:8±0:1 at the northern edge of the main radio relic, steepening towards the south to α ≈ -2. The spectral index of the radio halo is remarkably uniform (α = -1:16, with an intrinsic scatter of ≤ 0:04). The observed radio relic spectral index gives a Mach number of M = 2:8+0:5 -0:3, assuming diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). However, the gas density jump at the northern edge of the large radio relic implies a much weaker shock (M≈1:2, with an upper limit ofM≈1:5). The discrepancy between the Mach numbers calculated from the radio and X-rays can be explained if either (i) the relic traces a complex shock surface along the line of sight, or (ii) if the radio relic emission is produced by a re-accelerated population of fossil particles from a radio galaxy. Our results highlight the need for additional theoretical work and numerical simulations of particle acceleration and re-acceleration at cluster merger shocks.},
doi = {10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/204},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 818,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
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journal, February 2013

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journal, December 2016

Shock acceleration as origin of the radio relic in A521?
text, January 2008

Particle Acceleration on Megaparsec Scales in a Merging Galaxy Cluster
text, January 2010

A double radio relic in the merging galaxy cluster ZwCl 0008.8+5215
text, January 2011

First LOFAR observations at very low frequencies of cluster-scale non-thermal emission: the case of Abell 2256
text, January 2012

Planck intermediate results. X. Physics of the hot gas in the Coma cluster
text, January 2012

Giant radio relics in galaxy clusters: reacceleration of fossil relativistic electrons?
text, January 2013

Challenges to our understanding of radio relics: X-ray observations of the Toothbrush cluster
text, January 2013

Discovery of spectral curvature in the shock downstream region: CIZA J2242.8+5301
text, January 2013

Complex diffuse radio emission in the merging PLANCK ESZ cluster Abell 3411
text, January 2013

Revisiting scaling relations for giant radio halos in galaxy clusters
text, January 2013

On the Physics of Radio Halos in Galaxy Clusters: Scaling Relations and Luminosity Functions
text, January 2013

Deep radio observations of the radio halo of the bullet cluster 1E 0657-55.8
text, January 2014

No Shock Across Part of a Radio Relic in the Merging Galaxy Cluster ZwCl 2341.1+0000?
text, January 2014

A moving cold front in the intergalactic medium of A3667
text, January 2000

A Textbook Example of a Bow Shock in the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E0657-56
text, January 2001

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Diffuse Radio Emission from Galaxy Clusters
    journal, February 2019

    Fundamental physics with the Square Kilometre Array
    journal, January 2020

    • Weltman, A.; Bull, P.; Camera, S.
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, Vol. 37
    • DOI: 10.1017/pasa.2019.42

    The case for electron re-acceleration at galaxy cluster shocks
    journal, January 2017

    • van Weeren, Reinout J.; Andrade-Santos, Felipe; Dawson, William A.
    • Nature Astronomy, Vol. 1, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/s41550-016-0005

    The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: I. Survey description and preliminary data release⋆
    journal, February 2017

    The two-component giant radio halo in the galaxy cluster Abell 2142
    journal, July 2017

    New giant radio sources and underluminous radio halos in two galaxy clusters
    journal, January 2018

    The supernova-regulated ISM: III. Generation of vorticity, helicity, and mean flows
    journal, March 2018

    The spectacular cluster chain Abell 781 as observed with LOFAR, GMRT, and XMM-Newton
    journal, February 2019

    A LOFAR study of non-merging massive galaxy clusters
    journal, February 2019

    Radio observations of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 520
    journal, February 2019

    Ultra-steep spectrum emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 1914
    journal, February 2019

    Characterizing the radio emission from the binary galaxy cluster merger Abell 2146
    journal, February 2019

    A shock front at the radio relic of Abell 2744
    journal, June 2016

    • Eckert, D.; Jauzac, M.; Vazza, F.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 461, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1435

    A plethora of diffuse steep spectrum radio sources in Abell 2034 revealed by LOFAR
    journal, March 2016

    • Shimwell, T. W.; Luckin, J.; Brüggen, M.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw661

    Deep LOFAR observations of the merging galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301
    journal, June 2017

    • Hoang, D. N.; Shimwell, T. W.; Stroe, A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1645

    LOFAR discovery of a double radio halo system in Abell 1758 and radio/X-ray study of the cluster pair
    journal, May 2018

    • Botteon, A.; Shimwell, T. W.; Bonafede, A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1102

    Understanding the radio spectral indices of galaxy cluster relics by superdiffusive shock acceleration
    journal, June 2018

    • Zimbardo, Gaetano; Perri, Silvia
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1438

    Long-term FRII jet evolution: clues from three-dimensional simulations
    journal, October 2018

    • Perucho, Manel; Martí, José-María; Quilis, Vicent
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2912

    Search for low-frequency diffuse radio emission around a shock in the massive galaxy cluster MACS J0744.9+3927
    journal, February 2018

    • Wilber, A.; Brüggen, M.; Bonafede, A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty414

    A massive cluster at z = 0.288 caught in the process of formation: The case of Abell 959
    journal, May 2019

    • Bîrzan, L.; Rafferty, D. A.; Cassano, R.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1456

    Chandra and JVLA Observations of HST Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J0717.5+3745
    journal, January 2017

    Deep VLA Observations of the Cluster 1RXS J0603.3+4214 in the Frequency Range of 1–2 GHz
    journal, January 2018

    • Rajpurohit, K.; Hoeft, M.; van Weeren, R. J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f13

    Multi-phenomena Modeling of the New Bullet-like Cluster ZwCl 008.8+52 Using N -body/Hydrodynamical Simulations
    journal, July 2018

    Deep Very Large Array Observations of the Merging Cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301: Continuum and Spectral Imaging
    journal, September 2018

    • Gennaro, G. Di; van Weeren, R. J.; Hoeft, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad738

    Evidence for a Merger-induced Shock Wave in ZwCl 0008.8+5215 with Chandra and Suzaku
    journal, March 2019

    • Di Gennaro, G.; van Weeren, R. J.; Andrade-Santos, F.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab03cd

    Electron Preacceleration in Weak Quasi-perpendicular Shocks in High-beta Intracluster Medium
    journal, May 2019

    Interactions between Radio Galaxies and Cluster Shocks. I. Jet Axes Aligned with Shock Normals
    journal, May 2019

    • Nolting, Chris; Jones, T. W.; O’Neill, Brian J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab16d6

    The Filamentary Radio Lobes of the Seyfert–Starburst Composite Galaxy NGC 3079
    journal, October 2019

    Turbulence Dynamo in the Stratified Medium of Galaxy Clusters
    journal, September 2019

    Shocked Narrow-angle Tail Radio Galaxies: Simulations and Emissions
    journal, December 2019

    • O’Neill, Brian J.; Jones, T. W.; Nolting, Chris
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4efa

    LOFAR Discovery of a Radio Halo in the High-redshift Galaxy Cluster PSZ2 G099.86+58.45
    journal, August 2019

    A $\mathcal {M}\gtrsim 3$ shock in ‘El Gordo’ cluster and the origin of the radio relic
    journal, August 2016

    • Botteon, A.; Gastaldello, F.; Brunetti, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 463, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw2089

    Mystery solved: discovery of extended radio emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146
    journal, December 2017

    • Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; Gendron-Marsolais, M-L; Fecteau-Beaucage, D.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx3160

    A study of spectral curvature in the radio relic in Abell 4038 using the uGMRT
    journal, August 2018

    • Kale, Ruta; Parekh, Viral; Dwarakanath, K. S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2227

    VLA Radio Observations of the HST Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744: The Discovery of New Radio Relics
    journal, August 2017

    • Pearce, C. J. J.; van Weeren, R. J.; Andrade-Santos, F.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 845, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e2f

    Shocks and cold fronts in merging and massive galaxy clusters: new detections with Chandra
    journal, March 2018

    • Botteon, A.; Gastaldello, F.; Brunetti, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty598

    Mystery solved: discovery of extended radio emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146
    text, January 2018

    • Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; Gendron-Marsolais, M-L; Fecteau-Beaucage, D.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.24164

    A $\mathcal{M}\gtrsim3$ shock in `El Gordo' cluster and the origin of the radio relic
    text, January 2016

    The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey - I. Survey Description and Preliminary Data Release
    text, January 2016

    The Case for Electron Re-Acceleration at Galaxy Cluster Shocks
    text, January 2017

    The supernova-regulated ISM. III. Generation of vorticity, helicity and mean flows
    text, January 2017

    Deep LOFAR observations of the merging galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301
    text, January 2017

    VLA Radio Observations of the HST Frontier Fields Cluster Abell 2744: The Discovery of New Radio Relics
    text, January 2017

    A study of spectral curvature in the radio relic in Abell 4038 using the uGMRT
    text, January 2018

    Fundamental Physics with the Square Kilometre Array
    text, January 2018

    Ultra-steep spectrum emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 1914
    text, January 2018

    Radio observations of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 520
    text, January 2018

    A Massive Cluster at z = 0.288 Caught in the Process of Formation: The Case of Abell 959
    text, January 2019

    LOFAR discovery of a radio halo in the high-redshift galaxy cluster PSZ2 G099.86+58.45
    text, January 2019

    Shocked Narrow-Angle Tail Radio Galaxies: Simulations and Emissions
    text, January 2019

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