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Title: Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors

Abstract

Abstract The interplay between nanomorphology and efficiency of polymer‐fullerene bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells has been the subject of intense research, but the generality of these concepts for small‐molecule (SM) BHJs remains unclear. Here, the relation between performance; charge generation, recombination, and extraction dynamics; and nanomorphology achievable with two SM donors benzo[1,2‐ b :4,5‐ b ]dithiophene‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]‐pyrazine BDT(PPTh 2 ) 2 , namely SM1 and SM2, differing by their side‐chains, are examined as a function of solution additive composition. The results show that the additive 1,8‐diiodooctane acts as a plasticizer in the blends, increases domain size, and promotes ordering/crystallinity. Surprisingly, the system with high domain purity (SM1) exhibits both poor exciton harvesting and severe charge trapping, alleviated only slightly with increased crystallinity. In contrast, the system consisting of mixed domains and lower crystallinity (SM2) shows both excellent exciton harvesting and low charge recombination losses. Importantly, the onset of large, pure crystallites in the latter (SM2) system reduces efficiency, pointing to possible differences in the ideal morphologies for SM‐based BHJ solar cells compared with polymer‐fullerene devices. In polymer‐based systems, tie chains between pure polymer crystals establish a continuous charge transport network, whereas SM‐based active layers may in some cases require mixedmore » domains that enable both aggregation and charge percolation to the electrodes.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [1];  [2];  [4];  [2];  [1];  [5];  [6];  [5];  [5];  [4];  [3];  [2];  [7]; ORCiD logo [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States). Dept. Physics and Astronomy
  2. King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal (Saudia Arabia). KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program
  3. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL)
  4. Univ. of Potsdam, Postsdam (Germany). Inst. fur Physik und Astronomie, Physik weicher Materie
  5. Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane (Australia). Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
  6. King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal (Saudia Arabia). KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Chemical Sciences Program
  7. King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal (Saudia Arabia). KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Chemical Sciences Program; King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal (Saudia Arabia). KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1462361
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1429523
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; CRG_R2_13_BEAU_KAUST_1; DP120101372; AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Advanced Energy Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 19; Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832
Publisher:
Wiley
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Small molecule; organic solar cell; photovoltaic device; charge transport; domain purity; mixed domains; resonant X-ray scattering; microscopy; transient spectroscopy

Citation Formats

Alqahtani, Obaid, Babics, Maxime, Gorenflot, Julien, Savikhin, Victoria, Ferron, Thomas, Balawi, Ahmed H., Paulke, Andreas, Kan, Zhipeng, Pope, Michael, Clulow, Andrew J., Wolf, Jannic, Burn, Paul L., Gentle, Ian R., Neher, Dieter, Toney, Michael F., Laquai, Ferderic, Beaujuge, Pierre M., and Collins, Brian A. Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702941.
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Alqahtani, Obaid, Babics, Maxime, Gorenflot, Julien, Savikhin, Victoria, Ferron, Thomas, Balawi, Ahmed H., Paulke, Andreas, Kan, Zhipeng, Pope, Michael, Clulow, Andrew J., Wolf, Jannic, Burn, Paul L., Gentle, Ian R., Neher, Dieter, Toney, Michael F., Laquai, Ferderic, Beaujuge, Pierre M., & Collins, Brian A. Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702941
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Alqahtani, Obaid, Babics, Maxime, Gorenflot, Julien, Savikhin, Victoria, Ferron, Thomas, Balawi, Ahmed H., Paulke, Andreas, Kan, Zhipeng, Pope, Michael, Clulow, Andrew J., Wolf, Jannic, Burn, Paul L., Gentle, Ian R., Neher, Dieter, Toney, Michael F., Laquai, Ferderic, Beaujuge, Pierre M., and Collins, Brian A. Sat . "Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702941. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1462361.
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@article{osti_1462361,
title = {Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors},
author = {Alqahtani, Obaid and Babics, Maxime and Gorenflot, Julien and Savikhin, Victoria and Ferron, Thomas and Balawi, Ahmed H. and Paulke, Andreas and Kan, Zhipeng and Pope, Michael and Clulow, Andrew J. and Wolf, Jannic and Burn, Paul L. and Gentle, Ian R. and Neher, Dieter and Toney, Michael F. and Laquai, Ferderic and Beaujuge, Pierre M. and Collins, Brian A.},
abstractNote = {Abstract The interplay between nanomorphology and efficiency of polymer‐fullerene bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells has been the subject of intense research, but the generality of these concepts for small‐molecule (SM) BHJs remains unclear. Here, the relation between performance; charge generation, recombination, and extraction dynamics; and nanomorphology achievable with two SM donors benzo[1,2‐ b :4,5‐ b ]dithiophene‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]‐pyrazine BDT(PPTh 2 ) 2 , namely SM1 and SM2, differing by their side‐chains, are examined as a function of solution additive composition. The results show that the additive 1,8‐diiodooctane acts as a plasticizer in the blends, increases domain size, and promotes ordering/crystallinity. Surprisingly, the system with high domain purity (SM1) exhibits both poor exciton harvesting and severe charge trapping, alleviated only slightly with increased crystallinity. In contrast, the system consisting of mixed domains and lower crystallinity (SM2) shows both excellent exciton harvesting and low charge recombination losses. Importantly, the onset of large, pure crystallites in the latter (SM2) system reduces efficiency, pointing to possible differences in the ideal morphologies for SM‐based BHJ solar cells compared with polymer‐fullerene devices. In polymer‐based systems, tie chains between pure polymer crystals establish a continuous charge transport network, whereas SM‐based active layers may in some cases require mixed domains that enable both aggregation and charge percolation to the electrodes.},
doi = {10.1002/aenm.201702941},
journal = {Advanced Energy Materials},
number = 19,
volume = 8,
place = {United States},
year = {Sat Mar 24 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Sat Mar 24 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
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Journal Article:
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Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702941
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Cited by: 40 works
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: (a) Molecular structure of the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-pyrido[3,4-b]-pyrazine SM donor analogues (BDT(PPTh2)2; SM1 and SM2) used in the study, along with that of the fullerene acceptor PC71BM. (b) Characteristic J-V curves of SM1:PC71BM solar cells fabricated with different DIO concentration (c) Characteristic J-V curves of SM2:PC71BM solar cells fabricated withmore » different DIO concentration (d) thin-film UV-Vis absorption spectra (normalized) for neat SM1 (dashed) and blended with PC71BM (solid) (e) thin-film UV-Vis absorption spectra (normalized) for neat SM2 (dashed) and blended with PC71BM (solid)« less
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    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 33
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201901443

    Optimized mixed phases to achieve improved performance of organic solar cells
    journal, October 2019

    Impact of Fullerene on the Photophysics of Ternary Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells
    conference, July 2019

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      Table S3 (p. 38)table
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