Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables

Frye, Christopher; Larkoski, Andrew J.; Thaler, Jesse; Zhou, Kevin

doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2017)083

Title: Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables

Abstract

Charged track multiplicity is among the most powerful observables for discriminating quark- from gluon-initiated jets. Despite its utility, it is not infrared and collinear (IRC) safe, so perturbative calculations are limited to studying the energy evolution of multiplicity moments. While IRC-safe observables, like jet mass, are perturbatively calculable, their distributions often exhibit Casimir scaling, such that their quark/gluon discrimination power is limited by the ratio of quark to gluon color factors. In this paper, we introduce new IRC-safe counting observables whose discrimination performance exceeds that of jet mass and approaches that of track multiplicity. The key observation is that track multiplicity is approximately Poisson distributed, with more suppressed tails than the Sudakov peak structure from jet mass. By using an iterated version of the soft drop jet grooming algorithm, we can define a “soft drop multiplicity” which is Poisson distributed at leading-logarithmic accuracy. In addition, we calculate the next-to-leading-logarithmic corrections to this Poisson structure. If we allow the soft drop groomer to proceed to the end of the jet branching history, we can define a collinear-unsafe (but still infrared-safe) counting observable. Exploiting the universality of the collinear limit, we define generalized fragmentation functions to study the perturbative energy evolution ofmore » collinear-unsafe multiplicity.« less

Authors:

Frye, Christopher ^[1]; Larkoski, Andrew J. ^[2];

^[3]; Zhou, Kevin ^[3]

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Physics
Reed College, Portland, OR (United States). Physics Dept.
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Center for Theoretical Physics

Publication Date:: Tue Sep 19 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1425789

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0013607; SC0012567; SC0015476

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online); Journal Volume: 2017; Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 1029-8479

Publisher:: Springer Berlin

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; jets; QCD phenomenology

Citation Formats


                    Frye, Christopher, Larkoski, Andrew J., Thaler, Jesse, and Zhou, Kevin. Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2017)083.

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                    Frye, Christopher, Larkoski, Andrew J., Thaler, Jesse, & Zhou, Kevin. Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)083

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                    Frye, Christopher, Larkoski, Andrew J., Thaler, Jesse, and Zhou, Kevin. Tue .  
"Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2017)083.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1425789.

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@article{osti_1425789,

  title        = {Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables},

  author       = {Frye, Christopher and Larkoski, Andrew J. and Thaler, Jesse and Zhou, Kevin},

  abstractNote = {Charged track multiplicity is among the most powerful observables for discriminating quark- from gluon-initiated jets. Despite its utility, it is not infrared and collinear (IRC) safe, so perturbative calculations are limited to studying the energy evolution of multiplicity moments. While IRC-safe observables, like jet mass, are perturbatively calculable, their distributions often exhibit Casimir scaling, such that their quark/gluon discrimination power is limited by the ratio of quark to gluon color factors. In this paper, we introduce new IRC-safe counting observables whose discrimination performance exceeds that of jet mass and approaches that of track multiplicity. The key observation is that track multiplicity is approximately Poisson distributed, with more suppressed tails than the Sudakov peak structure from jet mass. By using an iterated version of the soft drop jet grooming algorithm, we can define a “soft drop multiplicity” which is Poisson distributed at leading-logarithmic accuracy. In addition, we calculate the next-to-leading-logarithmic corrections to this Poisson structure. If we allow the soft drop groomer to proceed to the end of the jet branching history, we can define a collinear-unsafe (but still infrared-safe) counting observable. Exploiting the universality of the collinear limit, we define generalized fragmentation functions to study the perturbative energy evolution of collinear-unsafe multiplicity.},

  doi          = {10.1007/JHEP09(2017)083},

  journal      = {Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)},

  number       = 9,

  volume       = 2017,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Sep 19 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Tue Sep 19 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Journal Article Moult, Ian ; Necib, Lina ; Thaler, Jesse - Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

Jet substructure observables, designed to identify specific features within jets, play an essential role at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), both for searching for signals beyond the Standard Model and for testing QCD in extreme phase space regions. In this paper, we systematically study the structure of infrared and collinear safe substructure observables, defining a generalization of the energy correlation functions to probe n-particle correlations within a jet. These generalized correlators provide a flexible basis for constructing new substructure observables optimized for specific purposes. Focusing on three major targets of the jet substructure community — boosted top tagging, boosted W/Z/Hmore »« less
Cited by 89
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2016)153

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Probing Transverse-Momentum Dependent Evolution With Groomed Jets

Journal Article Vaidya, Varun P. ; Neill, Duff A. ; Makris, Yiannis - Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

We propose an observable which involves measuring the properties (transverse momentum pmore »« less
Cited by 25
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2018)167

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A theory of quark vs. gluon discrimination

Journal Article Larkoski, Andrew J. ; Metodiev, Eric M. - Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

Understanding jets initiated by quarks and gluons is of fundamental importance in collider physics. Efficient and robust techniques for quark versus gluon jet discrimination have consequences for new physics searches, precision αs studies, parton distribution function extractions, and many other applications. Numerous machine learning analyses have attacked the problem, demonstrating that good performance can be obtained but generally not providing an understanding for what properties of the jets are responsible for that separation power. In this paper, we provide an extensive and detailed analysis of quark versus gluon discrimination from first-principles theoretical calculations. Working in the strongly-ordered soft and collinear limits, we calculate probability distributions for fixed N-body kinematics within jets with up through three resolved emissions (O(αmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep10(2019)014

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Transverse momentum spectra at threshold for groomed heavy quark jets

Journal Article Makris, Yiannis ; Vaidya, Varun - Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

We present the transverse momentum spectrum for a heavy hadron at threshold in a groomed jet initiated by a heavy quark. The cross section is doubly differential in the energy fraction of an identified heavy hadron in the jet and its transverse momentum measured with respect to the groomed (recoil free) jet axis. The grooming is implemented using a soft-drop grooming algorithm and helps us in mitigating the effects of Non-Global logarithms and pile up. For the particular case of a B meson, we identify two distinct regimes of the transverse momentum spectrum and develop an EFT within the formalismsmore »« less
Cited by 19
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2018)019

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Title: Casimir meets Poisson: improved quark/gluon discrimination with counting observables

Abstract

Citation Formats

Jet shapes and jet algorithms in SCET journal, November 2010

The anti- k t jet clustering algorithm journal, April 2008

The first calculation of fractional jets journal, May 2015

Unsafe but calculable: ratios of angularities in perturbative QCD journal, September 2013

PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual journal, May 2006

Boosted objects: a probe of beyond the standard model physics journal, June 2011

Deep learning in color: towards automated quark/gluon jet discrimination journal, January 2017

Deep-learning top taggers or the end of QCD? journal, May 2017

Multivariate discrimination and the Higgs+W/Z search journal, April 2011

FastJet user manual: (for version 3.0.2) journal, March 2012

On the structure of infrared singularities of gauge-theory amplitudes journal, June 2009

Resummation of large logarithms in e+e− event shape distributions journal, October 1993

Measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity inside jets from $$\sqrt{s}=8$$ s = 8 $${\mathrm{TeV}}$$ TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector journal, June 2016

Systematics of quark/gluon tagging journal, July 2017

Boosted objects and jet substructure at the LHC. Report of BOOST2012, held at IFIC Valencia, 23rd–27th of July 2012 journal, March 2014

Gluon- and Quark-Jet Multiplicities with NNNLO and NNLL Accuracy journal, December 2012

Measurements of the $$W$$ W production cross sections in association with jets with the ATLAS detector journal, February 2015

Jet invariant mass in quantum chromodynamics journal, July 1979

Heavy jet mass distribution in e+e− annihilation journal, December 1991

Event generation with SHERPA 1.1 journal, February 2009

Generalized fragmentation functions for fractal jet observables journal, June 2017

Analytic boosted boson discrimination journal, May 2016

Finding gluon jets with a neural trigger journal, September 1990

Herwig++ physics and manual journal, November 2008

Small-radius jets to all orders in QCD journal, April 2015

Gaining (mutual) information about quark/gluon discrimination journal, November 2014

Quark-gluon discrimination in the search for gluino pair production at the LHC journal, January 2017

QCD coherent branching and semi-inclusive processes at large χ journal, February 1991

Exponentiation of eikonal cross sections in nonabelian gauge theories journal, December 1983

Towards an understanding of the correlations in jet substructure: Report of BOOST2013, hosted by the University of Arizona, 12th–16th of August 2013 journal, September 2015

Associated jet and subjet rates in light-quark and gluon jet discrimination journal, April 2015

Soft drop journal, May 2014

A brief introduction to PYTHIA 8.1 journal, June 2008

Resummation of non-global QCD observables journal, July 2001

Energy correlation functions for jet substructure journal, June 2013

Scaling patterns for QCD jets journal, October 2012

Identification of boosted, hadronically decaying W bosons and comparisons with ATLAS data taken at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ s = 8 TeV journal, March 2016

Principles of general final-state resummation and automated implementation journal, March 2005

Event shape–energy flow correlations journal, July 2003

Jet-images — deep learning edition journal, July 2016

Factorization for groomed jet substructure beyond the next-to-leading logarithm journal, July 2016

Calculating Track-Based Observables for the LHC journal, September 2013

Resummation of double-differential cross sections and fully-unintegrated parton distribution functions journal, February 2015

Asymptotic freedom in parton language journal, August 1977

Jet Charge at the LHC journal, May 2013

Jet-images: computer vision inspired techniques for jet tagging journal, February 2015

Average gluon and quark jet multiplicities at higher orders journal, October 2013

Herwig 7.0/Herwig++ 3.0 release note journal, April 2016

Jet shapes with the broadening axis journal, April 2014

An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2 journal, June 2015

A formalism for the systematic treatment of rapidity logarithms in Quantum Field Theory journal, May 2012

Playing tag with ANN: boosted top identification with pattern recognition journal, July 2015

Jet substructure with analytical methods journal, November 2013

Towards an understanding of jet substructure journal, September 2013

Non-abelian eikonal exponentiation journal, November 1984

Light-quark and gluon jet discrimination in $$pp$$ p p collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=7\mathrm {\ TeV}$$ s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector journal, August 2014

The three-loop splitting functions in QCD: the non-singlet case journal, June 2004

Better jet clustering algorithms journal, August 1997

Herwig 7.0/Herwig++ 3.0 release note text, January 2016

Calculating Track-Based Observables for the LHC text, January 2013

Event generation with SHERPA 1.1 text, January 2009

Deep-learning top taggers or the end of QCD text, January 2017

The anti-k_t jet clustering algorithm text, January 2008

Herwig++ Physics and Manual text, January 2008

On the Structure of Infrared Singularities of Gauge-Theory Amplitudes text, January 2009

Jet Shapes and Jet Algorithms in SCET text, January 2010

Quark and Gluon Tagging at the LHC text, January 2011

A Formalism for the Systematic Treatment of Rapidity Logarithms in Quantum Field Theory text, January 2012

Scaling Patterns for QCD Jets text, January 2012

Energy Correlation Functions for Jet Substructure text, January 2013

Average gluon and quark jet multiplicities at higher orders text, January 2013

Jet substructure with analytical methods text, January 2013

Unsafe but Calculable: Ratios of Angularities in Perturbative QCD text, January 2013

Jet-Images: Computer Vision Inspired Techniques for Jet Tagging text, January 2014

Associated jet and subjet rates in light-quark and gluon jet discrimination text, January 2015

Herwig 7.0 / Herwig++ 3.0 Release Note text, January 2015

Factorization for groomed jet substructure beyond the next-to-leading logarithm text, January 2016

Jet shapes and jet algorithms in SCET
journal, November 2010

The anti- k _t jet clustering algorithm
journal, April 2008

The first calculation of fractional jets
journal, May 2015

Unsafe but calculable: ratios of angularities in perturbative QCD
journal, September 2013

PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual
journal, May 2006

Boosted objects: a probe of beyond the standard model physics
journal, June 2011

Deep learning in color: towards automated quark/gluon jet discrimination
journal, January 2017

Deep-learning top taggers or the end of QCD?
journal, May 2017

Multivariate discrimination and the Higgs+W/Z search
journal, April 2011

FastJet user manual: (for version 3.0.2)
journal, March 2012

On the structure of infrared singularities of gauge-theory amplitudes
journal, June 2009

Resummation of large logarithms in e+e− event shape distributions
journal, October 1993

Measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity inside jets from $$\sqrt{s}=8$$ s = 8 $${\mathrm{TeV}}$$ TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector
journal, June 2016

Systematics of quark/gluon tagging
journal, July 2017

Boosted objects and jet substructure at the LHC. Report of BOOST2012, held at IFIC Valencia, 23rd–27th of July 2012
journal, March 2014

Gluon- and Quark-Jet Multiplicities with NNNLO and NNLL Accuracy
journal, December 2012

Measurements of the $$W$$ W production cross sections in association with jets with the ATLAS detector
journal, February 2015

Jet invariant mass in quantum chromodynamics
journal, July 1979

Heavy jet mass distribution in e+e− annihilation
journal, December 1991

Event generation with SHERPA 1.1
journal, February 2009

Generalized fragmentation functions for fractal jet observables
journal, June 2017

Analytic boosted boson discrimination
journal, May 2016

Finding gluon jets with a neural trigger
journal, September 1990

Herwig++ physics and manual
journal, November 2008

Small-radius jets to all orders in QCD
journal, April 2015

Gaining (mutual) information about quark/gluon discrimination
journal, November 2014

Quark-gluon discrimination in the search for gluino pair production at the LHC
journal, January 2017

QCD coherent branching and semi-inclusive processes at large χ
journal, February 1991

Exponentiation of eikonal cross sections in nonabelian gauge theories
journal, December 1983

Towards an understanding of the correlations in jet substructure: Report of BOOST2013, hosted by the University of Arizona, 12th–16th of August 2013
journal, September 2015

Associated jet and subjet rates in light-quark and gluon jet discrimination
journal, April 2015

Soft drop
journal, May 2014

A brief introduction to PYTHIA 8.1
journal, June 2008

Resummation of non-global QCD observables
journal, July 2001

Energy correlation functions for jet substructure
journal, June 2013

Scaling patterns for QCD jets
journal, October 2012

Identification of boosted, hadronically decaying W bosons and comparisons with ATLAS data taken at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ s = 8 TeV
journal, March 2016

Principles of general final-state resummation and automated implementation
journal, March 2005

Event shape–energy flow correlations
journal, July 2003

Jet-images — deep learning edition
journal, July 2016

Factorization for groomed jet substructure beyond the next-to-leading logarithm
journal, July 2016

Calculating Track-Based Observables for the LHC
journal, September 2013

Resummation of double-differential cross sections and fully-unintegrated parton distribution functions
journal, February 2015

Asymptotic freedom in parton language
journal, August 1977

Jet Charge at the LHC
journal, May 2013

Jet-images: computer vision inspired techniques for jet tagging
journal, February 2015

Average gluon and quark jet multiplicities at higher orders
journal, October 2013

Herwig 7.0/Herwig++ 3.0 release note
journal, April 2016

Jet shapes with the broadening axis
journal, April 2014

An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2
journal, June 2015

A formalism for the systematic treatment of rapidity logarithms in Quantum Field Theory
journal, May 2012

Playing tag with ANN: boosted top identification with pattern recognition
journal, July 2015

Jet substructure with analytical methods
journal, November 2013

Towards an understanding of jet substructure
journal, September 2013

Non-abelian eikonal exponentiation
journal, November 1984

Light-quark and gluon jet discrimination in $$pp$$ p p collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=7\mathrm {\ TeV}$$ s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector
journal, August 2014

The three-loop splitting functions in QCD: the non-singlet case
journal, June 2004

Better jet clustering algorithms
journal, August 1997

Herwig 7.0/Herwig++ 3.0 release note
text, January 2016

Calculating Track-Based Observables for the LHC
text, January 2013

Event generation with SHERPA 1.1
text, January 2009

Deep-learning top taggers or the end of QCD
text, January 2017

The anti-k_t jet clustering algorithm
text, January 2008

Herwig++ Physics and Manual
text, January 2008

On the Structure of Infrared Singularities of Gauge-Theory Amplitudes
text, January 2009

Jet Shapes and Jet Algorithms in SCET
text, January 2010

Quark and Gluon Tagging at the LHC
text, January 2011

A Formalism for the Systematic Treatment of Rapidity Logarithms in Quantum Field Theory
text, January 2012

Scaling Patterns for QCD Jets
text, January 2012

Energy Correlation Functions for Jet Substructure
text, January 2013

Average gluon and quark jet multiplicities at higher orders
text, January 2013

Jet substructure with analytical methods
text, January 2013

Unsafe but Calculable: Ratios of Angularities in Perturbative QCD
text, January 2013

Jet-Images: Computer Vision Inspired Techniques for Jet Tagging
text, January 2014

Associated jet and subjet rates in light-quark and gluon jet discrimination
text, January 2015

Herwig 7.0 / Herwig++ 3.0 Release Note
text, January 2015

Factorization for groomed jet substructure beyond the next-to-leading logarithm
text, January 2016

Deep learning in color: towards automated quark/gluon jet discrimination
text, January 2016

Deep-learning Top Taggers or The End of QCD?
text, January 2017

Systematics of quark/gluon tagging
text, January 2017