How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

Cebulla, Felix; Haas, Jannik; Eichman, Josh; Nowak, Wolfgang; Mancarella, Pierluigi

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144

Title: How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

Abstract

Electrical energy storage (EES) is a promising flexibility source for prospective low-carbon energy systems. In the last couple of years, many studies for EES capacity planning have been produced. However, these resulted in a very broad range of power and energy capacity requirements for storage, making it difficult for policymakers to identify clear storage planning recommendations. Therefore, we studied 17 recent storage expansion studies pertinent to the U.S., Europe, and Germany. We then systemized the storage requirement per variable renewable energy (VRE) share and generation technology. Our synthesis reveals that with increasing VRE shares, the EES power capacity increases linearly; and the energy capacity, exponentially. Further, by analyzing the outliers, the EES energy requirements can be at least halved. It becomes clear that grids dominated by photovoltaic energy call for more EES, while large shares of wind rely more on transmission capacity. Taking into account the energy mix clarifies - to a large degree - the apparent conflict of the storage requirements between the existing studies. Finally, there might exist a negative bias towards storage because transmission costs are frequently optimistic (by neglecting execution delays and social opposition) and storage can cope with uncertainties, but these issues are rarely acknowledgedmore » in the planning process.« less

Authors:

Cebulla, Felix ^[1]; Haas, Jannik ^[2]; Eichman, Josh ^[3]; Nowak, Wolfgang ^[2]; Mancarella, Pierluigi ^[4]

German Aerospace Center (Germany)
Univ. of Stuttgart (Germany)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)

Publication Date:: Sat Feb 03 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Program (EE-3F)

OSTI Identifier:: 1425569

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5400-70932
Journal ID: ISSN 0959-6526

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Cleaner Production

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 181; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0959-6526

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY; expansion planning; electrical energy storage; energy storage; power system flexibility; renewable energy integration; low-carbon systems

Citation Formats


                    Cebulla, Felix, Haas, Jannik, Eichman, Josh, Nowak, Wolfgang, and Mancarella, Pierluigi. How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144.

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                    Cebulla, Felix, Haas, Jannik, Eichman, Josh, Nowak, Wolfgang, & Mancarella, Pierluigi. How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144

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                    Cebulla, Felix, Haas, Jannik, Eichman, Josh, Nowak, Wolfgang, and Mancarella, Pierluigi. Sat .  
"How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1425569.

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@article{osti_1425569,

  title        = {How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany},

  author       = {Cebulla, Felix and Haas, Jannik and Eichman, Josh and Nowak, Wolfgang and Mancarella, Pierluigi},

  abstractNote = {Electrical energy storage (EES) is a promising flexibility source for prospective low-carbon energy systems. In the last couple of years, many studies for EES capacity planning have been produced. However, these resulted in a very broad range of power and energy capacity requirements for storage, making it difficult for policymakers to identify clear storage planning recommendations. Therefore, we studied 17 recent storage expansion studies pertinent to the U.S., Europe, and Germany. We then systemized the storage requirement per variable renewable energy (VRE) share and generation technology. Our synthesis reveals that with increasing VRE shares, the EES power capacity increases linearly; and the energy capacity, exponentially. Further, by analyzing the outliers, the EES energy requirements can be at least halved. It becomes clear that grids dominated by photovoltaic energy call for more EES, while large shares of wind rely more on transmission capacity. Taking into account the energy mix clarifies - to a large degree - the apparent conflict of the storage requirements between the existing studies. Finally, there might exist a negative bias towards storage because transmission costs are frequently optimistic (by neglecting execution delays and social opposition) and storage can cope with uncertainties, but these issues are rarely acknowledged in the planning process.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.144},

  journal      = {Journal of Cleaner Production},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 181,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Feb 03 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Sat Feb 03 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Title: How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

Abstract

Citation Formats

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Sunset or sunrise? Understanding the barriers and options for the massive deployment of solar technologies in Chile journal, January 2018

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Power system balancing for deep decarbonization of the electricity sector journal, January 2016

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Long-run power storage requirements for high shares of renewables: review and a new model journal, November 2017

Pathways for Germany’s Low-Carbon Energy Transformation Towards 2050 journal, August 2019

Enhanced Ionic/Electronic Transport in Nano‐TiO 2 /Sheared CNT Composite Electrode for Na + Insertion‐based Hybrid Ion‐Capacitors journal, November 2019

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility journal, December 2019

Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems journal, May 2019

Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems journal, May 2019

Overview on recent developments in energy storage: Mechanical, electrochemical and hydrogen technologies
journal, January 2017

Energy storage technologies and real life applications – A state of the art review
journal, October 2016

Electricity storage systems in the future German energy sector
journal, February 2016

Hydrogen storage: Recent improvements and industrial perspectives
journal, March 2017

Flexibility in Europe's power sector — An additional requirement or an automatic complement?
journal, January 2016

Least-cost options for integrating intermittent renewables in low-carbon power systems
journal, January 2016

Cost-minimized combinations of wind power, solar power and electrochemical storage, powering the grid up to 99.9% of the time
journal, March 2013

A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments
journal, May 2016

Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a European renewable power system of 2050—Sensitivity study
journal, May 2016

Electrical energy storage in highly renewable European energy systems: Capacity requirements, spatial distribution, and storage dispatch
journal, December 2017

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review
journal, March 2009

Techno-economic review of existing and new pumped hydro energy storage plant
journal, May 2010

Characterisation of electrical energy storage technologies
journal, May 2013

Flexibility mechanisms and pathways to a highly renewable US electricity future
journal, April 2016

Integrated modelling of variable renewable energy-based power supply in Europe
journal, March 2017

Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review
journal, January 2016

Challenges and trends of energy storage expansion planning for flexibility provision in low-carbon power systems – a review
journal, December 2017

Sunset or sunrise? Understanding the barriers and options for the massive deployment of solar technologies in Chile
journal, January 2018

Reduced storage and balancing needs in a fully renewable European power system with excess wind and solar power generation
journal, September 2011

Integration costs revisited – An economic framework for wind and solar variability
journal, February 2015

Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements
journal, May 2014

Flexibility requirements of renewable energy based electricity systems – a review of research results and methodologies
journal, January 2016

Energy Storage in Global and Transcontinental Energy Scenarios: A Critical Review
journal, November 2016

Mitigation Costs in a Globalized World: Climate Policy Analysis with REMIND-R
journal, October 2009

Life cycle assessment of storage systems: the case study of a sodium/nickel chloride battery
journal, December 2014

Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity
journal, May 2015

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation
journal, January 2015

Power system balancing for deep decarbonization of the electricity sector
journal, January 2016

Planning low-carbon electricity systems under uncertainty considering operational flexibility and smart grid technologies
journal, July 2017

Integrating photovoltaic solar energy and a battery energy storage system to operate a semi-autogenous grinding mill
journal, November 2017

A comparative overview of large-scale battery systems for electricity storage
journal, November 2013

Long-term scenarios and strategies for the deployment of renewable energies in Germany
journal, August 2013

Pumped hydro energy storage system: A technological review
journal, April 2015

Sustainability ranking of energy storage technologies under uncertainties
journal, January 2018

Transmission grid extensions for the integration of variable renewable energies in Europe: Who benefits where?
journal, April 2012

The benefits of cooperation in a highly renewable European electricity network
journal, September 2017

Application of a high-detail energy system model to derive power sector characteristics at high wind and solar shares
journal, May 2017

Efficient storage capacity in power systems with thermal and renewable generation
journal, March 2013

Grid vs. storage in a 100% renewable Europe
journal, February 2013

System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables?
journal, December 2013

Decarbonizing global power supply under region-specific consideration of challenges and options of integrating variable renewables in the REMIND model
journal, May 2017

Clean energy storage technology in the making: An innovation systems perspective on flywheel energy storage
journal, September 2017

Long-run power storage requirements for high shares of renewables: review and a new model
journal, November 2017

Pathways for Germany’s Low-Carbon Energy Transformation Towards 2050
journal, August 2019

Enhanced Ionic/Electronic Transport in Nano‐TiO ₂ /Sheared CNT Composite Electrode for Na ⁺ Insertion‐based Hybrid Ion‐Capacitors
journal, November 2019

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility
journal, December 2019

Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems
journal, May 2019

Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems
journal, May 2019