Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations
Abstract
Using a state-of-the-art cosmological simulation of merging proto-galaxies at high redshift from the FIRE project, with explicit treatments of star formation and stellar feedback in the interstellar medium, we investigate the formation of star clusters and examine one of the formation hypotheses of present-day metal-poor globular clusters. Here, we find that frequent mergers in high-redshift proto-galaxies could provide a fertile environment to produce long-lasting bound star clusters. The violent merger event disturbs the gravitational potential and pushes a large gas mass of ≳ 105–6 M⊙ collectively to high density, at which point it rapidly turns into stars before stellar feedback can stop star formation. The high dynamic range of the reported simulation is critical in realizing such dense star-forming clouds with a small dynamical time-scale, tff ≲ 3 Myr, shorter than most stellar feedback time-scales. Our simulation then allows us to trace how clusters could become virialized and tightly bound to survive for up to ~420 Myr till the end of the simulation. Finally, because the cluster's tightly bound core was formed in one short burst, and the nearby older stars originally grouped with the cluster tend to be preferentially removed, at the end of the simulation the cluster hasmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
[2];
[3];
[4];
[2];
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology; Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). TAPIR, Dept. of Astronomy
- California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). TAPIR, Dept. of Astronomy
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, New York, NY (United States). Flatiron Inst.; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
- California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). TAPIR, Dept. of Astronomy; Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
- Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
- Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Dept. of Physics
- Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1423127
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-76SF00515; PF4-150147; NAS8-03060; AST-1411920; AST-1517491; AST-1412836; 1455342; NNX14AH35G; HSTGO-14734; NNX15AB22G; HST-AR-14293.001-A; HST-GO-14268.022-A; PF5-160136
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 474; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
- Publisher:
- Royal Astronomical Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; stars formation; globular clusters general; galaxies formation; galaxies kinematics and dynamics; galaxies star clusters general; cosmology theory
Citation Formats
Kim, Ji-hoon, Ma, Xiangcheng, Grudić, Michael Y., Hopkins, Philip F., Hayward, Christopher C., Wetzel, Andrew, Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, Kereš, Dušan, Garrison-Kimmel, Shea, and Murray, Norman. Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2994.
Kim, Ji-hoon, Ma, Xiangcheng, Grudić, Michael Y., Hopkins, Philip F., Hayward, Christopher C., Wetzel, Andrew, Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, Kereš, Dušan, Garrison-Kimmel, Shea, & Murray, Norman. Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations. United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2994
Kim, Ji-hoon, Ma, Xiangcheng, Grudić, Michael Y., Hopkins, Philip F., Hayward, Christopher C., Wetzel, Andrew, Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, Kereš, Dušan, Garrison-Kimmel, Shea, and Murray, Norman. Thu .
"Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations". United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2994. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423127.
@article{osti_1423127,
title = {Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations},
author = {Kim, Ji-hoon and Ma, Xiangcheng and Grudić, Michael Y. and Hopkins, Philip F. and Hayward, Christopher C. and Wetzel, Andrew and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André and Kereš, Dušan and Garrison-Kimmel, Shea and Murray, Norman},
abstractNote = {Using a state-of-the-art cosmological simulation of merging proto-galaxies at high redshift from the FIRE project, with explicit treatments of star formation and stellar feedback in the interstellar medium, we investigate the formation of star clusters and examine one of the formation hypotheses of present-day metal-poor globular clusters. Here, we find that frequent mergers in high-redshift proto-galaxies could provide a fertile environment to produce long-lasting bound star clusters. The violent merger event disturbs the gravitational potential and pushes a large gas mass of ≳ 105–6 M⊙ collectively to high density, at which point it rapidly turns into stars before stellar feedback can stop star formation. The high dynamic range of the reported simulation is critical in realizing such dense star-forming clouds with a small dynamical time-scale, tff ≲ 3 Myr, shorter than most stellar feedback time-scales. Our simulation then allows us to trace how clusters could become virialized and tightly bound to survive for up to ~420 Myr till the end of the simulation. Finally, because the cluster's tightly bound core was formed in one short burst, and the nearby older stars originally grouped with the cluster tend to be preferentially removed, at the end of the simulation the cluster has a small age spread.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stx2994},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 3,
volume = 474,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Nov 23 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Thu Nov 23 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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journal, July 2019
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- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2
A model for the minimum mass of bound stellar clusters and its dependence on the galactic environment
journal, July 2019
- Trujillo-Gomez, Sebastian; Reina-Campos, Marta; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 3
Is there a fundamental upper limit to the mass of a star cluster?
journal, July 2019
- Norris, Mark A.; van de Ven, Glenn; Kannappan, Sheila J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4
The SLUGGS survey: measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
journal, September 2019
- Usher, Christopher; Brodie, Jean P.; Forbes, Duncan A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 1
Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, October 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2
The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age–metallicity distribution of globular clusters
journal, April 2019
- Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L.; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3
A MODEST review
journal, November 2018
- Varri, Anna Lisa; Cai, Maxwell Xu; Concha-Ramírez, Francisca
- Computational Astrophysics and Cosmology, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Globular Clusters in a Cosmological N -body Simulation
journal, July 2018
- Carlberg, Raymond G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1
Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal-poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars
journal, July 2018
- Mandelker, Nir; Dokkum, Pieter G. van; Brodie, Jean P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2
Two Thresholds for Globular Cluster Formation and the Common Occurrence of Massive Clusters in the Early Universe
journal, December 2018
- Elmegreen, Bruce G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
High-redshift Galaxy Formation with Self-consistently Modeled Stars and Massive Black Holes: Stellar Feedback and Quasar Growth
journal, December 2019
- Kim, Ji-hoon; Wise, John H.; Abel, Tom
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
The Formation of Low-metallicity Globular Clusters in Dwarf Galaxy Mergers
journal, July 2019
- Lahén, Natalia; Naab, Thorsten; Johansson, Peter H.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2
Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: morphologies and sizes
text, January 2018
- Ma, Xiangcheng; Hopkins, Philip F.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael
- Oxford University Press
Gas clump formation via thermal instability in high-redshift dwarf galaxy mergers
text, January 2017
- Arata, Shohei; Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro
- arXiv
Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal Poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars
text, January 2017
- Mandelker, Nir; van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Brodie, Jean P.
- arXiv
The E-MOSAICS Project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations
text, January 2017
- Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Crain, Robert A.
- arXiv
Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
text, January 2018
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- arXiv
Massive star cluster formation and evolution in tidal dwarf galaxies
text, January 2019
- Fensch, Jeremy; Duc, Pierre-Alain; Boquien, Mederic
- arXiv
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
text, January 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A.
- arXiv
The SLUGGS Survey: Measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
text, January 2019
- Usher, Christopher; Brodie, Jean P.; Forbes, Duncan A.
- arXiv
What determines the maximum stellar surface density of galaxies?
journal, June 2020
- Ling, Chih-Teng; Hashimoto, Tetsuya; Goto, Tomotsugu
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 496, Issue 1
Simulating the interstellar medium of galaxies with radiative transfer, non-equilibrium thermochemistry, and dust
journal, October 2020
- Kannan, Rahul; Marinacci, Federico; Vogelsberger, Mark
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 499, Issue 4
STARFORGE: the effects of protostellar outflows on the IMF
journal, February 2021
- Guszejnov, Dávid; Grudić, Michael Y.; Hopkins, Philip F.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 3
Why do black holes trace bulges (& central surface densities), instead of galaxies as a whole?
journal, November 2021
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Wellons, Sarah; Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 510, Issue 1
Effects of initial density profiles on massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
journal, February 2021
- Chen, Yingtian; Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 4
The maximum stellar surface density due to the failure of stellar feedback
journal, December 2018
- Grudić, Michael Y.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 4
On the nature of variations in the measured star formation efficiency of molecular clouds
journal, June 2019
- Grudić, Michael Y.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Lee, Eve J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2
Local photoionization feedback effects on galaxies
journal, September 2019
- Obreja, Aura; Macciò, Andrea V.; Moster, Benjamin
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2
The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
journal, December 2019
- Chevance, Mélanie; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Hygate, Alexander P. S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 493, Issue 2
Most stars (and planets?) are born in intense radiation fields
journal, April 2020
- Lee, Eve J.; Hopkins, Philip F.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 495, Issue 1
The universal acceleration scale from stellar feedback
journal, June 2020
- Grudić, Michael Y.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 496, Issue 1
Globular Cluster Formation and Evolution in the Context of Cosmological Galaxy Assembly: Open Questions
text, January 2018
- Forbes, Duncan A.; Bastian, Nate; Gieles, Mark
- arXiv
Suppression of globular cluster formation in metal-poor gas clouds by Lyman-alpha radiation feedback
text, January 2018
- Abe, Makito; Yajima, Hidenobu
- arXiv
The effects of metallicity and cooling physics on fragmentation: implications on direct-collapse black hole formation
preprint, January 2018
- Moran, C. Corbett; Grudić, M. Y.; Hopkins, P. F.
- arXiv
The formation and hierarchical assembly of globular cluster populations
text, January 2018
- El-Badry, Kareem; Quataert, Eliot; Weisz, Daniel R.
- arXiv
What drives the evolution of gas kinematics in star-forming galaxies?
text, January 2018
- Hung, Chao-Ling; Hayward, Christopher C.; Yuan, Tiantian
- arXiv
Clustered Supernovae Drive Powerful Galactic Winds After Super-Bubble Breakout
text, January 2018
- Fielding, Drummond; Quataert, Eliot; Martizzi, Davide
- arXiv
The Elephant in the Room: The Importance of Where and When Massive Stars Form in Molecular Clouds
text, January 2018
- Grudić, Michael Y.; Hopkins, Philip F.
- arXiv
Stochastic modeling of star-formation histories I: the scatter of the star-forming main sequence
text, January 2019
- Caplar, Neven; Tacchella, Sandro
- arXiv
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
text, January 2019
- Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico
- arXiv
Live Fast, Die Young: GMC lifetimes in the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies
text, January 2019
- Benincasa, Samantha M.; Loebman, Sarah R.; Wetzel, Andrew
- arXiv
On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
text, January 2019
- Choksi, Nick; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- arXiv
Testing Physical Models for Cosmic Ray Transport Coefficients on Galactic Scales: Self-Confinement and Extrinsic Turbulence at GeV Energies
text, January 2020
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Squire, Jonathan; Chan, T. K.
- arXiv
The effect of photoionising feedback on the shaping of hierarchically-forming stellar clusters
text, January 2020
- González-Samaniego, Alejandro; Vazquez-Semadeni, Enrique
- arXiv
Effects of Different Cosmic Ray Transport Models on Galaxy Formation
text, January 2020
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Chan, T. K.; Squire, Jonathan
- arXiv
Stochastic modelling of star-formation histories II: star-formation variability from molecular clouds and gas inflow
text, January 2020
- Tacchella, Sandro; Forbes, John C.; Caplar, Neven
- arXiv
The mass budget for intermediate-mass black holes in dense star clusters
text, January 2020
- Shi, Yanlong; Grudić, Michael Y.; Hopkins, Philip F.
- arXiv
Which feedback mechanisms dominate in the high-pressure environment of the Central Molecular Zone?
text, January 2020
- Barnes, Ashley T.; Longmore, Steven N.; Dale, James E.
- arXiv
STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
text, January 2020
- Grudić, Michael Y.; Guszejnov, Dávid; Hopkins, Philip F.
- arXiv
Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole "Seeds" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently
text, January 2021
- Ma, Linhao; Hopkins, Philip F.; Ma, Xiangcheng
- arXiv