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Title: Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory

Abstract

A method dubbed grating-based holography was recently used to determine the structure of colloidal fluids in the rectangular grooves of a diffraction grating from X-ray scattering measurements. Similar grating-based measurements have also been recently made with neutrons using a technique called spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction data was done using an approximation that treats the X-ray phase change caused by the colloidal structure as a small perturbation to the overall phase pattern generated by the grating. In this paper, the adequacy of this weak phase approximation is explored for both X-ray and neutron grating holography. Additionally, it is found that there are several approximations hidden within the weak phase approximation that can lead to incorrect conclusions from experiments. In particular, the phase contrast for the empty grating is a critical parameter. Finally, while the approximation is found to be perfectly adequate for X-ray grating holography experiments performed to date, it cannot be applied to similar neutron experiments because the latter technique requires much deeper grating channels.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3];  [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [5]
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  1. Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter and Physics Dept.
  2. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Biology and Soft Matter Division
  3. Rutherford Appleton Lab., Oxford (United Kingdom). ISIS Facility
  4. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Science
  5. Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States). Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter and Physics Dept. ; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Neutron Sciences Directorate
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division
OSTI Identifier:
1422549
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725; FG02-09ER46279
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Applied Crystallography (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Journal of Applied Crystallography (Online); Journal Volume: 51; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1600-5767
Publisher:
International Union of Crystallography
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; grating-based holography; phase object approximation; dynamical theory

Citation Formats

Feng, Hao, Ashkar, Rana, Steinke, Nina, Dalgliesh, Robert, Lavrik, Nickolay V., Kravchenko, Ivan I., and Pynn, Roger. Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1107/S1600576717016867.
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Feng, Hao, Ashkar, Rana, Steinke, Nina, Dalgliesh, Robert, Lavrik, Nickolay V., Kravchenko, Ivan I., & Pynn, Roger. Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory. United States. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717016867
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Feng, Hao, Ashkar, Rana, Steinke, Nina, Dalgliesh, Robert, Lavrik, Nickolay V., Kravchenko, Ivan I., and Pynn, Roger. Thu . "Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory". United States. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717016867. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1422549.
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@article{osti_1422549,
title = {Grating-based holographic diffraction methods for X-rays and neutrons: phase object approximation and dynamical theory},
author = {Feng, Hao and Ashkar, Rana and Steinke, Nina and Dalgliesh, Robert and Lavrik, Nickolay V. and Kravchenko, Ivan I. and Pynn, Roger},
abstractNote = {A method dubbed grating-based holography was recently used to determine the structure of colloidal fluids in the rectangular grooves of a diffraction grating from X-ray scattering measurements. Similar grating-based measurements have also been recently made with neutrons using a technique called spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction data was done using an approximation that treats the X-ray phase change caused by the colloidal structure as a small perturbation to the overall phase pattern generated by the grating. In this paper, the adequacy of this weak phase approximation is explored for both X-ray and neutron grating holography. Additionally, it is found that there are several approximations hidden within the weak phase approximation that can lead to incorrect conclusions from experiments. In particular, the phase contrast for the empty grating is a critical parameter. Finally, while the approximation is found to be perfectly adequate for X-ray grating holography experiments performed to date, it cannot be applied to similar neutron experiments because the latter technique requires much deeper grating channels.},
doi = {10.1107/S1600576717016867},
journal = {Journal of Applied Crystallography (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 51,
place = {United States},
year = {2018},
month = {2}
}
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Journal Article:
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Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717016867
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: Schematic of the rectangular grating profile with grating period, p, groove width, w, and groove depth, h. The incident X-ray or neutron beam is in the xz plan and forms an angle θ with respect to the grating surface. Parameters for gratings used in neutron and X-ray experimentsmore » are given in Table 1.« less
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