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Title: Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Abstract

Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb the critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of the character and implications of interactions between trees and soil in the CZ, we propose nine hypotheses that can be tested at diverse settings. The hypotheses are roughly divided into those about the architecture (building) and those about the water (plumbing) in the CZ, but the two functions are intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many of the nine hypotheses listed below may appear obviously true or obviously false. (1) Tree roots can only physically penetrate and biogeochemically comminute the immobile substrate underlying mobile soil where that underlying substrate is fractured or pre-weathered. (2) In settings where the thickness of weathered material, H, is large, trees primarily shape the CZ through biogeochemical reactions within the rooting zone. (3) In forested uplands, the thickness of mobile soil, h, can evolve toward a steady state because of feedbacks related to root disruption and tree throw. (4) In settings where h \11 H and the rates of uplift and erosion are low, the uptake of phosphorus into trees is buffered by the fine-grained fraction of the soil, and the ultimatemore » source of this phosphorus is dust. (5) In settings of limited water availability, trees maintain the highest length density of functional roots at depths where water can be extracted over most of the growing season with the least amount of energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow the majority of their roots in the zone where the most growth-limiting resource is abundant, but they also grow roots at other depths to forage for other resources and to hydraulically redistribute those resources to depths where they can be taken up more efficiently. (7) Trees rely on matrix water in the unsaturated zone that at times may have an isotopic composition distinct from the gravity-drained water that transits from the hillslope to groundwater and streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi can use matrix water directly, but trees can only use this water by accessing it indirectly through the fungi. (9) Even trees growing well above the valley floor of a catchment can directly affect stream chemistry where changes in permeability near the rooting zone promote intermittent zones of water saturation and downslope flow of water to the stream. By testing these nine hypotheses, we will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights that advance CZ science.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3]; ORCiD logo [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8]; ORCiD logo [9];  [10];  [11];  [12]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
  2. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  3. Idaho State Univ., Pocatello, ID (United States)
  4. Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY (United States)
  5. Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (United States)
  6. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States); Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI (United States)
  7. Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR (United States)
  8. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  9. Univ. of Nevada, Reno, NV (United States)
  10. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
  11. Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK (Canada)
  12. Cary Inst. of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Earth and Environmental Systems Science Division
Contributing Org.:
National Science Foundation
OSTI Identifier:
1419619
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0012003
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Biogeosciences (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Biogeosciences (Online); Journal Volume: 14; Journal Issue: 22; Journal ID: ISSN 1726-4189
Publisher:
European Geosciences Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 58 GEOSCIENCES; roots; weathering; hydrology; mycorrhiza

Citation Formats

Brantley, Susan L., Eissenstat, David M., Marshall, Jill A., Godsey, Sarah E., Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna, Karwan, Diana L., Papuga, Shirley A., Roering, Joshua, Dawson, Todd E., Evaristo, Jaivime, Chadwick, Oliver, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., and Weathers, Kathleen C. Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017.
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Brantley, Susan L., Eissenstat, David M., Marshall, Jill A., Godsey, Sarah E., Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna, Karwan, Diana L., Papuga, Shirley A., Roering, Joshua, Dawson, Todd E., Evaristo, Jaivime, Chadwick, Oliver, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., & Weathers, Kathleen C. Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017
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Brantley, Susan L., Eissenstat, David M., Marshall, Jill A., Godsey, Sarah E., Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna, Karwan, Diana L., Papuga, Shirley A., Roering, Joshua, Dawson, Todd E., Evaristo, Jaivime, Chadwick, Oliver, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., and Weathers, Kathleen C. Fri . "Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1419619.
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@article{osti_1419619,
title = {Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone},
author = {Brantley, Susan L. and Eissenstat, David M. and Marshall, Jill A. and Godsey, Sarah E. and Balogh-Brunstad, Zsuzsanna and Karwan, Diana L. and Papuga, Shirley A. and Roering, Joshua and Dawson, Todd E. and Evaristo, Jaivime and Chadwick, Oliver and McDonnell, Jeffrey J. and Weathers, Kathleen C.},
abstractNote = {Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb the critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of the character and implications of interactions between trees and soil in the CZ, we propose nine hypotheses that can be tested at diverse settings. The hypotheses are roughly divided into those about the architecture (building) and those about the water (plumbing) in the CZ, but the two functions are intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many of the nine hypotheses listed below may appear obviously true or obviously false. (1) Tree roots can only physically penetrate and biogeochemically comminute the immobile substrate underlying mobile soil where that underlying substrate is fractured or pre-weathered. (2) In settings where the thickness of weathered material, H, is large, trees primarily shape the CZ through biogeochemical reactions within the rooting zone. (3) In forested uplands, the thickness of mobile soil, h, can evolve toward a steady state because of feedbacks related to root disruption and tree throw. (4) In settings where h \11 H and the rates of uplift and erosion are low, the uptake of phosphorus into trees is buffered by the fine-grained fraction of the soil, and the ultimate source of this phosphorus is dust. (5) In settings of limited water availability, trees maintain the highest length density of functional roots at depths where water can be extracted over most of the growing season with the least amount of energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow the majority of their roots in the zone where the most growth-limiting resource is abundant, but they also grow roots at other depths to forage for other resources and to hydraulically redistribute those resources to depths where they can be taken up more efficiently. (7) Trees rely on matrix water in the unsaturated zone that at times may have an isotopic composition distinct from the gravity-drained water that transits from the hillslope to groundwater and streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi can use matrix water directly, but trees can only use this water by accessing it indirectly through the fungi. (9) Even trees growing well above the valley floor of a catchment can directly affect stream chemistry where changes in permeability near the rooting zone promote intermittent zones of water saturation and downslope flow of water to the stream. By testing these nine hypotheses, we will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights that advance CZ science.},
doi = {10.5194/bg-14-5115-2017},
journal = {Biogeosciences (Online)},
number = 22,
volume = 14,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Nov 17 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Fri Nov 17 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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