High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls
Abstract
The first-ever successful operation of a tokamak with a large area (40% of the total plasm surface area) liquid lithium wall has been achieved in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX). These results were obtained with a new, electron beam-based lithium evaporation system, which can deposit a lithium coating on the limiting wall of LTX in a five-minute period. Preliminary analyses of diamagnetic and other data for discharges operated with a liquid lithium wall indicate that confinement times increased by 10× compared to discharges with helium-dispersed solid lithium coatings. Ohmic energy confinement times with fresh lithium walls, solid and liquid, exceed several relevant empirical scaling expressions. Spectroscopic analysis of the discharges indicates that oxygen levels in the discharges limited on liquid lithium walls were significantly reduced compared to discharges limited on solid lithium walls. Tokamak operations with a full liquid lithium wall (85% of the total plasma surface area) have recently started.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
[1];
[1];
[2];
[3];
more »
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
- Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1418907
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1228242; OSTI ID: 1348305; OSTI ID: 1392270
- Report Number(s):
- LLNL-JRNL-740915
Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X; PHPAEN; TRN: US1801311
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-07NA27344; AC02-09CH11466; AC05-00OR22725; SC0008598
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physics of Plasmas
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1070-664X
- Publisher:
- American Institute of Physics (AIP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION; 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY
Citation Formats
Schmitt, J. C., Bell, R. E., Boyle, D. P., Esposti, B., Kaita, R., Kozub, T., LeBlanc, B. P., Lucia, M., Maingi, R., Majeski, R., Merino, E., Punjabi-Vinoth, S., Tchilingurian, G., Capece, A., Koel, B., Roszell, J., Biewer, T. M., Gray, T. K., Kubota, S., Beiersdorfer, P., Widmann, K., and Tritz, K. High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1063/1.4921153.
Schmitt, J. C., Bell, R. E., Boyle, D. P., Esposti, B., Kaita, R., Kozub, T., LeBlanc, B. P., Lucia, M., Maingi, R., Majeski, R., Merino, E., Punjabi-Vinoth, S., Tchilingurian, G., Capece, A., Koel, B., Roszell, J., Biewer, T. M., Gray, T. K., Kubota, S., Beiersdorfer, P., Widmann, K., & Tritz, K. High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921153
Schmitt, J. C., Bell, R. E., Boyle, D. P., Esposti, B., Kaita, R., Kozub, T., LeBlanc, B. P., Lucia, M., Maingi, R., Majeski, R., Merino, E., Punjabi-Vinoth, S., Tchilingurian, G., Capece, A., Koel, B., Roszell, J., Biewer, T. M., Gray, T. K., Kubota, S., Beiersdorfer, P., Widmann, K., and Tritz, K. Fri .
"High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921153. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1418907.
@article{osti_1418907,
title = {High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls},
author = {Schmitt, J. C. and Bell, R. E. and Boyle, D. P. and Esposti, B. and Kaita, R. and Kozub, T. and LeBlanc, B. P. and Lucia, M. and Maingi, R. and Majeski, R. and Merino, E. and Punjabi-Vinoth, S. and Tchilingurian, G. and Capece, A. and Koel, B. and Roszell, J. and Biewer, T. M. and Gray, T. K. and Kubota, S. and Beiersdorfer, P. and Widmann, K. and Tritz, K.},
abstractNote = {The first-ever successful operation of a tokamak with a large area (40% of the total plasm surface area) liquid lithium wall has been achieved in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX). These results were obtained with a new, electron beam-based lithium evaporation system, which can deposit a lithium coating on the limiting wall of LTX in a five-minute period. Preliminary analyses of diamagnetic and other data for discharges operated with a liquid lithium wall indicate that confinement times increased by 10× compared to discharges with helium-dispersed solid lithium coatings. Ohmic energy confinement times with fresh lithium walls, solid and liquid, exceed several relevant empirical scaling expressions. Spectroscopic analysis of the discharges indicates that oxygen levels in the discharges limited on liquid lithium walls were significantly reduced compared to discharges limited on solid lithium walls. Tokamak operations with a full liquid lithium wall (85% of the total plasma surface area) have recently started.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4921153},
journal = {Physics of Plasmas},
number = 5,
volume = 22,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri May 15 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Fri May 15 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 29 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Ignited spherical tokamaks and plasma regimes with LiWalls
journal, November 2004
- Zakharov, L. E.; Gorelenkov, N. N.; White, R. B.
- Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 72, Issue 1-3
First results from Alcator‐C‐MOD*
journal, May 1994
- Hutchinson, I. H.; Boivin, R.; Bombarda, F.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 1, Issue 5
VUV/XUV measurements of impurity emission in plasmas with liquid lithium surfaces on LTX
journal, November 2014
- Tritz, Kevin; Bell, Ronald E.; Beiersdorfer, Peter
- Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 12
Li-CPS limiter in tokamak T-11M
journal, April 2003
- Mirnov, S. V.; Lazarev, V. B.; Sotnikov, S. M.
- Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 65, Issue 3
Spherical torus plasma interactions with large-area liquid lithium surfaces in CDX-U
journal, November 2002
- Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.; Boaz, M.
- Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 61-62
Studies of global energy confinement in TFTR supershots
journal, July 1994
- Strachan, J. D.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 34, Issue 7
Edge properties with the liquid lithium limiter in FTU—experiment and transport modelling
journal, June 2007
- Pericoli-Ridolfini, V.; Apicella, M. L.; Mazzitelli, G.
- Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 7
Deuterium retention in liquid lithium
journal, October 2002
- Baldwin, M. J.; Doerner, R. P.; Luckhardt, S. C.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 42, Issue 11
Initial physics results from the National Spherical Torus Experiment
journal, May 2001
- Kaye, S. M.; Bell, M. G.; Bell, R. E.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 8, Issue 5
On the exploration of innovative concepts for fusion chamber technology
journal, February 2001
- Abdou, M. A.; Team, The APEX; Ying, A.
- Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 54, Issue 2
Particle control and plasma performance in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
journal, May 2013
- Majeski, R.; Abrams, T.; Boyle, D.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 20, Issue 5
Core transport of lithium and carbon in ELM-free discharges with lithium wall conditioning in NSTX
journal, July 2013
- Scotti, F.; Soukhanovskii, V. A.; Bell, R. E.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 8
Enhanced Energy Confinement and Performance in a Low-Recycling Tokamak
journal, August 2006
- Majeski, R.; Doerner, R.; Gray, T.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 7
Thermoelectric Magnetohydrodynamic Stirring of Liquid Metals
journal, March 2010
- Jaworski, M. A.; Gray, T. K.; Antonelli, M.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 9
Magnetic diagnostics for equilibrium reconstructions with eddy currents on the lithium tokamak experiment
journal, November 2014
- Schmitt, J. C.; Bialek, J.; Lazerson, S.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 11
Development progress of the Materials Analysis and Particle Probe
journal, November 2014
- Lucia, M.; Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 11
Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport
journal, December 1999
- Transport, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Database, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Editors, ITER Physics Basis
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 39, Issue 12
Progress in tokamak research at MIT
journal, September 1985
- Parker, R. R.; Greenwald, M.; Luckhardt, S. C.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 25, Issue 9
Development and operation of a high-throughput accurate-wavelength lens-based spectrometer
journal, November 2014
- Bell, Ronald E.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 11
On lithium walls and the performance of magnetic fusion devices
journal, May 2003
- Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Zakharov, L. E.; Pereverzev, G. V.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 10, Issue 5
Scalings for tokamak energy confinement
journal, October 1990
- Yushmanov, P. N.; Takizuka, T.; Riedel, K. S.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 30, Issue 10
Measurements of core lithium concentration in a Li-conditioned tokamak with carbon walls
journal, March 2012
- Podestà, M.; Bell, R. E.; Diallo, A.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 3
Effects of temperature and surface contamination on D retention in ultrathin Li films on TZM
journal, August 2015
- Capece, A. M.; Roszell, J. P.; Skinner, C. H.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
Observations concerning the injection of a lithium aerosol into the edge of TFTR discharges
journal, December 2001
- Mansfield, D. K.; Johnson, D. W.; Grek, B.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, Issue 12
Dependence of LTX plasma performance on surface conditions as determined by in situ analysis of plasma facing components
journal, August 2015
- Lucia, M.; Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
Low recycling and high power density handling physics in the Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade with lithium plasma-facing components
journal, May 2007
- Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.; Gray, T.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 14, Issue 5
Works referencing / citing this record:
On virial analysis at low aspect ratio
journal, July 2016
- Bongard, M. W.; Barr, J. L.; Fonck, R. J.
- Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 23, Issue 7, Article No. 072508
The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic on the upgraded Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX- β )
journal, October 2018
- Elliott, D. B.; Biewer, T. M.; Boyle, D. P.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10
Fusion applications for lithium: wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices
journal, October 2019
- Kaita, Robert
- Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 11
Effects of lithium coating of the chamber wall on the STOR-M tokamak discharges
journal, June 2019
- Rohollahi, A.; Elgriw, S.; Mossman, A.
- Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 7