Silicon‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications

Feng, Kun; Li, Matthew; Liu, Wenwen; Kashkooli, Ali Ghorbani; Xiao, Xingcheng; Cai, Mei; Chen, Zhongwei

doi:10.1002/smll.201702737

Title: Silicon‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications

Journal Article · 21 January 2018 · Small

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702737 · OSTI ID:1417709

^[1]; Li, Matthew ^[1]; Liu, Wenwen ^[1]; Kashkooli, Ali Ghorbani ^[1]; Xiao, Xingcheng ^[2]; Cai, Mei ^[2];

^[1]

Department of Chemical Engineering Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology Waterloo Institute of Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
General Motors Global Research and Development Center 30500 Mound Road Warren MI 48090 USA

Abstract Silicon has been intensively studied as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) because of its exceptionally high specific capacity. However, silicon‐based anode materials usually suffer from large volume change during the charge and discharge process, leading to subsequent pulverization of silicon, loss of electric contact, and continuous side reactions. These transformations cause poor cycle life and hinder the wide commercialization of silicon for LIBs. The lithiation and delithiation behaviors, and the interphase reaction mechanisms, are progressively studied and understood. Various nanostructured silicon anodes are reported to exhibit both superior specific capacity and cycle life compared to commercial carbon‐based anodes. However, some practical issues with nanostructured silicon cannot be ignored, and must be addressed if it is to be widely used in commercial LIBs. This Review outlines major impactful work on silicon‐based anodes, and the most recent research directions in this field, specifically, the engineering of silicon architectures, the construction of silicon‐based composites, and other performance‐enhancement studies including electrolytes and binders. The burgeoning research efforts in the development of practical silicon electrodes, and full‐cell silicon‐based LIBs are specially stressed, which are key to the successful commercialization of silicon anodes, and large‐scale deployment of next‐generation high energy density LIBs.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1417709

Journal Information:: Small, Journal Name: Small Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 14; ISSN 1613-6810

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

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Si/C Composites for High Capacity Lithium Storage Materials Yang, J.; Wang, B. F.; Wang, K. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 8, p. A154-A156 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1585251	journal	January 2003
Highly Reversible Lithium Storage in Nanostructured Silicon Graetz, J.; Ahn, C. C.; Yazami, R. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1596917	journal	January 2003
Reaction of Li with Alloy Thin Films Studied by In Situ AFM Beaulieu, L. Y.; Hatchard, T. D.; Bonakdarpour, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1613668	journal	January 2003
In Situ XRD and Electrochemical Study of the Reaction of Lithium with Amorphous Silicon Hatchard, T. D.; Dahn, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1739217	journal	January 2004
Analysis of Vinylene Carbonate Derived SEI Layers on Graphite Anode Ota, Hitoshi; Sakata, Yuuichi; Inoue, Atsuyoshi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1785795	journal	January 2004
Failure Modes of Silicon Powder Negative Electrode in Lithium Secondary Batteries Ryu, Ji Heon; Kim, Jae Woo; Sung, Yung-Eun Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 10, p. A306-A309 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1792242	journal	January 2004
Silicon/Carbon Composites as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Liu, Y.; Hanai, K.; Yang, J. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1795031	journal	January 2004
Enhanced Cycle Life of Si Anode for Li-Ion Batteries by Using Modified Elastomeric Binder Liu, Wei-Ren; Yang, Mo-Hua; Wu, Hung-Chun Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1847685	journal	January 2005
Electrochemical Characterizations on Si and C-Coated Si Particle Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Liu, Wei-Ren; Wang, Jen-Hao; Wu, Hung-Chun Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1954967	journal	January 2005
Electrochemical Characteristics of Alkali-Metal Doped Polyacetylene Electrodes Jow, T. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2095654	journal	January 1988
The Impact of the Addition of Rare Earth Elements to Si[sub 1−x]Sn[sub x] Negative Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Dahn, J. R.; Mar, R. E.; Fleischauer, M. D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2194631	journal	January 2006
Si Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries—A New Way to Look at an Old Problem Beattie, S. D.; Larcher, D.; Morcrette, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2817828	journal	January 2008
Al–Si Thin-Film Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Fleischauer, M. D.; Obrovac, M. N.; Dahn, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2977971	journal	January 2008
Study on Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase of Si and C-Coated Si Electrodes in Lithium Cells Yen, Yu-Chan; Chao, Sung-Chieh; Wu, Hung-Chun Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3032230	journal	January 2009
First Principles Model of Amorphous Silicon Lithiation Chevrier, V. L.; Dahn, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3111037	journal	January 2009
Silicon Composite Electrode with High Capacity and Long Cycle Life Mazouzi, D.; Lestriez, B.; Roué, L. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3212894	journal	January 2009
Inorganic Glue Enabling High Performance of Silicon Particles as Lithium Ion Battery Anode Cui, Li-Feng; Hu, Liangbing; Wu, Hui Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3560030	journal	January 2011
Investigation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formed by Fluoroethylene Carbonate on Si Electrodes Nakai, Hideki; Kubota, Tadahiko; Kita, Akinori Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3589300	journal	January 2011
Mesoporous Silicon Anodes Prepared by Magnesiothermic Reduction for Lithium Ion Batteries Chen, Wei; Fan, Zhongli; Dhanabalan, Abirami Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3611433	journal	January 2011
Review—Nano-Silicon/Carbon Composite Anode Materials Towards Practical Application for Next Generation Li-Ion Batteries Luo, Fei; Liu, Bonan; Zheng, Jieyun Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131514jes	journal	January 2015
Li-S Batteries with Li ₂ S Cathodes and Si/C Anodes Jha, Himendra; Buchberger, Irmgard; Cui, Xueyin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0681509jes	journal	January 2015
Comparative Study of Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate for Silicon Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries Nguyen, Cao Cuong; Lucht, Brett L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0731412jes	journal	January 2014
Performance Enhancing Electrolyte Additives for Lithium Ion Batteries with Silicon Anodes Dalavi, Swapnil; Guduru, Pradeep; Lucht, Brett L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.076205jes	journal	January 2012
Propylene Carbonate (PC)-Based Electrolytes with High Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium-Ion Batteries Zhao, Hui; Park, Sang-Jae; Shi, Feifei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.095401jes	journal	October 2013
Advanced Multiphase Silicon-Based Anodes for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries Goldshtein, K.; Freedman, K.; Schneier, D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1111506jes	journal	January 2015
The application of carbon nanotubes in target drug delivery systems for cancer therapies Zhang, Wuxu; Zhang, Zhenzhong; Zhang, Yingge Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-555	journal	October 2011

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