Baryon Content in a Sample of 91 Galaxy Clusters Selected by the South Pole Telescope at 0.2 < z < 1.25

Journal Article · 16 May 2018 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1284 · OSTI ID:1416557

Chiu, I. ^[1]; Mohr, J. J. ^[2]; McDonald, M. ^[3]; Bocquet, S. ^[4]; Desai, S. ^[5]; Klein, M. ^[6]; Israel, H. ^[7]; Ashby, M. L. N. ^[8]; Stanford, A. ^[9]; Benson, B. A. ^[10]; Brodwin, M. ^[11]; Abbott, T. M. C. ^[12]; Abdalla, F. B. ^[13]; Allam, S. ^[14]; Annis, J. ^[14]; Bayliss, M. ^[3]; Benoit-Lévy, A. ^[15]; Bertin, E. ^[16]; Bleem, L. ^[17]; Brooks, D. ^[18] ; Buckley-Geer, E. ^[14]; Bulbul, E. ^[3]; Capasso, R. ^[19]; Carlstrom, J. E. ^[20]; Rosell, A. Carnero ^[21]; Carretero, J. ^[22]; Castander, F. J. ^[23]; Cunha, C. E. ^[24]; D’Andrea, C. B. ^[25]; da Costa, L. N. ^[26]; Davis, C. ^[24]; Diehl, H. T. ^[14]; Dietrich, J. P. ^[27]; Doel, P. ^[18]; Drlica-Wagner, A. ^[14]; Eifler, T. F. ^[28]; Evrard, A. E. ^[29]; Flaugher, B. ^[14]; García-Bellido, J. ^[30]; Garmire, G. ^[31]; Gaztanaga, E. ^[23]; Gerdes, D. W. ^[29]; Gonzalez, A. ^[32]; Gruen, D. ^[33]; Gruendl, R. A. ^[34]; Gschwend, J. ^[26]; Gupta, N. ^[35]; Gutierrez, G. ^[14]; Hlavacek-L, J. ^[36]; Honscheid, K. ^[37]; James, D. J. ^[38]; Jeltema, T. ^[39]; Kraft, R. ^[40]; Krause, E. ^[24]; Kuehn, K. ^[41]; Kuhlmann, S. ^[42]; Kuropatkin, N. ^[14]; Lahav, O. ^[18]; Lima, M. ^[43]; Maia, M. A. G. ^[21]; Marshall, J. L. ^[44]; Melchior, P. ^[45]; Menanteau, F. ^[34]; Miquel, R. ^[46]; Murray, S. ^[40]; Nord, B. ^[14]; Ogando, R. L. C. ^[21]; Plazas, A. A. ^[47]; Rapetti, D. ^[48]; Reichardt, C. L. ^[49]; Romer, A. K. ^[50]; Roodman, A. ^[51]; Sanchez, E. ^[52]; Saro, A. ^[7]; Scarpine, V. ^[14]; Schindler, R. ^[53]; Schubnell, M. ^[54]; Sharon, K. ^[55]; Smith, R. C. ^[12]; Smith, M. ^[56]; Soares-Santos, M. ^[14]; Sobreira, F. ^[57]; Stalder, B. ^[58]; Stern, C. ^[27]; Strazzullo, V. ^[7]; Suchyta, E. ^[59]; Swanson, M. E. C. ^[60]; Tarle, G. ^[54]; Vikram, V. ^[42]; Walker, A. R. ^[12]; Weller, J. ^[61]; Zhang, Y. ^[14]

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1. Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), 11F of AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany; Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
2. Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany; Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
3. Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
4. Argonne National Laboratory, High-Energy Physics Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, USA 60439
5. Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
6. Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
7. Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
8. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
9. Physics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
10. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510-0500; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
11. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, 5110 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110
12. Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
13. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
14. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P. O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
15. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
16. CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
17. Argonne National Laboratory, High-Energy Physics Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, USA 60439; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
18. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
19. Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
20. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637
21. Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil; Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil
22. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
23. Institute of Space Sciences, IEEC-CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
24. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
25. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
26. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil
27. Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany; Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
28. Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
29. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
30. Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
31. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
32. Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
33. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
34. Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
35. Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany; Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
36. Department of Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
37. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
38. Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
39. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
40. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
41. Australian Astronomical Observatory, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
42. Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
43. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil; Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de S ao Paulo, CP 66318, S ao Paulo, SP, 05314-970, Brazil
44. George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
45. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
46. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
47. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
48. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, C0 80309, USA; NASA Postdoctoral Program Senior Fellow, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
49. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
50. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
51. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P. O. Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
52. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
53. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
54. Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
55. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI
56. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
57. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil; Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil
58. LSST, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719
59. Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
60. National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
61. Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany; Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany

Here, we estimate total mass ($$M_{500}$$), intracluster medium (ICM) mass ($$M_{\mathrm{ICM}}$$) and stellar mass ($$M_{\star}$$) in a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) selected sample of 91 galaxy clusters with masses $$M_{500}\gtrsim2.5\times10^{14}M_{\odot}$$ and redshift $0.2 < z < 1.25$ from the 2500 deg$^2$ South Pole Telescope SPT-SZ survey. The total masses $$M_{500}$$ are estimated from the SZE observable, the ICM masses $$M_{\mathrm{ICM}}$$ are obtained from the analysis of $Chandra$ X-ray observations, and the stellar masses $$M_{\star}$$ are derived by fitting spectral energy distribution templates to Dark Energy Survey (DES) $griz$ optical photometry and $WISE$ or $Spitzer$ near-infrared photometry. We study trends in the stellar mass, the ICM mass, the total baryonic mass and the cold baryonic fraction with cluster mass and redshift. We find significant departures from self-similarity in the mass scaling for all quantities, while the redshift trends are all statistically consistent with zero, indicating that the baryon content of clusters at fixed mass has changed remarkably little over the past $$\approx9$$ Gyr. We compare our results to the mean baryon fraction (and the stellar mass fraction) in the field, finding that these values lie above (below) those in cluster virial regions in all but the most massive clusters at low redshift. Using a simple model of the matter assembly of clusters from infalling groups with lower masses and from infalling material from the low density environment or field surrounding the parent halos, we show that the measured mass trends without strong redshift trends in the stellar mass scaling relation could be explained by a mass and redshift dependent fractional contribution from field material. Similar analyses of the ICM and baryon mass scaling relations provide evidence for the so-called "missing baryons" outside cluster virial regions.

• Research Organization: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)
• Contributing Organization: DES Collaboration; SPT
• Grant/Contract Number: AC02-07CH11359; AC05-00OR22725
• OSTI ID: 1416557
• Alternate ID(s): OSTI ID: 1468044
• Report Number(s): FERMILAB-PUB-17-442-AE; arXiv:1711.00917; 1634400
• Journal Information: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 3; ISSN 0035-8711
• Publisher: Royal Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English