Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Aprile, E.; Agostini, F.; Alfonsi, M.; Arazi, L.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F.; Auger, M.; Balan, C.; Barrow, P.; Baudis, L.; Bauermeister, B.; Behrens, A.; Beltrame, P.; Brown, A.; Brown, E.; Bruenner, S.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Bütikofer, L.; Cardoso, J. M.  R.; Coderre, D.; Colijn, A. P.; Contreras, H.; Cussonneau, J. P.; Decowski, M. P.; Giovanni, A. Di; Duchovni, E.; Fattori, S.; Ferella, A. D.; Fieguth, A.; Fulgione, W.; Galloway, M.; Garbini, M.; Geis, C.; Goetzke, L. W.; Grignon, C.; Gross, E.; Hampel, W.; Itay, R.; Kaether, F.; Kessler, G.; Kish, A.; Landsman, H.; Lang, R. F.; Calloch, M. Le; Lellouch, D.; Levinson, L.; Levy, C.; Lindemann, S.; Lindner, M.; Lopes, J. A.  M.; Lyashenko, A.; Macmullin, S.; Undagoitia, T. Marrodán; Masbou, J.; Massoli, F. V.; Mayani, D.; Fernandez, A. J.  Melgarejo; Meng, Y.; Messina, M.; Miguez, B.; Molinario, A.; Murra, M.; Naganoma, J.; Oberlack, U.; Orrigo, S. E.  A.; Pakarha, P.; Pantic, E.; Persiani, R.; Piastra, F.; Pienaar, J.; Plante, G.; Priel, N.; Rauch, L.; Reichard, S.; Reuter, C.; Rizzo, A.; Rosendahl, S.; dos Santos, J. M.  F.; Sartorelli, G.; Schindler, S.; Schreiner, J.; Schumann, M.; Lavina, L. Scotto; Selvi, M.; Shagin, P.; Simgen, H.; Teymourian, A.; Thers, D.; Tiseni, A.; Trinchero, G.; Tunnell, C.; Vitells, O.; Wall, R.; Wang, H.; Weber, M.; Weinheimer, C.; Laubenstein, M.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

Title: Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Abstract

The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.

Authors:: Aprile, E.; Agostini, F.; Alfonsi, M.; Arazi, L.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F.; Auger, M.; Balan, C.; Barrow, P.; Baudis, L.; Bauermeister, B.; Behrens, A.; Beltrame, P.; Brown, A.; Brown, E.; Bruenner, S.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Bütikofer, L.; Cardoso, J. M. R. more »« less

Publication Date:: Mon Nov 23 00:00:00 EST 2015

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Contributing Org.:: XENON Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1411626

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 75; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Aprile, E., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Arazi, L., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Auger, M., Balan, C., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Cardoso, J. M.  R., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Contreras, H., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Giovanni, A. Di, Duchovni, E., Fattori, S., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Galloway, M., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grignon, C., Gross, E., Hampel, W., Itay, R., Kaether, F., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Calloch, M. Le, Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Levy, C., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A.  M., Lyashenko, A., Macmullin, S., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Mayani, D., Fernandez, A. J.  Melgarejo, Meng, Y., Messina, M., Miguez, B., Molinario, A., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Oberlack, U., Orrigo, S. E.  A., Pakarha, P., Pantic, E., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., dos Santos, J. M.  F., Sartorelli, G., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Simgen, H., Teymourian, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vitells, O., Wall, R., Wang, H., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., and Laubenstein, M. Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5.

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                    Aprile, E., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Arazi, L., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Auger, M., Balan, C., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Cardoso, J. M.  R., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Contreras, H., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Giovanni, A. Di, Duchovni, E., Fattori, S., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Galloway, M., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grignon, C., Gross, E., Hampel, W., Itay, R., Kaether, F., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Calloch, M. Le, Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Levy, C., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A.  M., Lyashenko, A., Macmullin, S., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Mayani, D., Fernandez, A. J.  Melgarejo, Meng, Y., Messina, M., Miguez, B., Molinario, A., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Oberlack, U., Orrigo, S. E.  A., Pakarha, P., Pantic, E., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., dos Santos, J. M.  F., Sartorelli, G., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Simgen, H., Teymourian, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vitells, O., Wall, R., Wang, H., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., & Laubenstein, M. Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

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                    Aprile, E., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Arazi, L., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Auger, M., Balan, C., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Cardoso, J. M.  R., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Contreras, H., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Giovanni, A. Di, Duchovni, E., Fattori, S., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Galloway, M., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grignon, C., Gross, E., Hampel, W., Itay, R., Kaether, F., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Calloch, M. Le, Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Levy, C., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A.  M., Lyashenko, A., Macmullin, S., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Mayani, D., Fernandez, A. J.  Melgarejo, Meng, Y., Messina, M., Miguez, B., Molinario, A., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Oberlack, U., Orrigo, S. E.  A., Pakarha, P., Pantic, E., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., dos Santos, J. M.  F., Sartorelli, G., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Simgen, H., Teymourian, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vitells, O., Wall, R., Wang, H., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., and Laubenstein, M. Mon .  
"Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1411626.

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@article{osti_1411626,

  title        = {Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment},

  author       = {Aprile, E. and Agostini, F. and Alfonsi, M. and Arazi, L. and Arisaka, K. and Arneodo, F. and Auger, M. and Balan, C. and Barrow, P. and Baudis, L. and Bauermeister, B. and Behrens, A. and Beltrame, P. and Brown, A. and Brown, E. and Bruenner, S. and Bruno, G. and Budnik, R. and Bütikofer, L. and Cardoso, J. M.  R. and Coderre, D. and Colijn, A. P. and Contreras, H. and Cussonneau, J. P. and Decowski, M. P. and Giovanni, A. Di and Duchovni, E. and Fattori, S. and Ferella, A. D. and Fieguth, A. and Fulgione, W. and Galloway, M. and Garbini, M. and Geis, C. and Goetzke, L. W. and Grignon, C. and Gross, E. and Hampel, W. and Itay, R. and Kaether, F. and Kessler, G. and Kish, A. and Landsman, H. and Lang, R. F. and Calloch, M. Le and Lellouch, D. and Levinson, L. and Levy, C. and Lindemann, S. and Lindner, M. and Lopes, J. A.  M. and Lyashenko, A. and Macmullin, S. and Undagoitia, T. Marrodán and Masbou, J. and Massoli, F. V. and Mayani, D. and Fernandez, A. J.  Melgarejo and Meng, Y. and Messina, M. and Miguez, B. and Molinario, A. and Murra, M. and Naganoma, J. and Oberlack, U. and Orrigo, S. E.  A. and Pakarha, P. and Pantic, E. and Persiani, R. and Piastra, F. and Pienaar, J. and Plante, G. and Priel, N. and Rauch, L. and Reichard, S. and Reuter, C. and Rizzo, A. and Rosendahl, S. and dos Santos, J. M.  F. and Sartorelli, G. and Schindler, S. and Schreiner, J. and Schumann, M. and Lavina, L. Scotto and Selvi, M. and Shagin, P. and Simgen, H. and Teymourian, A. and Thers, D. and Tiseni, A. and Trinchero, G. and Tunnell, C. and Vitells, O. and Wall, R. and Wang, H. and Weber, M. and Weinheimer, C. and Laubenstein, M.},

  abstractNote = {The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 75,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Nov 23 00:00:00 EST 2015},

  month        = {Mon Nov 23 00:00:00 EST 2015}

}

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Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are traditionally an integral part of large underground experiments as they measure the light emission from particle interactions within the enclosed detection media. The BUTTON experiment will utilise around 100 PMTs to measure the response of different media suitable for rare event searches. A subset of low-radioactivity 10-inch Hamamatsu R7081 PMTs were tested, characterised, and compared to manufacture certification. This manuscript describes the laboratory tests and analysis of gain, peak-to-valley ratio and dark rate of the PMTs to give an understanding of the charge response, signal-to-noise ratio and dark noise background as an acceptance test of themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/p08015

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Final Technical Report for Award DE-FG02-05ER41389 A New Electrostatically-Focused, UV HPD for Liquid Xenon: A Direct Comparison with APD, PMT, SiPM in an Integrated Database

Technical Report Aprile, Elena

Within the scope of the project, a LXe detector and associated gas handling and purification system were set up to study the response of various photodetectors to the VUV Xe light. In particular we tested an Advanced Photonix Large Area Avalanche Photodiode (APD), Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) from two different sources and an Hamamtsu Photonics APD. As part of the XENON Dark Matter project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, we have accumulated independent knowledge of the response of compact metal channel photomultipliers. At this stage, we conclude that the last are far superior in terms of reliability and performance inmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/963054

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In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Journal Article Amaudruz, P. -A. ; Batygov, M. ; Beltran, B. ; ... - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. Finally, the characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operationmore »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.058

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Performance studies of Hamamatsu R9800 photomultiplier tube with a new active base designed for use in the Hall D Broadband tagger Hodoscope

Conference Popov, Vladimir ; Somov, Alexander ; Klein, Franz ; ...

This paper presents the results of a study of a high rate photomultiplier and active base assembly designed for use in scintillator counters of the Hall D Jefferson Lab Broadband fixed-array Tagging Hodoscope. In its standard configuration the fixed-array hodoscope consists of 218 plastic scintillator counters made with Hamamatsu R9800 one inch in diameter photomultiplier tube. All tubes are equipped with designed at JLab new active base. The base comprised of a high voltage divider integrated with amplifiers powered by current flowing through the divider (U.S. Patent No. 6,791,269). This original design allows limiting the PMT anode current to 15-20more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2014.7431075

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Title: Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Abstract

Citation Formats

First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility journal, March 2014

Material screening and selection for XENON100 journal, September 2011

Low-Radioactivity Background Techniques journal, December 1995

WIMP dark matter direct-detection searches in noble gases journal, September 2014

The NEXT experiment: A high pressure xenon gas TPC for neutrinoless double beta decay searches journal, August 2013

The neutron background of the XENON100 dark matter search experiment journal, September 2013

DARWIN dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids journal, July 2012

PandaX: a liquid xenon dark matter experiment at CJPL journal, June 2014

An ultra-low background PMT for liquid xenon detectors journal, March 2013

Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11410-10 3-in. photomultiplier tube for liquid xenon dark matter direct detection experiments journal, December 2012

Dark Matter Results from 225 Live Days of XENON100 Data journal, November 2012

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment journal, March 2013

Light WIMP search in XMASS journal, February 2013

The XENON100 dark matter experiment journal, April 2012

Revisiting Currie — how low can you go? journal, July 2000

The EXO-200 detector, part I: detector design and construction journal, May 2012

Simplified models of mixed dark matter journal, February 2014

DARWIN: dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids conference, October 2011

WIMP dark matter direct-detection searches in noble gases text, January 2014

Gator: a low-background counting facility at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory text, January 2011

Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data text, January 2013

The XENON100 Dark Matter Experiment conference, January 2009

Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data text, January 2012

Material screening and selection for XENON100 text, January 2011

The XENON100 dark matter experiment text, January 2012

DARWIN: dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids text, January 2011

Material screening and selection for XENON100 text, January 2011

An Ultra-Low Background PMT for Liquid Xenon Detectors text, January 2012

Light WIMP search in XMASS text, January 2012

Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data text, January 2013

PandaX: A Liquid Xenon Dark Matter Experiment at CJPL preprint, January 2014

PandaX-III: Searching for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure 136Xe gas time projection chambers journal, April 2017

DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector journal, November 2016

The XENON1T dark matter experiment journal, December 2017

The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle journal, April 2019

Screening of materials with high purity germanium detectors at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso journal, October 2017

Characterisation of Silicon Photomultipliers for liquid xenon detectors text, January 2018

Constraining the Spin-Dependent WIMP-Nucleon Cross Sections with XENON1T text, January 2019

First dark matter search results from the XENON1T experiment text, January 2017

DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector text, January 2016

Dark Matter Search Results from a One Ton-Year Exposure of XENON1T text, January 2018

Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T text, January 2019

The XENON1T dark matter experiment text, January 2017

Search for Light Dark Matter Interactions Enhanced by the Migdal Effect or Bremsstrahlung in XENON1T text, January 2019

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment text, January 2018

Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T text, January 2019

Feasibility study of SiGHT: a novel ultra low background photosensor for low temperature operation text, January 2016

Characterisation of Silicon Photomultipliers for Liquid Xenon Detectors text, January 2018

First Results from the LUX Dark Matter Experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility
journal, March 2014

Material screening and selection for XENON100
journal, September 2011

Low-Radioactivity Background Techniques
journal, December 1995

WIMP dark matter direct-detection searches in noble gases
journal, September 2014

The NEXT experiment: A high pressure xenon gas TPC for neutrinoless double beta decay searches
journal, August 2013

The neutron background of the XENON100 dark matter search experiment
journal, September 2013

DARWIN dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids
journal, July 2012

PandaX: a liquid xenon dark matter experiment at CJPL
journal, June 2014

An ultra-low background PMT for liquid xenon detectors
journal, March 2013

Characterization of the Hamamatsu R11410-10 3-in. photomultiplier tube for liquid xenon dark matter direct detection experiments
journal, December 2012

Dark Matter Results from 225 Live Days of XENON100 Data
journal, November 2012

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment
journal, March 2013

Light WIMP search in XMASS
journal, February 2013

The XENON100 dark matter experiment
journal, April 2012

Revisiting Currie — how low can you go?
journal, July 2000

The EXO-200 detector, part I: detector design and construction
journal, May 2012

Simplified models of mixed dark matter
journal, February 2014

DARWIN: dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids
conference, October 2011

WIMP dark matter direct-detection searches in noble gases
text, January 2014

Gator: a low-background counting facility at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory
text, January 2011

Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2013

The XENON100 Dark Matter Experiment
conference, January 2009

Dark matter results from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2012

Material screening and selection for XENON100
text, January 2011

The XENON100 dark matter experiment
text, January 2012

DARWIN: dark matter WIMP search with noble liquids
text, January 2011

Material screening and selection for XENON100
text, January 2011

An Ultra-Low Background PMT for Liquid Xenon Detectors
text, January 2012

Light WIMP search in XMASS
text, January 2012

Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections from 225 live days of XENON100 data
text, January 2013

PandaX: A Liquid Xenon Dark Matter Experiment at CJPL
preprint, January 2014

PandaX-III: Searching for neutrinoless double beta decay with high pressure 136Xe gas time projection chambers
journal, April 2017

DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector
journal, November 2016

The XENON1T dark matter experiment
journal, December 2017

The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle
journal, April 2019

Screening of materials with high purity germanium detectors at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
journal, October 2017

Characterisation of Silicon Photomultipliers for liquid xenon detectors
text, January 2018

Constraining the Spin-Dependent WIMP-Nucleon Cross Sections with XENON1T
text, January 2019

First dark matter search results from the XENON1T experiment
text, January 2017

DARWIN: towards the ultimate dark matter detector
text, January 2016

Dark Matter Search Results from a One Ton-Year Exposure of XENON1T
text, January 2018

Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T
text, January 2019

The XENON1T dark matter experiment
text, January 2017

Search for Light Dark Matter Interactions Enhanced by the Migdal Effect or Bremsstrahlung in XENON1T
text, January 2019

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment
text, January 2018

Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T
text, January 2019

Feasibility study of SiGHT: a novel ultra low background photosensor for low temperature operation
text, January 2016

Characterisation of Silicon Photomultipliers for Liquid Xenon Detectors
text, January 2018