Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova
Abstract
With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. However, a complete picture of compact object mergers requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. Here, we report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW 170817. The bright, rapidly fading ultraviolet emission indicates a high mass (≈ 0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction (Ye ≈ 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of ≈30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultra-relativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a γ-ray burst afterglow).
- Authors:
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- Univ. of Leicester (United Kingdom)
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
- Univ. College London, Dorking (United Kingdom)
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
- Tel Aviv Univ., Ramat Aviv (Israel)
- Simons Foundation, New York, NY (United States)
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Roma (Italy)
- Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
- National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Palermo (Italy)
- National Inst. for Astrophysics (INAF), Catone (Italy); Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Rome (Italy)
- Univ. of Istanbul (Turkey)
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Southern Utah Univ., Cedar City, UT (United States)
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Rome (Italy)
- Clemson Univ., SC (United States)
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD (United States); National Science Foundation (NSF), Alexandria, VA (United States)
- Univ. of Warick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
- Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). The Niels Bohr Inst.
- Stockholm Univ. (Sweden)
- Aoyama Gakuin Univ., Kanagawa (Japan)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1407906
- Report Number(s):
- LA-UR-17-28358
Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-06NA25396
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 358; Journal Issue: 6370; Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
- Publisher:
- AAAS
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Swift; X-ray; kilonova; ultraviolet
Citation Formats
Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., and Tohuvavohu, A.. Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1126/science.aap9580.
Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., & Tohuvavohu, A.. Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova. United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580
Evans, P. A., Cenko, S. B., Kennea, J. A., Emery, S. W. K., Kuin, N. P. M., Korobkin, O., Wollaeger, R. T., Fryer, C. L., Madsen, K. K., Harrison, F. A., Xu, Y., Nakar, E., Hotokezaka, K., Lien, A., Campana, S., Oates, S. R., Troja, E., Breeveld, A. A., Marshall, F. E., Barthelmy, S. D., Beardmore, A. P., Burrows, D. N., Cusumano, G., D’Aì, A., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., de Pasquale, M., Even, W. P., Fontes, C. J., Forster, K., Garcia, J., Giommi, P., Grefenstette, B., Gronwall, C., Hartmann, D. H., Heida, M., Hungerford, A. L., Kasliwal, M. M., Krimm, H. A., Levan, A. J., Malesani, D., Melandri, A., Miyasaka, H., Nousek, J. A., O’Brien, P. T., Osborne, J. P., Pagani, C., Page, K. L., Palmer, D. M., Perri, M., Pike, S., Racusin, J. L., Rosswog, S., Siegel, M. H., Sakamoto, T., Sbarufatti, B., Tagliaferri, G., Tanvir, N. R., and Tohuvavohu, A.. Mon .
"Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova". United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1407906.
@article{osti_1407906,
title = {Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova},
author = {Evans, P. A. and Cenko, S. B. and Kennea, J. A. and Emery, S. W. K. and Kuin, N. P. M. and Korobkin, O. and Wollaeger, R. T. and Fryer, C. L. and Madsen, K. K. and Harrison, F. A. and Xu, Y. and Nakar, E. and Hotokezaka, K. and Lien, A. and Campana, S. and Oates, S. R. and Troja, E. and Breeveld, A. A. and Marshall, F. E. and Barthelmy, S. D. and Beardmore, A. P. and Burrows, D. N. and Cusumano, G. and D’Aì, A. and D’Avanzo, P. and D’Elia, V. and de Pasquale, M. and Even, W. P. and Fontes, C. J. and Forster, K. and Garcia, J. and Giommi, P. and Grefenstette, B. and Gronwall, C. and Hartmann, D. H. and Heida, M. and Hungerford, A. L. and Kasliwal, M. M. and Krimm, H. A. and Levan, A. J. and Malesani, D. and Melandri, A. and Miyasaka, H. and Nousek, J. A. and O’Brien, P. T. and Osborne, J. P. and Pagani, C. and Page, K. L. and Palmer, D. M. and Perri, M. and Pike, S. and Racusin, J. L. and Rosswog, S. and Siegel, M. H. and Sakamoto, T. and Sbarufatti, B. and Tagliaferri, G. and Tanvir, N. R. and Tohuvavohu, A.},
abstractNote = {With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. However, a complete picture of compact object mergers requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. Here, we report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW 170817. The bright, rapidly fading ultraviolet emission indicates a high mass (≈ 0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction (Ye ≈ 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of ≈30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultra-relativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a γ-ray burst afterglow).},
doi = {10.1126/science.aap9580},
journal = {Science},
number = 6370,
volume = 358,
place = {United States},
year = {2017},
month = {10}
}
Web of Science
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Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger
text, January 2017
- Kasliwal, M. M.; Nakar, E.; Singer, L. P.
- arXiv
The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817
text, January 2017
- Levan, A. J.; Lyman, J. D.; Tanvir, N. R.
- arXiv
Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817
text, January 2017
- Collaboration, The LIGO Scientific; Collaboration, The Virgo; Abbott, B. P.
- arXiv
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/VIRGO GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-IR Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models
text, January 2017
- Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Villar, V. A.
- arXiv
A Deep Chandra X-ray Study of Neutron Star Coalescence GW170817
text, January 2017
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- arXiv
Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron star merger
text, January 2017
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- arXiv
Scattered Short Gamma-Ray Bursts as Electromagnetic Counterparts to Gravitational Waves and Implications of GW170817 and GRB 170817A
text, January 2017
- Kisaka, Shota; Ioka, Kunihito; Kashiyama, Kazumi
- arXiv
A long-lived remnant neutron star after GW170817 inferred from its associated kilonova
text, January 2017
- Yu, Yun-Wei; Liu, Liang-Duan; Dai, Zi-Gao
- arXiv
A simultaneous search for prompt radio emission associated with the short GRB 170112A using the all-sky imaging capability of the OVRO-LWA
text, January 2017
- Anderson, Marin M.; Hallinan, Gregg; Eastwood, Michael W.
- arXiv
A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron star merger GW170817
text, January 2017
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- arXiv
A magnetar origin for the kilonova ejecta in GW170817
text, January 2018
- Metzger, Brian D.; Thompson, Todd A.; Quataert, Eliot
- arXiv
Continued Brightening of the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB 170817A as due to a Delayed Energy Injection
text, January 2018
- Li, Bing; Li, Long-Biao; Huang, Yong-Feng
- arXiv
Long-lived Remnants from Binary Neutron Star Mergers
text, January 2018
- Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Bernuzzi, Sebastiano
- arXiv
Shock acceleration of electrons and synchrotron emission from the dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers
text, January 2018
- Lee, Shiu-Hang; Maeda, Keiichi; Kawanaka, Norita
- arXiv
Constraining the time variation of Newton's constant $G$ with gravitational-wave standard sirens and supernovae
text, January 2018
- Zhao, Wen; Wright, Bill S.; Li, Baojiu
- arXiv
Fading of the X-ray Afterglow of Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB170817A at 260 days
text, January 2018
- Nynka, Melania; Ruan, John J.; Haggard, Daryl
- arXiv
Super-Knee Cosmic Rays from Galactic Neutron Star Merger Remnants
text, January 2018
- Kimura, Shigeo S.; Murase, Kohta; Mészáros, Peter
- arXiv
Distinguishing the nature of comparable-mass neutron star binary systems with multimessenger observations: GW170817 case study
text, January 2018
- Hinderer, Tanja; Nissanke, Samaya; Foucart, Francois
- arXiv
Neutron Star Mergers Are the Dominant Source of the r-process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
text, January 2018
- Duggan, Gina E.; Kirby, Evan N.; Andrievsky, Serge M.
- arXiv
X-ray afterglows of Short gamma-ray bursts: Magnetar or Fireball?
text, January 2018
- Sarin, Nikhil; Lasky, Paul D.; Ashton, Greg
- arXiv
Late-Time Afterglow from Double-Sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A
text, January 2019
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- arXiv
GW170817$-$the first observed neutron star merger and its kilonova: implications for the astrophysical site of the r-process
text, January 2019
- Siegel, Daniel M.
- arXiv
2900 square degree search for the optical counterpart of short gamma-ray burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility
text, January 2019
- Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomas; Cenko, S. Bradley
- arXiv
A multi-wavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012-2015
text, January 2019
- Pandey, S. B.; Hu, Y.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.
- arXiv
An optimised gravitational wave follow-up strategy with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
text, January 2019
- Dobie, D.; Murphy, T.; Kaplan, D. L.
- arXiv
From the microscopic to the macroscopic world: from nucleons to neutron stars
text, January 2019
- Gandolfi, S.; Lippuner, J.; Steiner, A. W.
- arXiv
The lanthanide fraction distribution in metal-poor stars: a test of neutron star mergers as the dominant r-process site
text, January 2019
- Ji, Alexander P.; Drout, Maria R.; Hansen, Terese T.
- arXiv
Short GRB 160821B: a reverse shock, a refreshed shock, and a well-sampled kilonova
text, January 2019
- Lamb, G. P.; Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.
- arXiv
Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis
text, January 2019
- Korobkin, Oleg; Hungerford, Aimee M.; Fryer, Christopher L.
- arXiv
Full Transport Model of GW170817-Like Disk Produces a Blue Kilonova
text, January 2019
- Miller, Jonah M.; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Dolence, Joshua C.
- arXiv
The origin of polarization in kilonovae and the case of the gravitational-wave counterpart AT 2017gfo
journal, November 2018
- Bulla, M.; Covino, S.; Kyutoku, K.
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Science case for the Einstein telescope
journal, March 2020
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Lensed or not lensed: determining lensing magnifications for binary neutron star mergers from a single detection
journal, May 2020
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Standardizing kilonovae and their use as standard candles to measure the Hubble constant
journal, April 2020
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A Brief Overview of Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers
journal, July 2020
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Short Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Outflows in Light of GW170817
journal, November 2020
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The Rate of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Local Universe
journal, November 2018
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A luminous blue kilonova and an off-axis jet from a compact binary merger at z=0.1341
text, January 2018
- Troja, E.; Ryan, G.; Piro, L.
- arXiv
Binary neutron star and short gamma-ray burst simulations in light of GW170817
preprint, January 2018
- Nathanail, Antonios
- arXiv
X-ray afterglows of Short gamma-ray bursts: Magnetar or Fireball?
text, January 2018
- Sarin, Nikhil; Lasky, Paul D.; Ashton, Greg
- arXiv
A Summary of Multimessenger Science with Neutron Star Mergers
preprint, January 2019
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- arXiv
Astro2020 Science White Paper: Radio Counterparts of Compact Object Mergers in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy
preprint, January 2019
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- arXiv
Binary Neutron Star (BNS) merger: What we learned from relativistic ejecta of GW/GRB~170817A
text, January 2019
- Ziaeepour, Houri
- arXiv
Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
text, January 2020
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- arXiv