Size dependent behavior of Fe3O4 crystals during electrochemical (de)lithiation: an in situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and theoretical investigation

Bock, David C.; Pelliccione, Christopher J.; Zhang, Wei; Timoshenko, Janis; Knehr, K. W.; West, Alan C.; Wang, Feng; Li, Yan; Frenkel, Anatoly I.; Takeuchi, Esther S.; Takeuchi, Kenneth J.; Marschilok, Amy C.

doi:10.1039/c7cp03312e

Title: Size dependent behavior of Fe₃O₄ crystals during electrochemical (de)lithiation: an in situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and theoretical investigation

Journal Article · 16 July 2017 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03312e · OSTI ID:1402423

Bock, David C. ^[1]; Pelliccione, Christopher J. ^[1]; Zhang, Wei ^[1]; Timoshenko, Janis ^[2]; Knehr, K. W. ^[3]; West, Alan C. ^[3]; Wang, Feng ^[1]; Li, Yan ^[4]; Frenkel, Anatoly I. ^[2];

^[5]; Takeuchi, Kenneth J. ^[2];

^[2]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
American Physical Society, Ridge, NY (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)

Here, the iron oxide magnetite, Fe₃O₄, is a promising conversion type lithium ion battery anode material due to its high natural abundance, low cost and high theoretical capacity. While the close packing of ions in the inverse spinel structure of Fe₃O₄ enables high energy density, it also limits the kinetics of lithium ion diffusion in the material. Nanosizing of Fe₃O₄ to reduce the diffusion path length is an effective strategy for overcoming this issue and results in improved rate capability. However, the impact of nanosizing on the multiple structural transformations that occur during the electrochemical (de)lithiation reaction in Fe₃O₄ is poorly understood. In this study, the influence of crystallite size on the lithiation-conversion mechanisms in Fe₃O₄ is investigated using complementary X-ray techniques along with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and continuum level simulations on electrodes of two different Fe₃O₄ crystallite sizes. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were utilized to track the changes to the crystalline phases during (de)lithiation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements at multiple points during the (de)lithiation processes provided local electronic and atomic structural information. Tracking the crystalline and nanocrystalline phases during the first (de)lithiation provides experimental evidence that (1) the lithiation mechanism is non-uniform and dependent on crystallite size, where increased Li⁺ diffusion length in larger crystals results in conversion to Fe⁰ metal while insertion of Li⁺ into spinel-Fe₃O₄ is still occurring, and (2) the disorder and size of the Fe metal domains formed when either material is fully lithiated impacts the homogeneity of the FeO phase formed during the subsequent delithiation.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 1402423

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1425178; OSTI ID: 1375344; OSTI ID: 1389045

Report Number(s):: BNL--114433-2017-JA

Journal Information:: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP, Journal Name: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP Journal Issue: 31 Vol. 19; ISSN 1463-9076; ISSN PPCPFQ

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Size dependent behavior of Fe₃O₄ crystals during electrochemical (de)lithiation: an in situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and theoretical investigation