Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California
Abstract
Abstract Primary marine aerosol (PMA)‐cloud interactions off the coast of California were investigated using observations of marine aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and stratocumulus clouds during the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E‐PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los‐Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol‐Droplets (SOLEDAD) studies. Based on recently reported measurements of PMA size distributions, a constrained lognormal‐mode‐fitting procedure was devised to isolate PMA number size distributions from total aerosol size distributions and applied to E‐PEACE measurements. During the 12 day E‐PEACE cruise on the R/V Point Sur , PMA typically contributed less than 15% of total particle concentrations. PMA number concentrations averaged 12 cm −3 during a relatively calmer period (average wind speed 12 m/s 1 ) lasting 8 days, and 71 cm −3 during a period of higher wind speeds (average 16 m/s 1 ) lasting 5 days. On average, PMA contributed less than 10% of total CCN at supersaturations up to 0.9% during the calmer period; however, during the higher wind speed period, PMA comprised 5–63% of CCN (average 16–28%) at supersaturations less than 0.3%. Sea salt was measured directly in the dried residuals of cloud droplets during the SOLEDAD study. The mass fractions of sea salt in the residuals averagedmore »
- Authors:
-
more »
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA, Now at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA, Now at Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA, Now at Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique‐Groupe d'études de l'Atmosphère Météorologique Toulouse France
- Department of Chemistry Harvey Mudd College Claremont California USA
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada, Now at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- Faculty of Physics University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Applied Environmental Science Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely‐Piloted Aerosol Studies Marina California USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
- Science and Technology Branch Environment Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
- Publication Date:
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1402357
- Grant/Contract Number:
- DE‐SC0006679
- Resource Type:
- Publisher's Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Journal Volume: 120 Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
Citation Formats
Modini, R. L., Frossard, A. A., Ahlm, L., Russell, L. M., Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Hawkins, L. N., Schroder, J. C., Bertram, A. K., Zhao, R., Lee, A. K. Y., Abbatt, J. P. D., Lin, J., Nenes, A., Wang, Z., Wonaschütz, A., Sorooshian, A., Noone, K. J., Jonsson, H., Seinfeld, J. H., Toom‐Sauntry, D., Macdonald, A. M., and Leaitch, W. R. Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1002/2014JD022963.
Modini, R. L., Frossard, A. A., Ahlm, L., Russell, L. M., Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Hawkins, L. N., Schroder, J. C., Bertram, A. K., Zhao, R., Lee, A. K. Y., Abbatt, J. P. D., Lin, J., Nenes, A., Wang, Z., Wonaschütz, A., Sorooshian, A., Noone, K. J., Jonsson, H., Seinfeld, J. H., Toom‐Sauntry, D., Macdonald, A. M., & Leaitch, W. R. Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022963
Modini, R. L., Frossard, A. A., Ahlm, L., Russell, L. M., Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Hawkins, L. N., Schroder, J. C., Bertram, A. K., Zhao, R., Lee, A. K. Y., Abbatt, J. P. D., Lin, J., Nenes, A., Wang, Z., Wonaschütz, A., Sorooshian, A., Noone, K. J., Jonsson, H., Seinfeld, J. H., Toom‐Sauntry, D., Macdonald, A. M., and Leaitch, W. R. Thu .
"Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022963.
@article{osti_1402357,
title = {Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California},
author = {Modini, R. L. and Frossard, A. A. and Ahlm, L. and Russell, L. M. and Corrigan, C. E. and Roberts, G. C. and Hawkins, L. N. and Schroder, J. C. and Bertram, A. K. and Zhao, R. and Lee, A. K. Y. and Abbatt, J. P. D. and Lin, J. and Nenes, A. and Wang, Z. and Wonaschütz, A. and Sorooshian, A. and Noone, K. J. and Jonsson, H. and Seinfeld, J. H. and Toom‐Sauntry, D. and Macdonald, A. M. and Leaitch, W. R.},
abstractNote = {Abstract Primary marine aerosol (PMA)‐cloud interactions off the coast of California were investigated using observations of marine aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and stratocumulus clouds during the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E‐PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los‐Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol‐Droplets (SOLEDAD) studies. Based on recently reported measurements of PMA size distributions, a constrained lognormal‐mode‐fitting procedure was devised to isolate PMA number size distributions from total aerosol size distributions and applied to E‐PEACE measurements. During the 12 day E‐PEACE cruise on the R/V Point Sur , PMA typically contributed less than 15% of total particle concentrations. PMA number concentrations averaged 12 cm −3 during a relatively calmer period (average wind speed 12 m/s 1 ) lasting 8 days, and 71 cm −3 during a period of higher wind speeds (average 16 m/s 1 ) lasting 5 days. On average, PMA contributed less than 10% of total CCN at supersaturations up to 0.9% during the calmer period; however, during the higher wind speed period, PMA comprised 5–63% of CCN (average 16–28%) at supersaturations less than 0.3%. Sea salt was measured directly in the dried residuals of cloud droplets during the SOLEDAD study. The mass fractions of sea salt in the residuals averaged 12 to 24% during three cloud events. Comparing the marine stratocumulus clouds sampled in the two campaigns, measured peak supersaturations were 0.2 ± 0.04% during E‐PEACE and 0.05–0.1% during SOLEDAD. The available measurements show that cloud droplet number concentrations increased with >100 nm particles in E‐PEACE but decreased in the three SOLEDAD cloud events.},
doi = {10.1002/2014JD022963},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
number = 9,
volume = 120,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 14 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Thu May 14 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022963
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer
journal, March 1998
- Murphy, D. M.; Anderson, J. R.; Quinn, P. K.
- Nature, Vol. 392, Issue 6671
A Case Study of Ship Track Formation in a Polluted Marine Boundary Layer
journal, August 2000
- Noone, Kevin J.; Johnson, Doug W.; Taylor, Jonathan P.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 57, Issue 16
High levels of nitryl chloride in the polluted subtropical marine boundary layer
journal, April 2008
- Osthoff, Hans D.; Roberts, James M.; Ravishankara, A. R.
- Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, Issue 5
A physically-based algorithm for estimating the relationship between aerosol mass and cloud droplet number
journal, November 2000
- Glantz, Paul; Noone, Kevin J.
- Tellus B, Vol. 52, Issue 5
Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data - Part II: Application to organic species
journal, January 2006
- Koehler, K. A.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; DeMott, P. J.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Hygroscopic properties of smoke-generated organic aerosol particles emitted in the marine atmosphere
journal, January 2013
- Wonaschütz, A.; Coggon, M.; Sorooshian, A.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 19
Atmospheric salt Particles and Raindrops
journal, June 1952
- Woodcock, Alfred H.
- Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Stratus cloud supersaturations: STRATUS CLOUD SUPERSATURATIONS
journal, November 2010
- Hudson, James G.; Noble, Stephen; Jha, Vandana
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 21
Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds
journal, January 1986
- Hegg, D́ean A.; Hobbs, Peter V.
- Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 20, Issue 5
Cloud droplet nucleation and cloud scavenging of aerosol sulphate in polluted atmospheres
journal, November 1986
- Leaitch, W. R.; Strapp, J. W.; Isaac, G. A.
- Tellus B, Vol. 38B, Issue 5
Carbohydrate-like composition of submicron atmospheric particles and their production from ocean bubble bursting
journal, December 2009
- Russell, L. M.; Hawkins, L. N.; Frossard, A. A.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 15
The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: Observations and climatic implications
journal, January 1992
- Leaitch, W. R.; Isaac, G. A.; Strapp, J. W.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, Issue D2
Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite
journal, January 2006
- Salcedo, D.; Onasch, T. B.; Dzepina, K.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 4
Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment
journal, May 2013
- Russell, Lynn M.; Sorooshian, Armin; Seinfeld, John H.
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 5
Cloud processing of nitrate
journal, January 2008
- Hayden, K. L.; Macdonald, A. M.; Gong, W.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D18
Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt
journal, January 2006
- Pierce, Jeffrey R.; Adams, Peter J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D6
The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions
journal, November 2011
- Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S.
- Nature, Vol. 480, Issue 7375
North American and Asian aerosols over the eastern Pacific Ocean and their role in regulating cloud condensation nuclei
journal, January 2006
- Roberts, G.; Mauger, G.; Hadley, O.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D13
Chemical composition of snowfall in the high Arctic: 1990–1994
journal, May 2002
- Toom-Sauntry, Desiree; Barrie, Leonard A.
- Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, Issue 15-16
Simultaneous airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and sodium-containing particles over the ocean
journal, July 1971
- Hobbs, P. V.
- Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, Issue 413
Adjoint sensitivity of global cloud droplet number to aerosol and dynamical parameters
journal, January 2012
- Karydis, V. A.; Capps, S. L.; Russell, A. G.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 19
Measurements of ocean derived aerosol off the coast of California: MEASUREMENTS OF OCEAN DERIVED AEROSOL
journal, June 2012
- Bates, T. S.; Quinn, P. K.; Frossard, A. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D21
Production flux of sea spray aerosol
journal, January 2011
- de Leeuw, Gerrit; Andreas, Edgar L.; Anguelova, Magdalena D.
- Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 49, Issue 2
The variability of California summertime marine stratus: Impacts on surface air temperatures: CALIFORNIA MARINE STRATUS CLOUDS
journal, August 2013
- Iacobellis, Sam F.; Cayan, Daniel R.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 16
Droplet nuclei in non-precipitating clouds: composition and size matter
journal, October 2008
- Twohy, Cynthia H.; Anderson, James R.
- Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 4
Ultrafine sea spray aerosol over the southeastern Pacific: open-ocean contributions to marine boundary layer CCN
journal, January 2013
- Blot, R.; Clarke, A. D.; Freitag, S.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 14
Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols
journal, July 2008
- Andreae, M. O.; Rosenfeld, D.
- Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 89, Issue 1-2
Composition of 15–85 nm particles in marine air
journal, January 2014
- Lawler, M. J.; Whitehead, J.; O'Dowd, C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 21
Boundary layer aerosol chemistry during TexAQS/GoMACCS 2006: Insights into aerosol sources and transformation processes
journal, January 2008
- Bates, T. S.; Quinn, P. K.; Coffman, D.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113
Oxygenated fraction and mass of organic aerosol from direct emission and atmospheric processing measured on the R/V Ronald Brown during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006
journal, January 2009
- Russell, L. M.; Takahama, S.; Liu, S.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114
Ship impacts on the marine atmosphere: insights into the contribution of shipping emissions to the properties of marine aerosol and clouds
journal, January 2012
- Coggon, M. M.; Sorooshian, A.; Wang, Z.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 18
Sources of nitrate in stratocumulus cloud water: Airborne measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE and 2013 NiCE studies
journal, November 2014
- Prabhakar, Gouri; Ervens, B.; Wang, Z.
- Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 97
Observations of Sharp Oxalate Reductions in Stratocumulus Clouds at Variable Altitudes: Organic Acid and Metal Measurements During the 2011 E-PEACE Campaign
journal, June 2013
- Sorooshian, Armin; Wang, Zhen; Coggon, Matthew M.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 14
Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations
journal, December 1996
- Leaitch, W. R.; Banic, C. M.; Isaac, G. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 101, Issue D22
Treating clouds with a grain of salt: TREATING CLOUDS WITH A GRAIN OF SALT
journal, November 2002
- Rudich, Yinon; Khersonsky, Olga; Rosenfeld, Daniel
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 22
A Continuous-Flow Streamwise Thermal-Gradient CCN Chamber for Atmospheric Measurements
journal, March 2005
- Roberts, G. C.; Nenes, A.
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 3
Organic matter and non-refractory aerosol over the remote Southeast Pacific: oceanic and combustion sources
journal, January 2012
- Shank, L. M.; Howell, S.; Clarke, A. D.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 1
Effect of soluble surfactant on bubble persistence and bubble-produced aerosol particles: SURFACTANT EFFECTS ON BUBBLE-PRODUCED PARTICLES
journal, February 2013
- Modini, R. L.; Russell, L. M.; Deane, G. B.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 3
On the effect of wind speed on submicron sea salt mass concentrations and source fluxes: EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON SEA SALT
journal, August 2012
- Ovadnevaite, Jurgita; Ceburnis, Darius; Canagaratna, Manjula
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D16
On the Source and Composition of Cloud Nuclei in a Subsident Air Mass over the North Atlantic
journal, August 1970
- Dinger, J. E.; Howell, H. B.; Wojciechowski, T. A.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 27, Issue 5
Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review
journal, September 2000
- Heintzenberg, J.; Covert, D. C.; Van Dingenen, R.
- Tellus B, Vol. 52, Issue 4
Artificial primary marine aerosol production: a laboratory study with varying water temperature, salinity, and succinic acid concentration
journal, January 2012
- Zábori, J.; Matisāns, M.; Krejci, R.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 22
Hygroscopic and optical properties of organic sea salt aerosol and consequences for climate forcing
journal, January 2004
- Randles, C. A.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 16
A simple relationship between cloud drop number concentration and precursor aerosol concentration for the regions of Earth's large marine stratocumulus decks
journal, January 2012
- Hegg, D. A.; Covert, D. S.; Jonsson, H. H.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 3
Characterisation and airborne deployment of a new counterflow virtual impactor inlet
journal, January 2012
- Shingler, T.; Dey, S.; Sorooshian, A.
- Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 5, Issue 6
Comment on “Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results” by Tegen et al.
journal, February 1999
- Quinn, Patricia K.; Coffman, Derek J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 104, Issue D4
Free troposphere as a major source of CCN for the equatorial pacific boundary layer: long-range transport and teleconnections
journal, January 2013
- Clarke, A. D.; Freitag, S.; Simpson, R. M. C.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 15
The Seasonal Cycle of Low Stratiform Clouds
journal, August 1993
- Klein, Stephen A.; Hartmann, Dennis L.
- Journal of Climate, Vol. 6, Issue 8
The organic fraction of bubble-generated, accumulation mode Sea Spray Aerosol (SSA)
journal, January 2010
- Modini, R. L.; Harris, B.; Ristovski, Z. D.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 6
Kinetic limitations on cloud droplet formation and impact on cloud albedo
journal, April 2001
- Nenes, Athanasios; Ghan, Steven; Abdul-Razzak, Hayder
- Tellus B, Vol. 53, Issue 2
A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity
journal, January 2007
- Petters, M. D.; Kreidenweis, S. M.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 8
Field-Deployable, High-Resolution, Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
journal, December 2006
- DeCarlo, Peter F.; Kimmel, Joel R.; Trimborn, Achim
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 78, Issue 24
Cloud partitioning of isocyanic acid (HNCO) and evidence of secondary source of HNCO in ambient air
journal, October 2014
- Zhao, R.; Lee, A. K. Y.; Wentzell, J. J. B.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 19
Competition between Sea Salt and Sulfate Particles as Cloud Condensation Nuclei
journal, November 1998
- Ghan, Steven J.; Guzman, Gina; Abdul-Razzak, Hayder
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 55, Issue 22
Effect of nonprecipitating clouds on the aerosol size distribution in the marine boundary layer
journal, February 1986
- Hoppel, W. A.; Frick, G. M.; Larson, R. E.
- Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 2
A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements
journal, January 2014
- Grythe, H.; Ström, J.; Krejci, R.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 3
Size-resolved observations of refractory black carbon particles in cloud droplets at a marine boundary layer site
journal, January 2015
- Schroder, J. C.; Hanna, S. J.; Modini, R. L.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 3
An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere
journal, January 2006
- Clarke, Antony D.; Owens, Steven R.; Zhou, Jingchuan
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D6
Impact of marine biogeochemistry on the chemical mixing state and cloud forming ability of nascent sea spray aerosol: SEA SPRAY MIXING STATE AND CCN ACTIVITY
journal, August 2013
- Collins, Douglas B.; Ault, Andrew P.; Moffet, Ryan C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 15
Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface
journal, January 2007
- Keene, William C.; Maring, Hal; Maben, John R.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D21
On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol – Part 1: Source fluxes
journal, January 2010
- Fuentes, E.; Coe, H.; Green, D.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 19
Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments—a review
journal, January 2008
- Swietlicki, E.; Hansson, H. -C.; Hämeri, K.
- Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 60, Issue 3
Ozone-driven daytime formation of secondary organic aerosol containing carboxylic acid groups and alkane groups
journal, January 2011
- Liu, S.; Day, D. A.; Shields, J. E.
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 16
Scanning Flow CCN Analysis—A Method for Fast Measurements of CCN Spectra
journal, November 2009
- Moore, Richard H.; Nenes, Athanasios
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 12
Removal of Sea Salt Hydrate Water from Seawater-Derived Samples by Dehydration
journal, December 2012
- Frossard, Amanda A.; Russell, Lynn M.
- Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 46, Issue 24
An Algorithm for Combining Electrical Mobility and Aerodynamic Size Distributions Data when Measuring Ambient Aerosol Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program
journal, December 2004
- Khlystov, A.; Stanier, C.; Pandis, S. N.
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 38, Issue sup1
Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol
journal, April 2013
- Prather, K. A.; Bertram, T. H.; Grassian, V. H.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 19
The Role of Sea Spray in Cleansing Air Pollution over Ocean via Cloud Processes
journal, August 2002
- Rosenfeld, D.
- Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5587
A Marine Aerosol Reference Tank system as a breaking wave analogue for the production of foam and sea-spray aerosols
journal, January 2013
- Stokes, M. D.; Deane, G. B.; Prather, K.
- Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 6, Issue 4
Quantification of Carboxylic and Carbonyl Functional Groups in Organic Aerosol Infrared Absorbance Spectra
journal, December 2012
- Takahama, Satoshi; Johnson, Anita; Russell, Lynn M.
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 3
Sources and composition of submicron organic mass in marine aerosol particles: Marine Aerosol Organic Mass Composition
journal, November 2014
- Frossard, Amanda A.; Russell, Lynn M.; Burrows, Susannah M.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 22
A Case Study of Ships Forming and Not Forming Tracks in Moderately Polluted Clouds
journal, August 2000
- Noone, Kevin J.; Öström, Elisabeth; Ferek, Ronald J.
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 57, Issue 16
Single Particle Analysis of Aerosols, Observed in the Marine Boundary Layer during the Monterey Area Ship Tracks Experiment (MAST), with Respect to Cloud Droplet Formation
journal, January 2000
- De Bock, L. A.; Joos, P. E.; Noone, K. J.
- Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, Vol. 37, Issue 3, p. 299-329
Impact of emissions from shipping, land, and the ocean on stratocumulus cloud water elemental composition during the 2011 E-PEACE field campaign
journal, June 2014
- Wang, Z.; Sorooshian, A.; Prabhakar, G.
- Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 89
Marine aerosols: A review
journal, January 1991
- Fitzgerald, James W.
- Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, Vol. 25, Issue 3-4
Physical Chemistry of Airborne Sea Salt Particles and Their Components
journal, December 2000
- Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J.; Hemminger, John C.
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 104, Issue 49
Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements and Models—A Critical Review
book, January 2004
- Lewis, R.; Schwartz, E.
- AGU Publicationa
Design and Calibration of a Counterflow Virtual Impactor for Sampling of Atmospheric Fog and Cloud Droplets
journal, January 1988
- Noone, Kevin J.; Ogren, John A.; Heintzenberg, Jost
- Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3
Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation
journal, January 2006
- Sellegri, K.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Yoon, Y. J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D22
Observation of sea-salt fraction in sub-100 nm diameter particles at Cape Grim: Observation of sub-100 nm Cape Grim SSA
journal, March 2015
- Cravigan, Luke T.; Ristovski, Zoran; Modini, Robin L.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 5
Regional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans: A comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1, ACE-2, and Aerosols99
journal, January 2002
- Bates, Timothy S.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, Issue D19