The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment

Abgrall, N.; Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone III, F. T.; Barabash, A. S.; Bertrand, F. E.; Bradley, A. W.; Brudanin, V.; Busch, M.; Buuck, M.; Caja, J.; Caja, M.; Caldwell, T. S.; Christofferson, C. D.; Chu, P. -H.; Cuesta, C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Dunagan, C.; Dunstan, D. T.; Efremenko, Yu.; Ejiri, H.; Elliott, S. R.; Gilliss, T.; Giovanetti, G. K.; Goett, J.; Green, M. P.; Gruszko, J.; Guinn, I. S.; Guiseppe, V. E.; Haufe, C. R. S.; Henning, R.; Hoppe, E. W.; Jasinski, B. R.; Kidd, M. F.; Konovalov, S. I.; Kouzes, R. T.; Lopez, A. M.; MacMullin, J.; Martin, R. D.; Massarczyk, R.; Meijer, S. J.; Mertens, S.; Meyer, J. H.; Myslik, J.; O’Shaughnessy, C.; Poon, A. W. P.; Radford, D. C.; Rager, J.; Reine, A. L.; Reising, J. A.; Rielage, K.; Robertson, R. G. H.; Shanks, B.; Shirchenko, M.; Suriano, A. M.; Tedeschi, D.; Toth, L. M.; Trimble, J. E.; Varner, R. L.; Vasilyev, S.; Vetter, K.; Vorren, K.; White, B. R.; Wilkerson, J. F.; Wiseman, C.; Xu, W.; Yakushev, E.; Yu, C. -H.; Yumatov, V.; Zhitnikov, I.; Zhu, B. X.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.036

Title: The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment

Abstract

The Majorana Demonstrator is an array of point-contact Ge detectors fabricated from Ge isotopically enriched to 88% in to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The processing of Ge for germanium detectors is a well-known technology. However, because of the high cost of Ge enriched in special procedures were required to maximize the yield of detector mass and to minimize exposure to cosmic rays. These procedures include careful accounting for the material; shielding it to reduce cosmogenic generation of radioactive isotopes; and development of special reprocessing techniques for contaminated solid germanium, shavings, grindings, acid etchant and cutting fluids from detector fabrication. Processing procedures were developed that resulted in a total yield in detector mass of 70%. However, none of the acid-etch solution and only 50% of the cutting fluids from detector fabrication were reprocessed. Had they been processed, the projections for the recovery yield would be between 80% and 85%. Maximizing yield is critical to justify a possible future ton-scale experiment. A process for recovery of germanium from the acid-etch solution was developed with yield of about 90%. All material was shielded or stored underground whenever possible to minimize the formation of 68Ge by cosmic rays, which contributes background inmore »« less

Authors:: Abgrall, N.; Arnquist, I. J.; Avignone III, F. T.; Barabash, A. S.; Bertrand, F. E.; Bradley, A. W.; Brudanin, V.; Busch, M.; Buuck, M.; Caja, J.; Caja, M.; Caldwell, T. S.; Christofferson, C. D.; Chu, P. -H.; Cuesta, C.; Detwiler, J. A.; Dunagan, C.; Dunstan, D. T.; Efremenko, Yu.; Ejiri, H. more »« less

Publication Date:: Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Science Foundation (NSF); Russian Foundation for Basic Research

Contributing Org.:: Majorana Collaboration; GERDA Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1402099

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1402647; OSTI ID: 1413485; OSTI ID: 1419471; OSTI ID: 1454382

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-17-26439; PNNL-SA-123765
Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002; S0168900217310069; PII: S0168900217310069

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396; AC05-76RL01830; AC02-05CH11231; FG02-97ER41041; FG02-97ER41033; FG02-97ER41042,; SC0012612; FG02-10ER41715; SC0010254; FG02-97ER41020; PHY-0919270, PHY-1003940, PHY-0855314; PHY-1202950; MRI 0923142; PHY-1307204; PHY-1003399; 15-02-02919; AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment Journal Volume: 877 Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: Netherlands

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Atomic and Nuclear Physics; Double-beta decay; Neutrino physics; Instrumentation

Citation Formats


                    Abgrall, N., Arnquist, I. J., Avignone III, F. T., Barabash, A. S., Bertrand, F. E., Bradley, A. W., Brudanin, V., Busch, M., Buuck, M., Caja, J., Caja, M., Caldwell, T. S., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Cuesta, C., Detwiler, J. A., Dunagan, C., Dunstan, D. T., Efremenko, Yu., Ejiri, H., Elliott, S. R., Gilliss, T., Giovanetti, G. K., Goett, J., Green, M. P., Gruszko, J., Guinn, I. S., Guiseppe, V. E., Haufe, C. R. S., Henning, R., Hoppe, E. W., Jasinski, B. R., Kidd, M. F., Konovalov, S. I., Kouzes, R. T., Lopez, A. M., MacMullin, J., Martin, R. D., Massarczyk, R., Meijer, S. J., Mertens, S., Meyer, J. H., Myslik, J., O’Shaughnessy, C., Poon, A. W. P., Radford, D. C., Rager, J., Reine, A. L., Reising, J. A., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Shanks, B., Shirchenko, M., Suriano, A. M., Tedeschi, D., Toth, L. M., Trimble, J. E., Varner, R. L., Vasilyev, S., Vetter, K., Vorren, K., White, B. R., Wilkerson, J. F., Wiseman, C., Xu, W., Yakushev, E., Yu, C. -H., Yumatov, V., Zhitnikov, I., and Zhu, B. X. The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment.  Netherlands: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.036.

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                    Abgrall, N., Arnquist, I. J., Avignone III, F. T., Barabash, A. S., Bertrand, F. E., Bradley, A. W., Brudanin, V., Busch, M., Buuck, M., Caja, J., Caja, M., Caldwell, T. S., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Cuesta, C., Detwiler, J. A., Dunagan, C., Dunstan, D. T., Efremenko, Yu., Ejiri, H., Elliott, S. R., Gilliss, T., Giovanetti, G. K., Goett, J., Green, M. P., Gruszko, J., Guinn, I. S., Guiseppe, V. E., Haufe, C. R. S., Henning, R., Hoppe, E. W., Jasinski, B. R., Kidd, M. F., Konovalov, S. I., Kouzes, R. T., Lopez, A. M., MacMullin, J., Martin, R. D., Massarczyk, R., Meijer, S. J., Mertens, S., Meyer, J. H., Myslik, J., O’Shaughnessy, C., Poon, A. W. P., Radford, D. C., Rager, J., Reine, A. L., Reising, J. A., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Shanks, B., Shirchenko, M., Suriano, A. M., Tedeschi, D., Toth, L. M., Trimble, J. E., Varner, R. L., Vasilyev, S., Vetter, K., Vorren, K., White, B. R., Wilkerson, J. F., Wiseman, C., Xu, W., Yakushev, E., Yu, C. -H., Yumatov, V., Zhitnikov, I., & Zhu, B. X. The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment.  Netherlands.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.036

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                    Abgrall, N., Arnquist, I. J., Avignone III, F. T., Barabash, A. S., Bertrand, F. E., Bradley, A. W., Brudanin, V., Busch, M., Buuck, M., Caja, J., Caja, M., Caldwell, T. S., Christofferson, C. D., Chu, P. -H., Cuesta, C., Detwiler, J. A., Dunagan, C., Dunstan, D. T., Efremenko, Yu., Ejiri, H., Elliott, S. R., Gilliss, T., Giovanetti, G. K., Goett, J., Green, M. P., Gruszko, J., Guinn, I. S., Guiseppe, V. E., Haufe, C. R. S., Henning, R., Hoppe, E. W., Jasinski, B. R., Kidd, M. F., Konovalov, S. I., Kouzes, R. T., Lopez, A. M., MacMullin, J., Martin, R. D., Massarczyk, R., Meijer, S. J., Mertens, S., Meyer, J. H., Myslik, J., O’Shaughnessy, C., Poon, A. W. P., Radford, D. C., Rager, J., Reine, A. L., Reising, J. A., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Shanks, B., Shirchenko, M., Suriano, A. M., Tedeschi, D., Toth, L. M., Trimble, J. E., Varner, R. L., Vasilyev, S., Vetter, K., Vorren, K., White, B. R., Wilkerson, J. F., Wiseman, C., Xu, W., Yakushev, E., Yu, C. -H., Yumatov, V., Zhitnikov, I., and Zhu, B. X. Mon .  
"The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment".  Netherlands.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.036.

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@article{osti_1402099,

  title        = {The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment},

  author       = {Abgrall, N. and Arnquist, I. J. and Avignone III, F. T. and Barabash, A. S. and Bertrand, F. E. and Bradley, A. W. and Brudanin, V. and Busch, M. and Buuck, M. and Caja, J. and Caja, M. and Caldwell, T. S. and Christofferson, C. D. and Chu, P. -H. and Cuesta, C. and Detwiler, J. A. and Dunagan, C. and Dunstan, D. T. and Efremenko, Yu. and Ejiri, H. and Elliott, S. R. and Gilliss, T. and Giovanetti, G. K. and Goett, J. and Green, M. P. and Gruszko, J. and Guinn, I. S. and Guiseppe, V. E. and Haufe, C. R. S. and Henning, R. and Hoppe, E. W. and Jasinski, B. R. and Kidd, M. F. and Konovalov, S. I. and Kouzes, R. T. and Lopez, A. M. and MacMullin, J. and Martin, R. D. and Massarczyk, R. and Meijer, S. J. and Mertens, S. and Meyer, J. H. and Myslik, J. and O’Shaughnessy, C. and Poon, A. W. P. and Radford, D. C. and Rager, J. and Reine, A. L. and Reising, J. A. and Rielage, K. and Robertson, R. G. H. and Shanks, B. and Shirchenko, M. and Suriano, A. M. and Tedeschi, D. and Toth, L. M. and Trimble, J. E. and Varner, R. L. and Vasilyev, S. and Vetter, K. and Vorren, K. and White, B. R. and Wilkerson, J. F. and Wiseman, C. and Xu, W. and Yakushev, E. and Yu, C. -H. and Yumatov, V. and Zhitnikov, I. and Zhu, B. X.},

  abstractNote = {The Majorana Demonstrator is an array of point-contact Ge detectors fabricated from Ge isotopically enriched to 88% in to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The processing of Ge for germanium detectors is a well-known technology. However, because of the high cost of Ge enriched in special procedures were required to maximize the yield of detector mass and to minimize exposure to cosmic rays. These procedures include careful accounting for the material; shielding it to reduce cosmogenic generation of radioactive isotopes; and development of special reprocessing techniques for contaminated solid germanium, shavings, grindings, acid etchant and cutting fluids from detector fabrication. Processing procedures were developed that resulted in a total yield in detector mass of 70%. However, none of the acid-etch solution and only 50% of the cutting fluids from detector fabrication were reprocessed. Had they been processed, the projections for the recovery yield would be between 80% and 85%. Maximizing yield is critical to justify a possible future ton-scale experiment. A process for recovery of germanium from the acid-etch solution was developed with yield of about 90%. All material was shielded or stored underground whenever possible to minimize the formation of 68Ge by cosmic rays, which contributes background in the double-beta decay region of interest and cannot be removed by zone refinement and crystal growth. Formation of 68Ge was reduced by a significant factor over that in natural abundance detectors not protected from cosmic rays.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.036},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 877,

  place        = {Netherlands},

  year         = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Figure 1: A computer-aided design drawing of the Majorana Demonstrator showing the detector arrays, cooling system, and complex shielding of copper, lead, and a 4𝜋 cosmic-muon active veto surrounded by polyethylene neutron-moderating shield. The inner polyethylene panels are borated to absorb moderated neutrons.

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The MAJORANA Collaboration has assembled an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in ⁷⁶Ge with the goal of establishing the required background and scalability of a Ge-based next-generation ton-scale experiment. The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR consists of 44 kg of high-purity Ge (HPGe) detectors (30 kg enriched in ⁷⁶Ge) with a low-noise p-type point contact (PPC) geometry. The detectors are split between two modules which are contained in a single lead and high-purity copper shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. Following a commissioning run that started in June 2015, the fullmore »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/888/1/012035

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The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Experiment

Journal Article Abgrall, N. ; Aguayo, E. ; Avignone, F. T. ; ... - Advances in High Energy Physics

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Cited by 167
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/365432

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Title: The processing of enriched germanium for the Majorana Demonstrator and R&D for a next generation double-beta decay experiment

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journal, September 2015

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journal, April 2003

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journal, February 2015

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journal, July 1992

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journal, March 2012

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journal, January 2010

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journal, April 2012

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journal, April 2008

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journal, January 2014

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journal, August 2004

First Results from KamLAND: Evidence for Reactor Antineutrino Disappearance
journal, January 2003

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
journal, July 2016

Experiment double beta decay: Historical review of 75 years of research
journal, April 2011

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journal, October 2004

D OUBLE B ETA D ECAY
journal, December 2002

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journal, December 2013

Cosmogenic activation of germanium and its reduction for low background experiments
journal, September 2006

IGEX $^{76} Ge$ neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment: Prospects for next generation experiments
journal, May 2002

Results from a search for the $0 ν β β$ -decay of ${}^{130}{Te}$
journal, September 2008

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journal, April 1999

Search for neutrinoless double beta decay with enriched 76Ge in Gran Sasso 1990–2003
journal, April 2004

Observation of Reactor Electron Antineutrinos Disappearance in the RENO Experiment
journal, May 2012

Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos
journal, August 1998

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journal, August 2016

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journal, September 2007

Global constraints on absolute neutrino masses and their ordering
journal, May 2017

Double- $β$ -decay $Q$ values of ${}^{74}{Se}$ and ${}^{76}{Ge}$
journal, March 2010

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journal, January 2013

A search for lepton non-conservation in double beta decay with a germanium detector
journal, November 1967

Fast-neutron activation of long-lived isotopes in enriched Ge
journal, November 2010

Latest results from the HEIDELBERG-MOSCOW double beta decay experiment
journal, October 2001

Results on Neutrinoless Double- $β$ Decay of ${}^{76}{Ge}$ from Phase I of the GERDA Experiment
journal, September 2013

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journal, December 2001

Low capacitance large volume shaped-field germanium detector
journal, January 1989

Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
journal, June 2002

Data acquisition and analysis of the double beta experiment in Gran Sasso 1990–2003
journal, April 2004