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Title: Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling

Abstract

The increasing human demand for clean and renewable energy and a cleaner environment has stimulated various materials related research and development for efficient solar energy conversion and utilization, photocatalytic environmental remediation, and photoassisted selective conversion of organic compounds. Among the various candidate solutions to improving the efficiency of these processes, semiconductor nanowire (NW) and nanorod (NR) array structures have been offering a unique tool box combining desirable characteristics in structure, function, and applicability. Efficient photocatalytic energy conversion requires excellent light absorption, readily charge separation, transport, and collection, as well as fast kinetics of interfacial reactions and mass transport of reactants. The long axis of the NW enables adequate light absorption, while the radical axis provides short electron–hole separation distance. Additionally, the NW arrays have relatively high surface area to facilitate interfacial kinetics while their open pore structure allows good mass transport properties. This study reviews the current status of research on NW and NR array structures of some most popular semiconducting materials for photocatalytic energy conversion and utilization including photocatalytic water splitting and CO 2 reduction/fixation, dye/quantum dot sensitized solar cells, and other photoassisted reactive applications such as pollutant degradation, selective conversion of organic compounds, and biological disinfection.

Authors:
 [1];  [1]
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  1. Nanomaterials Science Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering &, Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269‐3136 USA
Publication Date:
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1401720
Grant/Contract Number:  
DE‐EE0006854
Resource Type:
Publisher's Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Advanced Energy Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Advanced Energy Materials Journal Volume: 6 Journal Issue: 23; Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832
Publisher:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English

Citation Formats

Hoang, Son, and Gao, Pu‐Xian. Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling. Germany: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1002/aenm.201600683.
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Hoang, Son, & Gao, Pu‐Xian. Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600683
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Hoang, Son, and Gao, Pu‐Xian. Thu . "Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling". Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600683.
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@article{osti_1401720,
title = {Nanowire Array Structures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Utilization: A Review of Design Concepts, Assembly and Integration, and Function Enabling},
author = {Hoang, Son and Gao, Pu‐Xian},
abstractNote = {The increasing human demand for clean and renewable energy and a cleaner environment has stimulated various materials related research and development for efficient solar energy conversion and utilization, photocatalytic environmental remediation, and photoassisted selective conversion of organic compounds. Among the various candidate solutions to improving the efficiency of these processes, semiconductor nanowire (NW) and nanorod (NR) array structures have been offering a unique tool box combining desirable characteristics in structure, function, and applicability. Efficient photocatalytic energy conversion requires excellent light absorption, readily charge separation, transport, and collection, as well as fast kinetics of interfacial reactions and mass transport of reactants. The long axis of the NW enables adequate light absorption, while the radical axis provides short electron–hole separation distance. Additionally, the NW arrays have relatively high surface area to facilitate interfacial kinetics while their open pore structure allows good mass transport properties. This study reviews the current status of research on NW and NR array structures of some most popular semiconducting materials for photocatalytic energy conversion and utilization including photocatalytic water splitting and CO 2 reduction/fixation, dye/quantum dot sensitized solar cells, and other photoassisted reactive applications such as pollutant degradation, selective conversion of organic compounds, and biological disinfection.},
doi = {10.1002/aenm.201600683},
journal = {Advanced Energy Materials},
number = 23,
volume = 6,
place = {Germany},
year = {Thu Aug 11 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Thu Aug 11 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600683
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Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon: A Review
journal, September 2010

  • Huang, Zhipeng; Geyer, Nadine; Werner, Peter
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 2, p. 285-308
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Nanowire resonant tunneling diodes
journal, December 2002

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Visible Light Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on Nitrogen-Modified TiO 2 Nanowires
journal, December 2011

  • Hoang, Son; Guo, Siwei; Hahn, Nathan T.
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 1
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Band structure engineering of semiconductors for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting: The case of TiO 2
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Long-Lived, Visible-Light-Excited Charge Carriers of TiO 2 /BiVO 4 Nanocomposites and their Unexpected Photoactivity for Water Splitting
journal, November 2013

  • Xie, Mingzheng; Fu, Xuedong; Jing, Liqiang
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 5
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Sculptured thin films and glancing angle deposition: Growth mechanics and applications
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  • Robbie, K.; Brett, M. J.
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Layered titanate nanostructures: perspectives for industrial exploitation
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Mesoporous TiO 2 -Sn/C Core-Shell Nanowire Arrays as High-Performance 3D Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries
journal, May 2014

Spontaneous Growth of Superstructure α -Fe 2 O 3 Nanowire and Nanobelt Arrays in Reactive Oxygen Plasma
journal, October 2008

ZnO nanowires on glass via chemical routes: A prospective photocatalyst for indoors applications
journal, September 2014

Photosensitization of ZnO Nanowires with CdSe Quantum Dots for Photovoltaic Devices
journal, June 2007

  • Leschkies, Kurtis S.; Divakar, Ramachandran; Basu, Joysurya
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 6
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CdS/Graphene Nanocomposite Photocatalysts
journal, April 2015

GaN:ZnO Solid Solution as a Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting
journal, June 2005

  • Maeda, Kazuhiko; Takata, Tsuyoshi; Hara, Michikazu
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 23
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Multiple Exciton Collection in a Sensitized Photovoltaic System
journal, September 2010

Photocatalysis Using GaN Nanowires
journal, April 2008

  • Jung, Hye Seong; Hong, Young Joon; Li, Yirui
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 2, Issue 4
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Nanostructured Si (1- x ) Ge x for Tunable Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
journal, March 2013

  • Abel, Paul R.; Chockla, Aaron M.; Lin, Yong-Mao
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 3
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Enhancing Visible Light Photo-oxidation of Water with TiO 2 Nanowire Arrays via Cotreatment with H 2 and NH 3 : Synergistic Effects between Ti 3+ and N
journal, February 2012

  • Hoang, Son; Berglund, Sean P.; Hahn, Nathan T.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 8
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Hydrogen-Treated TiO 2 Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, July 2011

  • Wang, Gongming; Wang, Hanyu; Ling, Yichuan
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 7
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Sn-Coupled p-Si Nanowire Arrays for Solar Formate Production from CO 2
journal, April 2014

  • Choi, Sung Kyu; Kang, Unseock; Lee, Seunghoon
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 11
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Advanced techniques for glancing angle deposition
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Atomic layer-deposited tunnel oxide stabilizes silicon photoanodes for water oxidation
journal, June 2011

  • Chen, Yi Wei; Prange, Jonathan D.; Dühnen, Simon
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 7
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Cu 2 O Nanowire Photocathodes for Efficient and Durable Solar Water Splitting
journal, February 2016

Tantalum-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanowire Arrays for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage
journal, October 2009

  • Feng, Xinjian; Shankar, Karthik; Paulose, Maggie
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 48, Issue 43
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Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry
journal, January 2013

  • Pinaud, Blaise A.; Benck, Jesse D.; Seitz, Linsey C.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 7
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Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation
journal, December 2001

  • Gong, Dawei; Grimes, Craig A.; Varghese, Oomman K.
  • Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 16, Issue 12
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Metal sulfide nanostructures: synthesis, properties and applications in energy conversion and storage
journal, January 2012

  • Lai, Chen-Ho; Lu, Ming-Yen; Chen, Lih-Juann
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Mechanical-Agitation-Assisted Growth of Large-Scale and Uniform ZnO Nanorod Arrays within 3D Multichannel Monolithic Substrates
journal, July 2013

  • Xiao, Wen; Guo, Yanbing; Ren, Zheng
  • Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 13, Issue 8
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Artificial Photosynthesis on TiO 2 -Passivated InP Nanopillars
journal, August 2015

Reactive Ballistic Deposition of α-Fe 2 O 3 Thin Films for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
journal, March 2010

  • Hahn, Nathan T.; Ye, Heechang; Flaherty, David W.
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 4, Issue 4
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Atomic layer deposition of photoactive CoO/SrTiO 3 and CoO/TiO 2 on Si(001) for visible light driven photoelectrochemical water oxidation
journal, August 2013

  • Ngo, Thong Q.; Posadas, Agham; Seo, Hosung
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 114, Issue 8
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Significantly Enhanced Visible Light Photoelectrochemical Activity in TiO 2 Nanowire Arrays by Nitrogen Implantation
journal, June 2015

Synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanowires with densely-packed and omnidirectional branches
journal, January 2013

  • Lee, Daeho; Rho, Yoonsoo; Allen, Frances I.
  • Nanoscale, Vol. 5, Issue 22
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Au Nanostructure-Decorated TiO 2 Nanowires Exhibiting Photoactivity Across Entire UV-visible Region for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, July 2013

  • Pu, Ying-Chih; Wang, Gongming; Chang, Kao-Der
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 8
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One-pot Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystals Hybridized with Single-Layer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
journal, December 2014

  • Chen, Junze; Wu, Xue-Jun; Yin, Lisha
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 4
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Facile Fabrication of Hierarchical TiO 2 Nanobelt/ZnO Nanorod Heterogeneous Nanostructure: An Efficient Photoanode for Water Splitting
journal, August 2013

  • Pan, Kai; Dong, Youzhen; Zhou, Wei
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 17
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Hierarchically Structured Microspheres for High-Efficiency Rutile TiO 2 -Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, February 2014

  • Ye, Meidan; Zheng, Dajiang; Wang, Mengye
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 4
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Solar photocatalysis: Materials, reactors, some commercial, and pre-industrialized applications. A comprehensive approach
journal, July 2015

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices
journal, February 2010

  • Atwater, Harry A.; Polman, Albert
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 3, p. 205-213
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat2629

Spontaneous Dissociation of CO 2 to CO on Defective Surface of Cu(I)/TiO 2– x Nanoparticles at Room Temperature
journal, March 2012

  • Liu, Lianjun; Zhao, Cunyu; Li, Ying
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 14
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Annealing induced nanostructure and photoluminescence property evolution in solution-processed Mg-alloyed ZnO nanowires
journal, September 2010

  • Shimpi, Paresh; Ding, Yong; Suarez, Ernesto
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 10, Article No. 103104
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Fabrication of Large-Area Silicon Nanowire p–n Junction Diode Arrays
journal, January 2004

  • Q. Peng, K.; P. Huang, Z.; Zhu, J.
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 1, p. 73-76
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Incorporation of Mo and W into nanostructured BiVO4 films for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation
journal, January 2012

  • Berglund, Sean P.; Rettie, Alexander J. E.; Hoang, Son
  • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 19
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Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and Selected Results
journal, May 1995

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  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 95, Issue 3
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Unraveling the Hydrogenation of TiO 2 and Graphene Oxide/TiO 2 Composites in Real Time by in Situ Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction and Pair Distribution Function Analysis
journal, February 2016

  • Nguyen-Phan, Thuy-Duong; Liu, Zongyuan; Luo, Si
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 6
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Chemical bath deposition of vertically aligned TiO2 nanoplatelet arrays for solar energy conversion applications
journal, January 2013

  • Hoang, Son; Berglund, Sean P.; Fullon, Raymond R.
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 13
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Photophysical Properties and Photocatalytic Activities of Bismuth Molybdates under Visible Light Irradiation
journal, September 2006

  • Shimodaira, Yoshiki; Kato, Hideki; Kobayashi, Hisayoshi
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, Issue 36
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Template-free synthesis of novel, highly-ordered 3D hierarchical Nb 3 O 7 (OH) superstructures with semiconductive and photoactive properties
journal, January 2014

  • Betzler, Sophia B.; Wisnet, Andreas; Breitbach, Benjamin
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 30
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Spray Pyrolysis Deposition and Photoelectrochemical Properties of n-Type BiOI Nanoplatelet Thin Films
journal, August 2012

  • Hahn, Nathan T.; Hoang, Son; Self, Jeffrey L.
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 9
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Effect of γ-irradiation on the growth of ZnO nanorod films for photocatalytic disinfection of contaminated water
journal, December 2011

  • Alarcón, Julio; Ponce, Silvia; Paraguay-Delgado, Francisco
  • Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 364, Issue 1
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(La,Sr)CoO 3 /ZnO nanofilm–nanorod diode arrays for photo-responsive moisture and humidity detection
journal, June 2010

Thermal oxidation of Cu nanofilm on three-dimensional ZnO nanorod arrays
journal, January 2011

  • Liao, Kuo-ting; Shimpi, Paresh; Gao, Pu-Xian
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 26
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Hierarchically CdS Decorated 1D ZnO Nanorods-2D Graphene Hybrids: Low Temperature Synthesis and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
journal, October 2014

  • Han, Chuang; Chen, Zhang; Zhang, Nan
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 2
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Band Bending in Semiconductors: Chemical and Physical Consequences at Surfaces and Interfaces
journal, June 2012

  • Zhang, Zhen; Yates, John T.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112, Issue 10
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Conduction and Valence Band Positions of Ta 2 O 5 , TaON, and Ta 3 N 5 by UPS and Electrochemical Methods
journal, February 2003

  • Chun, Wang-Jae; Ishikawa, Akio; Fujisawa, Hideki
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 107, Issue 8
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3D Branched ZnO Nanowire Arrays Decorated with Plasmonic Au Nanoparticles for High-Performance Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, March 2014

  • Zhang, Xing; Liu, Yang; Kang, Zhenhui
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 6
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TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations
journal, April 2004

  • Konstantinou, Ioannis K.; Albanis, Triantafyllos A.
  • Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 49, Issue 1
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High Density n-Si/n-TiO 2 Core/Shell Nanowire Arrays with Enhanced Photoactivity
journal, January 2009

  • Hwang, Yun Jeong; Boukai, Akram; Yang, Peidong
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 1
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CuInS2 quantum dot-sensitized TiO2 nanorod array photoelectrodes: synthesis and performance optimization
journal, January 2012

  • Zhou, Zhengji; Yuan, Shengjie; Fan, Junqi
  • Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 1
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Multiple-exciton generation in lead selenide nanorod solar cells with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 120%
journal, September 2015

  • Davis, Nathaniel J. L. K.; Böhm, Marcus L.; Tabachnyk, Maxim
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
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TiO2 photocatalysis: Design and applications
journal, September 2012

Co3O4 Nanoparticles as Robust Water Oxidation Catalysts Towards Remarkably Enhanced Photostability of a Ta3N5 Photoanode
journal, April 2012

  • Liao, Maijia; Feng, Jianyong; Luo, Wenjun
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 14
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Surface Engineered Doping of Hematite Nanorod Arrays for Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, October 2014

  • Shen, Shaohua; Zhou, Jigang; Dong, Chung-Li
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1
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New Non-Oxide Photocatalysts Designed for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light
journal, June 2007

  • Maeda, Kazuhiko; Domen, Kazunari
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 111, Issue 22
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Tuning the Optical Property and Photocatalytic Performance of Titanate Nanotube toward Selective Oxidation of Alcohols under Ambient Conditions
journal, February 2012

  • Tang, Zi-Rong; Zhang, Yanhui; Xu, Yi-Jun
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 3
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Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO 2 to liquid fuels
journal, January 2009

  • Benson, Eric E.; Kubiak, Clifford P.; Sathrum, Aaron J.
  • Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 38, Issue 1
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TiO 2 Photocatalysis: A Historical Overview and Future Prospects
journal, December 2005

  • Hashimoto, Kazuhito; Irie, Hiroshi; Fujishima, Akira
  • Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 44, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.44.8269

Three dimensional koosh ball nanoarchitecture with a tunable magnetic core, fluorescent nanowire shell and enhanced photocatalytic property
journal, January 2012

  • Ren, Zheng; Guo, Yanbing; Wrobel, Gregory
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16489b

Translucent Thin Film Fe 2 O 3 Photoanodes for Efficient Water Splitting by Sunlight:  Nanostructure-Directing Effect of Si-Doping
journal, April 2006

  • Cesar, Ilkay; Kay, Andreas; Gonzalez Martinez, José A.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 14
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Superior photocatalytic performance by vertically aligned core–shell TiO2/WO3 nanorod arrays
journal, March 2009

Controlled Growth of Si Nanowire Arrays for Device Integration
journal, March 2005

  • Hochbaum, Allon I.; Fan, Rong; He, Rongrui
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 3, p. 457-460
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl047990x

Hydrothermal Growth and Application of ZnO Nanowire Films with ZnO and TiO2 Buffer Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, September 2009

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