Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data

Lee, Gabriel; Arrington, John R.; Hill, Richard J.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.013013

Title: Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data

Abstract

We perform a new analysis of electron-proton scattering data to determine the proton electric and magnetic radii, enforcing model-independent constraints from form factor analyticity. A wide-ranging study of possible systematic effects is performed. An improved analysis is developed that rebins data taken at identical kinematic settings and avoids a scaling assumption of systematic errors with statistical errors. Employing standard models for radiative corrections, our improved analysis of the 2010 Mainz A1 Collaboration data yields a proton electric radius r_E = 0.895(20) fm and magnetic radius r_M = 0.776(38) fm. A similar analysis applied to world data (excluding Mainz data) implies r_E = 0.916(24) fm and r_M = 0.914(35) fm. The Mainz and world values of the charge radius are consistent, and a simple combination yields a value r_E = 0.904(15) fm that is 4σ larger than the CREMA Collaboration muonic hydrogen determination. The Mainz and world values of the magnetic radius differ by 2.7σ, and a simple average yields r_M = 0.851(26) fm. As a result, the circumstances under which published muonic hydrogen and electron scattering data could be reconciled are discussed, including a possible deficiency in the standard radiative correction model which requires further analysis.

Authors:

Lee, Gabriel ^[1]; Arrington, John R. ^[2]; Hill, Richard J. ^[3]

The Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States); Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
The Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jul 27 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1399100

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1202637

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; FG02-13ER41958; SC0009924

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review. D, Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 92; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1550-7998

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Lee, Gabriel, Arrington, John R., and Hill, Richard J. Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.92.013013.

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                    Lee, Gabriel, Arrington, John R., & Hill, Richard J. Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.013013

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                    Lee, Gabriel, Arrington, John R., and Hill, Richard J. Mon .  
"Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.013013.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1399100.

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@article{osti_1399100,

  title        = {Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data},

  author       = {Lee, Gabriel and Arrington, John R. and Hill, Richard J.},

  abstractNote = {We perform a new analysis of electron-proton scattering data to determine the proton electric and magnetic radii, enforcing model-independent constraints from form factor analyticity. A wide-ranging study of possible systematic effects is performed. An improved analysis is developed that rebins data taken at identical kinematic settings and avoids a scaling assumption of systematic errors with statistical errors. Employing standard models for radiative corrections, our improved analysis of the 2010 Mainz A1 Collaboration data yields a proton electric radius rE = 0.895(20) fm and magnetic radius rM = 0.776(38) fm. A similar analysis applied to world data (excluding Mainz data) implies rE = 0.916(24) fm and rM = 0.914(35) fm. The Mainz and world values of the charge radius are consistent, and a simple combination yields a value rE = 0.904(15) fm that is 4σ larger than the CREMA Collaboration muonic hydrogen determination. The Mainz and world values of the magnetic radius differ by 2.7σ, and a simple average yields rM = 0.851(26) fm. As a result, the circumstances under which published muonic hydrogen and electron scattering data could be reconciled are discussed, including a possible deficiency in the standard radiative correction model which requires further analysis.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevD.92.013013},

  journal      = {Physical Review. D, Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 92,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jul 27 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Mon Jul 27 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment
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Xiong, W.; Gasparian, A.; Gao, H.
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Title: Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data

Abstract

Citation Formats

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Measurement of G E p / G M p in e → p → e p → to Q 2 = 5.6 GeV 2 journal, February 2002

Two-Photon Exchange and Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal, October 2003

Polarization Transfer in the H e 4 ( e → , e ′ p → ) H 3 Reaction up to Q 2 = 2.6 ( G e V / c ) 2 journal, July 2003

Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic e ± p Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring journal, February 2015

Nucleon electromagnetic form factors from lattice QCD using a nearly physical pion mass journal, October 2014

Towards a Resolution of the Proton Form Factor Problem: New Electron and Positron Scattering Data journal, February 2015

Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton journal, July 2014

G E p / G M p Ratio by Polarization Transfer in e → p → e p → journal, February 2000

Model independent extraction of the proton magnetic radius from electron scattering journal, October 2014

Recoil Polarization Measurements of the Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio to Q 2 = 8.5 GeV 2 journal, June 2010

Erratum to “Bayesian methods for parameter estimation in effective field theories” [Ann. Phys. 324 (2009) 682–708] journal, September 2009

Nucleon charges and electromagnetic form factors from 2 + 1 + 1 -flavor lattice QCD journal, May 2014

Publisher's Note: Proton elastic form factor ratios to Q 2 = 3.5 GeV 2 by polarization transfer [Phys. Rev. C 71, 055202 (2005)] journal, June 2005

The proton radius puzzle journal, May 2015

Proton G E / G M from beam-target asymmetry journal, September 2006

Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua journal, March 2007

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors journal, April 2005

Measurement of the Proton’s Electric to Magnetic Form Factor Ratio from H → 1 ( e → , e ′ p ) journal, January 2007

Absolute electron-proton cross sections at low momentum transfer measured with a high pressure gas target system journal, January 1980

NP-hardness of deciding convexity of quartic polynomials and related problems journal, November 2011

Reduction of the proton radius discrepancy by 3 σ journal, October 2014

The ratio of proton electromagnetic form factors via recoil polarimetry at journal, January 2006

Erratum: Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 452 (1998)] journal, March 1999

Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Cross Sections Measured by a Coincidence Technique journal, May 1970

Proton Form Factors from Observation of Recoil Protons journal, January 1966

Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron journal, January 1998

Differences in quasielastic cross sections of muon and electron neutrinos journal, September 2012

Simple parametrization of nucleon form factors journal, December 2004

Model-independent determination of the axial mass parameter in quasielastic neutrino-nucleon scattering journal, October 2011

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q 2 < 5.5 ( GeV ∕ c ) 2 journal, July 2004

Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements journal, February 2004

Low- Q 2 measurements of the proton form factor ratio μ p G E / G M journal, November 2011

Model Independent Analysis of Proton Structure for Hydrogenic Bound States journal, October 2011

Radiative Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering journal, June 1961

On the rms-radius of the proton journal, December 2003

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010 journal, November 2012

Model-independent extraction of the proton charge radius from electron scattering journal, December 2010

Measurements of the elastic electromagnetic form factor ratio μ p G Ep / G Mp via polarization transfer journal, August 2001

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton? journal, September 2003

Proton elastic form factor ratios to Q 2 = 3.5 GeV 2 by polarization transfer journal, May 2005

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for 1 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 3 ( G e V / c ) 2 at SLAC journal, June 1994

The infrared divergence phenomena and high-energy processes journal, June 1961

Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes journal, November 2007

Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering journal, March 2004

Evaluation of the Proton Charge Radius from Electron–Proton Scattering journal, September 2015

Comment on “High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton” journal, September 2011

Theoretical constraints and systematic effects in the determination of the proton form factors journal, January 2015

Exclusive processes in perturbative quantum chromodynamics journal, November 1980

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle journal, October 2013

Backward electron-deuteron scattering below 280 MeV journal, January 1972

Measurements of the Proton Elastic-Form-Factor Ratio μ p G E p / G M p at Low Momentum Transfer journal, November 2007

Constrained curve fitting journal, March 2002

Radiative Corrections to Elastic and Inelastic ep and up Scattering journal, January 1969

Review of Particle Physics journal, July 2010

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from Q 2 =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c ) 2 journal, November 1994

Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen journal, January 2013

Bayesian methods for parameter estimation in effective field theories journal, March 2009

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering journal, September 2005

The size of the proton journal, July 2010

Initial state radiation experiment at MAMI journal, January 2014

Radiative corrections to electron-proton scattering journal, October 2000

The Coulomb Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Nuclei journal, December 1948

Muonic hydrogen and MeV forces journal, May 2011

Polynomial fits and the proton radius puzzle journal, October 2014

An Examination of Proton Charge Radius Extractions from e–p Scattering Data journal, September 2015

Precise determination of low- Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e - p elastic scattering journal, September 2007

Nucleon form factors with 2 + 1 flavor dynamical domain-wall fermions journal, June 2009

Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections journal, September 2007

Hadronic vacuum polarization and the Lamb shift journal, May 1999

Precision Spectroscopy of Atomic Hydrogen journal, December 2013

Nucleon structure from mixed action calculations using 2 + 1 flavors of asqtad sea and domain wall valence fermions journal, November 2010

Coulomb corrections in the extraction of the proton radius journal, October 2013

Optical frequency measurement of the 1S–3S two-photon transition in hydrogen journal, September 2010

Probing new physics with underground accelerators and radioactive sources journal, January 2015

Measurement of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors at squared four-momentum transfers up to 3 (GeV/c)2 journal, July 1973

QED radiative corrections to virtual Compton scattering
journal, July 2000

Nucleon form factors and moments of generalized parton distributions using $N_{f} = 2 + 1 + 1$ twisted mass fermions
journal, July 2013

Measurement of $G_{E_{p}} / G_{M_{p}}$ in $\vec{e} p \to e \vec{p}$ to $Q^{2} = 5.6 {GeV}^{2}$
journal, February 2002

Two-Photon Exchange and Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, October 2003

Polarization Transfer in the ${}^{4}{H e} (\vec{e}, e^{'} \vec{p}) {}^{3}H$ Reaction up to $Q^{2} = 2.6 (G e V / c)^{2}$
journal, July 2003

Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic $e^{\pm} p$ Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring
journal, February 2015

Nucleon electromagnetic form factors from lattice QCD using a nearly physical pion mass
journal, October 2014

Towards a Resolution of the Proton Form Factor Problem: New Electron and Positron Scattering Data
journal, February 2015

Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
journal, July 2014

$G_{E_{p}} / G_{M_{p}}$ Ratio by Polarization Transfer in $\vec{e} p \to e \vec{p}$
journal, February 2000

Model independent extraction of the proton magnetic radius from electron scattering
journal, October 2014

Recoil Polarization Measurements of the Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio to $Q^{2} = 8.5 {GeV}^{2}$
journal, June 2010

Erratum to “Bayesian methods for parameter estimation in effective field theories” [Ann. Phys. 324 (2009) 682–708]
journal, September 2009

Nucleon charges and electromagnetic form factors from $2 + 1 + 1$ -flavor lattice QCD
journal, May 2014

Publisher's Note: Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^{2} = 3.5 {GeV}^{2}$ by polarization transfer [Phys. Rev. C 71, 055202 (2005)]
journal, June 2005

The proton radius puzzle
journal, May 2015

Proton $G_{E} / G_{M}$ from beam-target asymmetry
journal, September 2006

Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
journal, March 2007

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors
journal, April 2005

Measurement of the Proton’s Electric to Magnetic Form Factor Ratio from ${}^{1}{\vec{H}} (\vec{e}, e^{'} p)$
journal, January 2007

Absolute electron-proton cross sections at low momentum transfer measured with a high pressure gas target system
journal, January 1980

NP-hardness of deciding convexity of quartic polynomials and related problems
journal, November 2011

Reduction of the proton radius discrepancy by 3 σ
journal, October 2014

The ratio of proton electromagnetic form factors via recoil polarimetry at
journal, January 2006

Erratum: Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 452 (1998)]
journal, March 1999

Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Cross Sections Measured by a Coincidence Technique
journal, May 1970

Proton Form Factors from Observation of Recoil Protons
journal, January 1966

Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron
journal, January 1998

Differences in quasielastic cross sections of muon and electron neutrinos
journal, September 2012

Simple parametrization of nucleon form factors
journal, December 2004

Model-independent determination of the axial mass parameter in quasielastic neutrino-nucleon scattering
journal, October 2011

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for $0.4 < Q^{2} < 5.5 {(GeV ∕ c)}^{2}$
journal, July 2004

Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements
journal, February 2004

Low- $Q^{2}$ measurements of the proton form factor ratio $μ_{p} G_{E} / G_{M}$
journal, November 2011

Model Independent Analysis of Proton Structure for Hydrogenic Bound States
journal, October 2011

Radiative Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, June 1961

On the rms-radius of the proton
journal, December 2003

CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010
journal, November 2012

Model-independent extraction of the proton charge radius from electron scattering
journal, December 2010

Measurements of the elastic electromagnetic form factor ratio $μ_{p} G_{Ep} {/ G}_{Mp}$ via polarization transfer
journal, August 2001

How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton?
journal, September 2003

Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^{2} = 3.5 GeV^{2}$ by polarization transfer
journal, May 2005

Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for $1 \leq Q^{2} \leq 3$ ${(G e V / c)}^{2}$ at SLAC
journal, June 1994

The infrared divergence phenomena and high-energy processes
journal, June 1961

Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes
journal, November 2007

Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering
journal, March 2004

Evaluation of the Proton Charge Radius from Electron–Proton Scattering
journal, September 2015

Comment on “High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton”
journal, September 2011

Theoretical constraints and systematic effects in the determination of the proton form factors
journal, January 2015

Exclusive processes in perturbative quantum chromodynamics
journal, November 1980

Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle
journal, October 2013

Backward electron-deuteron scattering below 280 MeV
journal, January 1972

Measurements of the Proton Elastic-Form-Factor Ratio $μ_{p} G_{E}^{p} / G_{M}^{p}$ at Low Momentum Transfer
journal, November 2007

Constrained curve fitting
journal, March 2002

Radiative Corrections to Elastic and Inelastic $ep$ and $up$ Scattering
journal, January 1969

Review of Particle Physics
journal, July 2010

Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from $Q^{2}$ =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c $)^{2}$
journal, November 1994

Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen
journal, January 2013

Bayesian methods for parameter estimation in effective field theories
journal, March 2009

Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering
journal, September 2005

The size of the proton
journal, July 2010

Initial state radiation experiment at MAMI
journal, January 2014

Radiative corrections to electron-proton scattering
journal, October 2000

The Coulomb Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Nuclei
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Muonic hydrogen and MeV forces
journal, May 2011

Polynomial fits and the proton radius puzzle
journal, October 2014

An Examination of Proton Charge Radius Extractions from e–p Scattering Data
journal, September 2015

Precise determination of low- $Q$ nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating $e$ - $p$ elastic scattering
journal, September 2007

Nucleon form factors with $2 + 1$ flavor dynamical domain-wall fermions
journal, June 2009

Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
journal, September 2007

Hadronic vacuum polarization and the Lamb shift
journal, May 1999

Precision Spectroscopy of Atomic Hydrogen
journal, December 2013

Nucleon structure from mixed action calculations using $2 + 1$ flavors of asqtad sea and domain wall valence fermions
journal, November 2010

Coulomb corrections in the extraction of the proton radius
journal, October 2013

Optical frequency measurement of the 1S–3S two-photon transition in hydrogen
journal, September 2010

Probing new physics with underground accelerators and radioactive sources
journal, January 2015

Measurement of proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors at squared four-momentum transfers up to 3 (GeV/c)2
journal, July 1973

Proton Size Anomaly
journal, April 2011

Problems with proton radii
journal, April 2012

The PRad experiment and the proton radius puzzle
journal, January 2014