Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species
Abstract
Excessive herbivory can have transformative effects on forest understory vegetation, converting diverse communities into depauperate ones, often with increased abundance of non-native plants. White-tailed deer are a problematic herbivore throughout much of eastern North America and alter forest understory community structure. Reducing (by culling) or eliminating (by fencing) deer herbivory is expected to return understory vegetation to a previously diverse condition. We examined this assumption from 1992 to 2006 at Fermilab (Batavia, IL) where a cull reduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) abundance in 1998/1999 by 90 % from 24.6 to 2.5/km2, and at West Point, NY, where we assessed interactive effects of deer, earthworms, and invasive plants using 30 × 30 m paired fenced and open plots in 12 different forests from 2009 to 2012. We recorded not only plant community responses (species presence and cover) within 1 m2 quadrats, but also responses of select individual species (growth, reproduction). At Fermilab, introduced Alliaria petiolata abundance initially increased as deer density increased, but then declined after deer reduction. The understory community responded to the deer cull by increased cover, species richness and height, and community composition changed but was dominated by early successional native forbs. At West Point plant community compositionmore »
- Authors:
-
- Natural Area Consultants, Richford, NY (United States)
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY (United States)
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1398385
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-17-404-FESS
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-2851; 1628237
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- AoB Plants
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-2851
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press; Annals of Botany Company
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; deer herbivory; deer management; earthworms; forest understory; invasive species; multiple stressors; plant community
Citation Formats
Nuzzo, Victoria, Davalos, Andrea, and Blossey, Bernd. Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plx026.
Nuzzo, Victoria, Davalos, Andrea, & Blossey, Bernd. Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species. United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx026
Nuzzo, Victoria, Davalos, Andrea, and Blossey, Bernd. Thu .
"Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species". United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx026. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1398385.
@article{osti_1398385,
title = {Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species},
author = {Nuzzo, Victoria and Davalos, Andrea and Blossey, Bernd},
abstractNote = {Excessive herbivory can have transformative effects on forest understory vegetation, converting diverse communities into depauperate ones, often with increased abundance of non-native plants. White-tailed deer are a problematic herbivore throughout much of eastern North America and alter forest understory community structure. Reducing (by culling) or eliminating (by fencing) deer herbivory is expected to return understory vegetation to a previously diverse condition. We examined this assumption from 1992 to 2006 at Fermilab (Batavia, IL) where a cull reduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) abundance in 1998/1999 by 90 % from 24.6 to 2.5/km2, and at West Point, NY, where we assessed interactive effects of deer, earthworms, and invasive plants using 30 × 30 m paired fenced and open plots in 12 different forests from 2009 to 2012. We recorded not only plant community responses (species presence and cover) within 1 m2 quadrats, but also responses of select individual species (growth, reproduction). At Fermilab, introduced Alliaria petiolata abundance initially increased as deer density increased, but then declined after deer reduction. The understory community responded to the deer cull by increased cover, species richness and height, and community composition changed but was dominated by early successional native forbs. At West Point plant community composition was affected by introduced earthworm density but not deer exclusion. Native plant cover increased and non-native plant cover decreased in fenced plots, thus keeping overall plant cover similar. At both sites native forb cover increased in response to deer reduction, but the anticipated response of understory vegetation failed to materialize at the community level. Deer-favoured forbs (Eurybia divaricata, Maianthemum racemosum, Polygonatum pubescens and Trillium recurvatum) grew taller and flowering probability increased in the absence of deer. Plant community monitoring fails to capture initial and subtle effects of reduced or even cessation of deer browse on browse sensitive species. As a result, measuring responses of individual plants (growth, flowering and reproductive success) provides a more sensitive and powerful assessment of forest understory responses to deer management.},
doi = {10.1093/aobpla/plx026},
journal = {AoB Plants},
number = 4,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jun 08 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Thu Jun 08 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Evidence for two Alternate Stable States in an Ungulate Grazing System
journal, November 1998
- Augustine, David J.; Frelich, Lee E.; Jordan, Peter A.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, Issue 4
Edges, exotics and deer: the seed bank of a suburban secondary successional temperate deciduous forest
journal, April 2013
- Beauchamp, Vanessa B.; Ghuznavi, Nureen; Koontz, Stephanie M.
- Applied Vegetation Science, Vol. 16, Issue 4
Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities
journal, January 2008
- Bossuyt, Beatrijs; Honnay, Olivier
- Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 19, Issue 6
The Indirect Impact of Long-Term Overbrowsing on Insects in the Allegheny National Forest Region of Pennsylvania
journal, December 2015
- Chips, Michael J.; Yerger, Ellen H.; Hervanek, Arpad
- Northeastern Naturalist, Vol. 22, Issue 4
Non-native earthworms promote plant invasion by ingesting seeds and modifying soil properties
journal, April 2015
- Clause, Julia; Forey, Estelle; Lortie, Christopher J.
- Acta Oecologica, Vol. 64
Deer Browsing Creates Rock Refugia Gardens on Large Boulders in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania
journal, July 2005
- Comisky, Lauren; Royo, Alejandro A.; Carson, Walter P.
- The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 154, Issue 1
Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
journal, December 2004
- Côté, Steeve D.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Tremblay, Jean-Pierre
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 35, Issue 1
Demographic responses of rare forest plants to multiple stressors: the role of deer, invasive species and nutrients
journal, July 2014
- Dávalos, Andrea; Nuzzo, Victoria; Blossey, Bernd
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 102, Issue 5
Single and interactive effects of deer and earthworms on non-native plants
journal, September 2015
- Dávalos, Andrea; Nuzzo, Victoria; Blossey, Bernd
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 351
Non-consumptive Effects of Native Deer on Introduced Earthworm Abundance
journal, May 2015
- Dávalos, Andrea; Simpson, Elizabeth; Nuzzo, Victoria
- Ecosystems, Vol. 18, Issue 6
Deer Browsing Delays Succession by Altering Aboveground Vegetation and Belowground Seed Banks
journal, March 2014
- DiTommaso, Antonio; Morris, Scott H.; Parker, John D.
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Earthworm invasion, white-tailed deer and seedling establishment in deciduous forests of north-eastern North America
journal, November 2014
- Dobson, Annise; Blossey, Bernd
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 103, Issue 1
Earthworms as seedling predators: Importance of seeds and seedlings for earthworm nutrition
journal, August 2010
- Eisenhauer, Nico; Butenschoen, Olaf; Radsick, Stefan
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 8
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
journal, July 2011
- Estes, James A.; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S.
- Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6040
Effects of large native herbivores on other animals
journal, May 2014
- Foster, Claire N.; Barton, Philip S.; Lindenmayer, David B.
- Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 51, Issue 4
Vegetative Legacy of a Protected Deer Herd in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
journal, April 2006
- Griggs, Jennifer A.; Rock, Janet H.; Webster, Christopher R.
- Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 26, Issue 2
Community-level impacts of white-tailed deer on understorey plants in North American forests: a meta-analysis
journal, January 2015
- Habeck, Christopher W.; Schultz, Alexis K.
- AoB Plants, Vol. 7
A Vegetational Study of the Central Wisconsin Winter Deer Range
journal, July 1959
- Habeck, James R.
- The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 23, Issue 3
Nonconsumptive effects of a generalist ungulate herbivore drive decline of unpalatable forest herbs
journal, February 2010
- Heckel, Christopher D.; Bourg, Norman A.; McShea, William J.
- Ecology, Vol. 91, Issue 2
Phytochemical traits underlie genotypic variation in susceptibility of quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) to browsing by a keystone forest ungulate
journal, March 2016
- Holeski, Liza M.; McKenzie, Sean C.; Kruger, Eric L.
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 104, Issue 3
A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems
journal, September 2007
- Hopfensperger, Kristine N.
- Oikos, Vol. 116, Issue 9
White-Tailed deer Impact on the Vegetation Dynamics of a Northern Hardwood Forest
journal, February 2003
- Horsley, Stephen B.; Stout, Susan L.; deCalesta, David S.
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 13, Issue 1
Eaten Out of House and Home: Impacts of Grazing on Ground-Dwelling Reptiles in Australian Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands
journal, December 2014
- Howland, Brett; Stojanovic, Dejan; Gordon, Iain J.
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 12
Spatial heterogeneity in the carrying capacity of sika deer in Japan
journal, January 2016
- Iijima, Hayato; Ueno, Mayumi
- Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 97, Issue 3
In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives
journal, March 2014
- Kalisz, S.; Spigler, R. B.; Horvitz, C. C.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 12
Microbe-Mediated Plant–Soil Feedback Causes Historical Contingency Effects in Plant Community Assembly
journal, May 2007
- Kardol, Paul; Cornips, Nelleke J.; van Kempen, Monique M. L.
- Ecological Monographs, Vol. 77, Issue 2
Soil-mediated effects of invasive ungulates on native tree seedlings
journal, March 2014
- Kardol, Paul; Dickie, Ian A.; St. John, Mark G.
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 102, Issue 3
Population growth rate of a common understory herb decreases non-linearly across a gradient of deer herbivory
journal, February 2009
- Knight, Tiffany M.; Caswell, Hal; Kalisz, Susan
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, Issue 3
Deer Facilitate Invasive Plant Success in a Pennsylvania Forest Understory
journal, April 2009
- Knight, Tiffany M.; Dunn, Jessica L.; Smith, Lisa A.
- Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 29, Issue 2
Effects of White-tailed Deer on Tsuga canadensis Regeneration: Evidence of Microsites as Refugia from Browsing
journal, October 2006
- Krueger, Lisa M.; Peterson, Chris J.
- The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 156, Issue 2
Exclosures can favour natural regeneration of oak after conservation-oriented thinning in mixed forests in Sweden: A 10-year study
journal, October 2015
- Leonardsson, Jenny; Löf, Magnus; Götmark, Frank
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 354
A Survey of Over-Populated Deer Ranges in the United States
journal, April 1947
- Leopold, Aldo; Sowls, Lyle K.; Spencer, David L.
- The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 11, Issue 2
Deer Impacts on Seed Banks and Saplings in Eastern New York
journal, March 2012
- Levine, Carrie R.; Winchcombe, Raymond J.; Canham, Charles D.
- Northeastern Naturalist, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Are Invasive Species the Drivers or Passengers of Change in Degraded Ecosystems?
journal, January 2005
- MacDougall, Andrew S.; Turkington, Roy
- Ecology, Vol. 86, Issue 1
Historically browsed jewelweed populations exhibit greater tolerance to deer herbivory than historically protected populations
journal, January 2015
- Martin, Laura J.; Agrawal, Anurag A.; Kraft, Clifford E.
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 103, Issue 1
Browsing down our natural heritage: Deer impacts on vegetation structure and songbird populations across an island archipelago
journal, January 2011
- Martin, Tara G.; Arcese, Peter; Scheerder, Nanda
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 144, Issue 1
Deer Browsing and Population Viability of a Forest Understory Plant
journal, February 2005
- McGraw, J. B.
- Science, Vol. 307, Issue 5711
Managing the Abundance and Diversity of Breeding Bird Populations through Manipulation of Deer Populations
journal, August 2000
- McShea, William J.; Rappole, John H.
- Conservation Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 4
Remedies for pseudoreplication
journal, December 2004
- Millar, Russell B.; Anderson, Marti J.
- Fisheries Research, Vol. 70, Issue 2-3
Forty-Seven Year Changes in Vegetation at the Apostle Islands: Effects of Deer on the Forest Understory
journal, April 2009
- Mudrak, Erika L.; Johnson, Sarah E.; Waller, Donald M.
- Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 29, Issue 2
Long-term biological legacies of herbivore density in a landscape-scale experiment: forest understoreys reflect past deer density treatments for at least 20 years
journal, November 2013
- Nuttle, Tim; Ristau, Todd E.; Royo, Alejandro A.
- Journal of Ecology, Vol. 102, Issue 1
Invasive earthworms shape forest seed bank composition
journal, March 2015
- Nuzzo, Victoria; Dávalos, Andrea; Blossey, Bernd
- Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 21, Issue 5
Predicting spatial extent of invasive earthworms on an oceanic island
journal, February 2016
- Paudel, Shishir; Wilson, Gail W. T.; MacDonald, Beau
- Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 22, Issue 10
The legacy of deer overabundance: long-term delays in herbaceous understory recovery
journal, March 2016
- Pendergast, Thomas H.; Hanlon, Shane M.; Long, Zachary M.
- Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 46, Issue 3
Big game or big loss? High deer densities are threatening woody plant diversity and vegetation dynamics
journal, March 2014
- Perea, Ramón; Girardello, Marco; San Miguel, Alfonso
- Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol. 23, Issue 5
Of Elephants and Blind men: deer Management in the u.s. National Parks
journal, February 1999
- Porter, William F.; Underwood, H. Brian
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Spatiotemporal variation in deer browse and tolerance in a woodland herb
journal, February 2015
- Prendeville, Holly R.; Steven, Janet C.; Galloway, Laura F.
- Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 2
Impact of an exotic earthworm on seed dispersal of an indigenous US weed
journal, December 2008
- Regnier, E.; Harrison, S. K.; Liu, J.
- Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 45, Issue 6
Paying the Extinction Debt in Southern Wisconsin Forest Understories
journal, December 2009
- Rogers, David A.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Hawbaker, Todd J.
- Conservation Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 6
Restoring forest herb communities through landscape-level deer herd reductions: Is recovery limited by legacy effects?
journal, November 2010
- Royo, Alejandro A.; Stout, Susan L.; deCalesta, David S.
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 143, Issue 11
Pseudoreplication is a pseudoproblem.
journal, November 2009
- Schank, Jeffrey C.; Koehnle, Thomas J.
- Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 123, Issue 4
Structure and composition of the seed bank in monospecific and tree species-rich temperate broad-leaved forests
journal, January 2009
- Schmidt, Inga; Leuschner, Christoph; Mölder, Andreas
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, Issue 2
The current status of forest Macrolepidoptera in northern New Jersey: evidence for the decline of understory specialists
journal, July 2014
- Schweitzer, Dale; Garris, Joseph R.; McBride, Anthony E.
- Journal of Insect Conservation, Vol. 18, Issue 4
Forest successional history and earthworm legacy affect earthworm survival and performance
journal, July 2015
- Simmons, Wade; Dávalos, Andrea; Blossey, Bernd
- Pedobiologia, Vol. 58, Issue 4
Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality
journal, August 2016
- Soliveres, Santiago; van der Plas, Fons; Manning, Peter
- Nature, Vol. 536, Issue 7617
Toward an Era of Restoration in Ecology: Successes, Failures, and Opportunities Ahead
journal, December 2011
- Suding, Katharine N.
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 42, Issue 1
Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology
journal, January 2004
- Suding, Katharine N.; Gross, Katherine L.; Houseman, Gregory R.
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?
journal, January 2011
- Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Bazely, Dawn R.; Koh, Saewan
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 144, Issue 1
Slow responses of ecosystems to reductions in deer (Cervidae) populations and strategies for achieving recovery
journal, January 2012
- Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Kirby, Keith J.; Goldberg, Emma
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 264
Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems
journal, December 2008
- Tylianakis, Jason M.; Didham, Raphael K.; Bascompte, Jordi
- Ecology Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 12
Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality
journal, March 2016
- van der Plas, Fons; Manning, Pete; Soliveres, Santiago
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 13
Succession in Wetlands: A Gleasonian Appraoch
journal, June 1981
- van der Valk, A. G.
- Ecology, Vol. 62, Issue 3
Extinction debt of Forest Plants Persists for more than a Century Following Habitat Fragmentation
journal, March 2006
- Vellend, Mark; Verheyen, Kris; Jacquemyn, Hans
- Ecology, Vol. 87, Issue 3
Separate and interacting effects of deer florivory and salinity stress on iris herbivores
journal, March 2008
- George Wang, H.; Mopper, Susan
- Oikos, Vol. 117, Issue 4
Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: Identity and traits of “winner” and “loser” plant species
journal, April 2006
- Wiegmann, Shannon M.; Waller, Donald M.
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 129, Issue 1
Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach
journal, June 1994
- Willems, J. H.; Huijsmans, K. G. A.
- Ecography, Vol. 17, Issue 2
Impacts of culling and exclusion of browsers on vegetation recovery across New Zealand forests
journal, September 2012
- Wright, David M.; Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Flores, Olivier
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 153
Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA
journal, January 1985
- Frelich, Lee E.; Lorimer, Craig G.
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 34, Issue 2
Non-native earthworms promote plant invasion by ingesting seeds and modifying soil properties
journal, April 2015
- Clause, Julia; Forey, Estelle; Lortie, Christopher J.
- Acta Oecologica, Vol. 64
Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: Identity and traits of “winner” and “loser” plant species
journal, April 2006
- Wiegmann, Shannon M.; Waller, Donald M.
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 129, Issue 1
Population growth rate of a common understory herb decreases non-linearly across a gradient of deer herbivory
journal, February 2009
- Knight, Tiffany M.; Caswell, Hal; Kalisz, Susan
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257, Issue 3
Single and interactive effects of deer and earthworms on non-native plants
journal, September 2015
- Dávalos, Andrea; Nuzzo, Victoria; Blossey, Bernd
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 351
Exclosures can favour natural regeneration of oak after conservation-oriented thinning in mixed forests in Sweden: A 10-year study
journal, October 2015
- Leonardsson, Jenny; Löf, Magnus; Götmark, Frank
- Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 354
Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology
journal, January 2004
- Suding, Katharine N.; Gross, Katherine L.; Houseman, Gregory R.
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Use of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA
journal, February 2000
- Williams, Charles E.; Mosbacher, Eric V.; Moriarity, William J.
- Biological Conservation, Vol. 92, Issue 2
Trade-offs in the design of experiments.
journal, January 2009
- Wiley, R. Haven
- Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 123, Issue 4
Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality
journal, August 2016
- Soliveres, Santiago; van der Plas, Fons; Manning, Peter
- Nature, Vol. 536, Issue 7617
In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives
journal, March 2014
- Kalisz, S.; Spigler, R. B.; Horvitz, C. C.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 12
Invasive earthworms shape forest seed bank composition
journal, March 2015
- Nuzzo, Victoria; Dávalos, Andrea; Blossey, Bernd
- Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 21, Issue 5
A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems
journal, September 2007
- Hopfensperger, Kristine N.
- Oikos, Vol. 116, Issue 9
Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems
journal, December 2008
- Tylianakis, Jason M.; Didham, Raphael K.; Bascompte, Jordi
- Ecology Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 12
Paying the Extinction Debt in Southern Wisconsin Forest Understories
journal, December 2009
- Rogers, David A.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Hawbaker, Todd J.
- Conservation Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 6
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
journal, July 2011
- Estes, James A.; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S.
- Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6040
Toward an Era of Restoration in Ecology: Successes, Failures, and Opportunities Ahead
journal, December 2011
- Suding, Katharine N.
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 42, Issue 1
Deer Browsing Delays Succession by Altering Aboveground Vegetation and Belowground Seed Banks
journal, March 2014
- DiTommaso, Antonio; Morris, Scott H.; Parker, John D.
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Long-Term Regional Shifts in Plant Community Composition Are Largely Explained by Local Deer Impact Experiments
journal, December 2014
- Frerker, Katie; Sabo, Autumn; Waller, Donald
- PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 12
Deer Impacts on Seed Banks and Saplings in Eastern New York
journal, March 2012
- Levine, Carrie R.; Winchcombe, Raymond J.; Canham, Charles D.
- Northeastern Naturalist, Vol. 19, Issue 1
Spatiotemporal variation in deer browse and tolerance in a woodland herb
journal, February 2015
- Prendeville, Holly R.; Steven, Janet C.; Galloway, Laura F.
- Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 2
Alternative stable states in ecology
journal, September 2003
- Beisner, Be; Haydon, Dt; Cuddington, K.
- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 7
Human-induced changes in large herbivorous mammal density: the consequences for decomposers
journal, April 2004
- Wardle, David A.; Bardgett, Richard D.
- Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 2, Issue 3
Succession in Wetlands: A Gleasonian Appraoch
journal, June 1981
- van der Valk, A. G.
- Ecology, Vol. 62, Issue 3
Sharpshooting Suburban White-Tailed Deer Reduces Deer–Vehicle Collisions
text, January 2008
- DeNicola, Anthony J.; Williams, Scott C.
- Utah State University
Chronic over browsing and biodiversity collapse in a forest understory in Pennsylvania: Results from a 60 year-old deer exclusion plot
journal, April 2011
- Goetsch, Chandra; Wigg, Jennifer; Royo, Alejandro A.
- The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 2
Forty-Seven Year Changes in Vegetation at the Apostle Islands: Effects of Deer on the Forest Understory
journal, April 2009
- Mudrak, Erika L.; Johnson, Sarah E.; Waller, Donald M.
- Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 29, Issue 2
Data from: Phytochemical traits underlie genotypic variation in susceptibility of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) to browsing by a keystone forest ungulate
dataset, January 2016
- Holeski, Liza; McKenzie, Sean; Kruger, Eric
- Dryad
Works referencing / citing this record:
Effects of maternal source and progeny microhabitat on natural selection and population dynamics in Alliaria petiolata
journal, June 2019
- Stinson, Kristina; Carley, Lauren; Hancock, Laura
- American Journal of Botany, Vol. 106, Issue 6
Introduction to the Special Issue: Ungulates and invasive species: quantifying impacts and understanding interactions
journal, November 2017
- Blossey, Bernd; Gorchov, David L.
- AoB PLANTS, Vol. 9, Issue 6