Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as an attractive electrochemical energy storage system due to the high theoretical capacity of sulfur (1,675 mA h g-1). However, high-loading sulfur cathodes would need to be employed for the Li-S cells to be practical, but the resulting poor cell cyclability and severe electrode degradation hamper their development. Here in this paper, we present a hierarchical sulfur cathode as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries. The hierarchical cathode presents good electrochemical utilization of above 70%, stable cyclability for 500–1,000 cycles, and high sulfur loadings of 4.2–10.0 mg cm-2. The exploration of the activation and the polysulfide-retention processes of the high-loading cathodes illustrates that the electrochemical stability mainly results from the stabilization of dissolved polysulfides within the cathode region as the electrochemically active catholyte. Therefore, the utilization of stabilized polysulfide migration might be a meaningful opportunity for designing high-loading cathodes and further improving their electrochemical stability and long-term cyclability.
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States). Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Inst.
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1487250
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1397464
- Grant/Contract Number:
- EE0007218; EE007218
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Power Sources
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 334; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 25 ENERGY STORAGE
Citation Formats
Chung, Sheng-Heng, Chang, Chi-Hao, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.023.
Chung, Sheng-Heng, Chang, Chi-Hao, & Manthiram, Arumugam. Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.023
Chung, Sheng-Heng, Chang, Chi-Hao, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Wed .
"Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.023. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1487250.
@article{osti_1487250,
title = {Hierarchical sulfur electrodes as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries},
author = {Chung, Sheng-Heng and Chang, Chi-Hao and Manthiram, Arumugam},
abstractNote = {Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as an attractive electrochemical energy storage system due to the high theoretical capacity of sulfur (1,675 mA h g-1). However, high-loading sulfur cathodes would need to be employed for the Li-S cells to be practical, but the resulting poor cell cyclability and severe electrode degradation hamper their development. Here in this paper, we present a hierarchical sulfur cathode as a testing platform for understanding the high-loading capability of Li-S batteries. The hierarchical cathode presents good electrochemical utilization of above 70%, stable cyclability for 500–1,000 cycles, and high sulfur loadings of 4.2–10.0 mg cm-2. The exploration of the activation and the polysulfide-retention processes of the high-loading cathodes illustrates that the electrochemical stability mainly results from the stabilization of dissolved polysulfides within the cathode region as the electrochemically active catholyte. Therefore, the utilization of stabilized polysulfide migration might be a meaningful opportunity for designing high-loading cathodes and further improving their electrochemical stability and long-term cyclability.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.023},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
number = C,
volume = 334,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Wed Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 40 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Figures / Tables:
Figure 1: Physical and chemical analysis of the carbon-film shield: (a) SEM, (b) Raman spectrum, and (c) electrochemical analysis. (d) Electrode configuration of the hierarchical cathodes with increasing sulfur loadings of 4.2, 6.3, 8.3, and 10.0 mg cm -2 .
All figures and tables
(8 total)
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects
journal, November 2013
- Yin, Ya-Xia; Xin, Sen; Guo, Yu-Guo
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 50
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospects
journal, February 2015
- Manthiram, Arumugam; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Zu, Chenxi
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 12
Progress Towards Commercially Viable Li-S Battery Cells
journal, April 2015
- Urbonaite, Sigita; Poux, Tiphaine; Novák, Petr
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
A Lithium/Dissolved Sulfur Battery with an Organic Electrolyte
journal, January 1979
- Rauh, R. D.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 4
Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Evaluation of Dioxolane-Based Electrolytes
journal, January 1989
- Peled, E.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 6, p. 1621-1625
Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System
journal, January 2004
- Mikhaylik, Yuriy V.; Akridge, James R.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 11, p. A1969-A1976
Capacity Fading Mechanisms on Cycling a High-Capacity Secondary Sulfur Cathode
journal, January 2004
- Cheon, Sang-Eun; Choi, Soo-Seok; Han, Ji-Seong
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 12
Lithium/Sulfur Cell Discharge Mechanism: An Original Approach for Intermediate Species Identification
journal, April 2012
- Barchasz, Céline; Molton, Florian; Duboc, Carole
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 9
Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries – a review
journal, January 2013
- Bresser, Dominic; Passerini, Stefano; Scrosati, Bruno
- Chemical Communications, Vol. 49, Issue 90
Lithium-Sulfur Cells: The Gap between the State-of-the-Art and the Requirements for High Energy Battery Cells
journal, April 2015
- Hagen, Markus; Hanselmann, Dominik; Ahlbrecht, Katharina
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16, 1401986
Understanding the Lithium Sulfur Battery System at Relevant Scales
journal, August 2015
- Xiao, Jie
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
Carbon–sulfur composites for Li–S batteries: status and prospects
journal, January 2013
- Wang, Da-Wei; Zeng, Qingcong; Zhou, Guangmin
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 33
Recent advances in lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, December 2014
- Chen, Lin; Shaw, Leon L.
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 267
Recent Advances in Lithium Sulfide Cathode Materials and Their Use in Lithium Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2015
- Son, Yoonkook; Lee, Jung-Soo; Son, Yeonguk
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
Structural Design of Cathodes for Li-S Batteries
journal, April 2015
- Pope, Michael A.; Aksay, Ilhan A.
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
In Situ Synthesis of Bipyramidal Sulfur with 3D Carbon Nanotube Framework for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, December 2013
- Wang, Lina; Zhao, Yu; Thomas, Morgan L.
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 15
Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Promoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High-Areal-Capacity Sulfur Cathode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, October 2013
- Song, Jiangxuan; Xu, Terrence; Gordin, Mikhail L.
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 9
High capacity micro-mesoporous carbon–sulfur nanocomposite cathodes with enhanced cycling stability prepared by a solvent-free procedure
journal, January 2013
- Thieme, Sören; Brückner, Jan; Bauer, Ingolf
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 32
Nitrogen-Doped Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Sandwiches: Facile Catalytic Growth on Bifunctional Natural Catalysts and Their Applications as Scaffolds for High-Rate Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2014
- Tang, Cheng; Zhang, Qiang; Zhao, Meng-Qiang
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 35
Hierarchical Vine-Tree-Like Carbon Nanotube Architectures: In-Situ CVD Self-Assembly and Their Use as Robust Scaffolds for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, September 2014
- Zhao, Meng-Qiang; Peng, Hong-Jie; Tian, Gui-Li
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 41
Enabling Prominent High-Rate and Cycle Performances in One Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Designing Permselective Gateways for Li + Transportation in Holey-CNT/S Cathodes
journal, May 2015
- Zhou, Yin; Zhou, Chenggang; Li, Qiyang
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 25
Sulfur-Based Composite Cathode Materials for High-Energy Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
journal, September 2014
- Wang, Jiulin; He, Yu-Shi; Yang, Jun
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 3
ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium-Sulfur Battery
journal, November 2014
- Strubel, Patrick; Thieme, Sören; Biemelt, Tim
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 2
A Hierarchical Particle-Shell Architecture for Long-Term Cycle Stability of Li 2 S Cathodes
journal, August 2015
- Wu, Feixiang; Lee, Jung Tae; Fan, Feifei
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 37
The Lithium/Sulfur Rechargeable Cell
journal, January 2002
- Shim, Joongpyo; Striebel, Kathryn A.; Cairns, Elton J.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 149, Issue 10
High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Challenges of Thick Sulfur Cathodes
journal, March 2015
- Lv, Dongping; Zheng, Jianming; Li, Qiuyan
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16, Article No. 1402290
Aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes with high sulfur content for lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, March 2014
- Cheng, Xin-Bing; Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhang, Qiang
- Nano Energy, Vol. 4
Robust, Ultra-Tough Flexible Cathodes for High-Energy Li-S Batteries
journal, December 2015
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Chang, Chi-Hao; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Small, Vol. 12, Issue 7
A Revolution in Electrodes: Recent Progress in Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, December 2014
- Fang, Xin; Peng, Huisheng
- Small, Vol. 11, Issue 13
Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2015
- Zhang, Shiguo; Ueno, Kazuhide; Dokko, Kaoru
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
Sulfur-Impregnated Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth as a Binder-Free Cathode for Rechargeable Li-S Batteries
journal, November 2011
- Elazari, Ran; Salitra, Gregory; Garsuch, Arnd
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 47, p. 5641-5644
Novel positive electrode architecture for rechargeable lithium/sulfur batteries
journal, August 2012
- Barchasz, Céline; Mesguich, Frédéric; Dijon, Jean
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 211
Carbonized Eggshell Membrane as a Natural Polysulfide Reservoir for Highly Reversible Li-S Batteries
journal, November 2013
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 9
Eggshell Membrane-Derived Polysulfide Absorbents for Highly Stable and Reversible Lithium–Sulfur Cells
journal, September 2014
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 10
Three-dimensional aluminum foam/carbon nanotube scaffolds as long- and short-range electron pathways with improved sulfur loading for high energy density lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, September 2014
- Cheng, Xin-Bing; Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 261
A Graphene-Pure-Sulfur Sandwich Structure for Ultrafast, Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, November 2013
- Zhou, Guangmin; Pei, Songfeng; Li, Lu
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 4
A hierarchical carbonized paper with controllable thickness as a modulable interlayer system for high performance Li–S batteries
journal, January 2014
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Chemical Communications, Vol. 50, Issue 32
Porous Carbon Mat as an Electrochemical Testing Platform for Investigating the Polysulfide Retention of Various Cathode Configurations in Li–S Cells
journal, May 2015
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Singhal, Richa; Kalra, Vibha
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 12
Mesoporous Carbon Interlayers with Tailored Pore Volume as Polysulfide Reservoir for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, February 2015
- Balach, Juan; Jaumann, Tony; Klose, Markus
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 9
Enhanced performance of lithium sulfur battery with self-assembly polypyrrole nanotube film as the functional interlayer
journal, January 2015
- Ma, Guoqiang; Wen, Zhaoyin; Wang, Qingsong
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273
A Lightweight TiO 2 /Graphene Interlayer, Applied as a Highly Effective Polysulfide Absorbent for Fast, Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, March 2015
- Xiao, Zhubing; Yang, Zhi; Wang, Lu
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 18
Bifunctional Separator with a Light-Weight Carbon-Coating for Dynamically and Statically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, June 2014
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 33
A Polyethylene Glycol-Supported Microporous Carbon Coating as a Polysulfide Trap for Utilizing Pure Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, September 2014
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 43
Electrochemically Stable Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Filter for Polysulfide
journal, July 2015
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Han, Pauline; Singhal, Richa
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 18
Functional Mesoporous Carbon-Coated Separator for Long-Life, High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, July 2015
- Balach, Juan; Jaumann, Tony; Klose, Markus
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 33
Ultra-lightweight PANiNF/MWCNT-functionalized separators with synergistic suppression of polysulfide migration for Li–S batteries with pure sulfur cathodes
journal, January 2015
- Chang, Chi-Hao; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 37
Enhanced rate capability and cycle stability of lithium–sulfur batteries with a bifunctional MCNT@PEG-modified separator
journal, January 2015
- Wang, Guanchao; Lai, Yanqing; Zhang, Zhian
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 13
Effective Stabilization of a High-Loading Sulfur Cathode and a Lithium-Metal Anode in Li-S Batteries Utilizing SWCNT-Modulated Separators
journal, November 2015
- Chang, Chi-Hao; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Small, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Reconfiguration of lithium sulphur batteries: “Enhancement of Li–S cell performance by employing a highly porous conductive separator coating”
journal, March 2016
- Stoeck, Ulrich; Balach, Juan; Klose, Markus
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 309
Ionic shield for polysulfides towards highly-stable lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, January 2014
- Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhang, Qiang; Peng, Hong-Jie
- Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 1
Fabrication of a nano-Li + -channel interlayer for high performance Li–S battery application
journal, January 2015
- Yan, Na; Yang, Xiaofei; Zhou, Wei
- RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 33
Multi-functional separator/interlayer system for high-stable lithium-sulfur batteries: Progress and prospects
journal, November 2015
- Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhang, Qiang; Wei, Fei
- Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 1
Permselective Graphene Oxide Membrane for Highly Stable and Anti-Self-Discharge Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, February 2015
- Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhuang, Ting-Zhou; Zhang, Qiang
- ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Highly-flexible 3D Li2S/graphene cathode for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries
journal, September 2016
- He, Jiarui; Chen, Yuanfu; Lv, Weiqiang
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 327
Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Graphene-CNT@Se: A Highly Efficient Freestanding Cathode for Li–Se Batteries
journal, April 2016
- He, Jiarui; Chen, Yuanfu; Lv, Weiqiang
- ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Lithium Iodide as a Promising Electrolyte Additive for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement
journal, November 2014
- Wu, Feixiang; Lee, Jung Tae; Nitta, Naoki
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2015
- Cao, Ruiguo; Xu, Wu; Lv, Dongping
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 16
New insight into the discharge process of sulfur cathode by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
journal, April 2009
- Yuan, Lixia; Qiu, Xinping; Chen, Liquan
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 189, Issue 1
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of a sulfur-multi walled carbon nanotubes composite as a cathode material for lithium sulfur batteries
journal, March 2012
- Ahn, Wook; Kim, Kwang-Bum; Jung, Kyu-Nam
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 202
Capacity fading in lithium/sulfur batteries: A linear four-state model
journal, December 2014
- Risse, Sebastian; Angioletti-Uberti, Stefano; Dzubiella, Joachim
- Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 267
Highly Reversible Lithium/Dissolved Polysulfide Batteries with Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
journal, May 2013
- Fu, Yongzhu; Su, Yu-Sheng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 27
Insight into the Effect of Boron Doping on Sulfur/Carbon Cathode in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2014
- Yang, Chun-Peng; Yin, Ya-Xia; Ye, Huan
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 11
Advances in Li–S batteries
journal, January 2010
- Ji, Xiulei; Nazar, Linda F.
- Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 44, p. 9821-9826
Works referencing / citing this record:
Structural Design of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Practical Application
journal, June 2018
- Yang, Xiaofei; Li, Xia; Adair, Keegan
- Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Vol. 1, Issue 3
Progress on the Critical Parameters for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries to be Practically Viable
journal, May 2018
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Chang, Chi-Hao; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 28
A Facile, Low-Cost Hot-Pressing Process for Fabricating Lithium-Sulfur Cells with Stable Dynamic and Static Electrochemistry
journal, October 2018
- Chung, Sheng-Heng; Lai, Ke-Yu; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 46
Dual confinement of sulphur with rGO-wrapped microporous carbon from β-cyclodextrin nanosponges as a cathode material for Li–S batteries
journal, June 2017
- Zubair, Usman; Anceschi, Anastasia; Caldera, Fabrizio
- Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 12
Review on High-Loading and High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2017
- Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi; Cheng, Xin-Bing
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 24
Vapour induced phase inversion: preparing high performance self-standing sponge-like electrodes with a sulfur loading of over 10 mg cm −2
journal, January 2018
- Yu, Ying; Zhang, Hongzhang; Yang, Xiaofei
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 47
A Flexible 3D Multifunctional MgO-Decorated Carbon Foam@CNTs Hybrid as Self-Supported Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, August 2017
- Xiang, Mingwu; Wu, Hao; Liu, Heng
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 37
Separator Decoration with Cobalt/Nitrogen Codoped Carbon for Highly Efficient Polysulfide Confinement in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
journal, August 2017
- Hu, Wen; Hirota, Yuichiro; Zhu, Yexin
- ChemSusChem, Vol. 10, Issue 18
Stabilizing Lithium-Sulfur Batteries through Control of Sulfur Aggregation and Polysulfide Dissolution
journal, April 2018
- Liu, Qian; Zhang, Jianhua; He, Shu-Ang
- Small, Vol. 14, Issue 20
Multi-functional nanowall arrays with unrestricted Li + transport channels and an integrated conductive network for high-areal-capacity Li–S batteries
journal, January 2018
- Yang, Xiaofei; Yu, Ying; Lin, Xiaoting
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 45
In Situ Synthesis of Sulfur Host with Chemisorption and Electrocatalytic Capability toward High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
journal, April 2019
- Yu, Huali; Guo, Xiaoqing; Liu, Xiaofei
- Energy Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 12
Graphene/Sulfur@Graphene Composite Structure Material for a Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode
journal, March 2019
- Tao, Zengren; Xiao, Jianrong; Yang, Zhiyun
- Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2019
Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries
journal, May 2019
- Chung, Sheng‐Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 27
Figures / Tables found in this record:
Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.