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Title: New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers

Abstract

In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers’ complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [1]
  1. Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Fuel Cell Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office
OSTI Identifier:
1341223
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1393613
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Chemical Reviews
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Chemical Reviews Journal Volume: 117 Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0009-2665
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats

Kusoglu, Ahmet, and Weber, Adam Z. New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159.
Kusoglu, Ahmet, & Weber, Adam Z. New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159
Kusoglu, Ahmet, and Weber, Adam Z. Mon . "New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159.
@article{osti_1341223,
title = {New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers},
author = {Kusoglu, Ahmet and Weber, Adam Z.},
abstractNote = {In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers’ complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159},
journal = {Chemical Reviews},
number = 3,
volume = 117,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jan 23 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Mon Jan 23 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159

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An Integrated 1-Dimensional Model of a Photoelectrochemical Cell for Water Splitting
journal, January 2014

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Interdiffusion of Exchanging Counterions in Poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) Membrane
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Wetting and Absorption of Water Drops on Nafion Films
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Membrane degradation during combined chemical and mechanical accelerated stress testing of polymer electrolyte fuel cells
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in Nafion 1100 EW Membrane and in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
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Mechanical behavior of fuel cell membranes under humidity cycles and effect of swelling anisotropy on the fatigue stresses
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Electronic Structure and Vibrational Mode Study of Nafion Membrane Interfacial Water Interactions
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A degradation study of Nafion proton exchange membrane of PEM fuel cells
journal, June 2007


Investigation of Humidity Dependent Surface Morphology and Proton Conduction in Multi-Acid Side Chain Membranes by Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy
journal, October 2015

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Orientation of Drawn Nafion at Molecular and Mesoscopic Scales
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Mechanical properties of Nafion 212 proton exchange membrane subjected to hygrothermal aging
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Electrical conductivity, ionic conductivity, optical absorption, and gas separation properties of ionically conductive polymer membranes embedded with Si microwire arrays
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A New Insight into Nafion Structure
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On mechanical behavior and in-plane modeling of constrained PEM fuel cell membranes subjected to hydration and temperature cycles
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Hydrogen crossover in high-temperature PEM fuel cells
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Role of Mechanical Factors in Controlling the Structure–Function Relationship of PFSA Ionomers
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Crack Formation in Membrane Electrode Assembly Under Static and Cyclic Loadings
journal, March 2013

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Electroosmotic Drag Coefficient of Proton Exchange Membrane as a Function of Relative Humidity
journal, August 2009

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Unassisted solar-driven photoelectrosynthetic HI splitting using membrane-embedded Si microwire arrays
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1 H Solid-State NMR Study of Nanothin Nafion Films
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Study on water uptake of proton exchange membrane by using tritiated water sorption method
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Electro-osmotic drag coefficient and proton conductivity in Nafion® membrane for PEMFC
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Dynamic Water Uptake of Flexible Ion-Containing Polymer Networks
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Nano structure of NAFION: a SAXS study
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Viscoelastic Stress Analysis of Constrained Proton Exchange Membranes Under Humidity Cycling
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Mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membrane and PEM fuel cell durability
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The Priority and Challenge of High-Power Performance of Low-Platinum Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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Correlating Humidity-Dependent Ionically Conductive Surface Area with Transport Phenomena in Proton-Exchange Membranes
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Counterion Condensation in Nafion
journal, November 2011

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Mechanical and transport property modifications of perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes prepared with mixed organic and inorganic counterions
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State of Understanding of Nafion
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Electrospun and Cross-Linked Nanofiber Composite Anion Exchange Membranes
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Surface Characterization of Argon-Plasma-Modified Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes
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Cerium(III) as a Stabilizer of Perfluorinated Membranes Used in Fuel Cells: In Situ Detection of Early Events in the ESR Resonator
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The influence of the cationic form and degree of hydration on the structure of Nafion™
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Diffusion Coefficients of Alkali Metal Cations in Nafion® from Ion‐Exchange Measurements: An Advanced Kinetic Model
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Mechanical properties of Nafion and titania/Nafion composite membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
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Consideration of thermodynamic, transport, and mechanical properties in the design of polymer electrolyte membranes for higher temperature fuel cell operation
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Hydration structure of strongly bound water on the sulfonic acid group in a Nafion membrane studied by infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculation
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Linear coupling of alignment with transport in a polymer electrolyte membrane
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Interfacial Water Transport Measurements in Nafion Thin Films Using a Quartz-Crystal Microbalance
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Behavior of water below the freezing point in PEFCs
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Characterisation of a re-cast composite Nafion® 1100 series of proton exchange membranes incorporating inert inorganic oxide particles
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CO2CH4 transport in polyperfluorosulfonate ionomers: Effects of polar solvents on permeation and solubility
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Degradation of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane Water Permeance via Formation of Sulfonic Acid Anhydrides
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Surface-Induced Micelle Orientation in Nafion Films
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Key counter ion parameters governing polluted nafion membrane properties
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Temperature-dependent structure changes in Nafion ionomer studied by PCMW2D IR correlation spectroscopy
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Stress-Strain Behavior of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes at Various Temperatures and Humidities: Experiments and Phenomenological Modeling
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Structure/property relationship of Nafion XL composite membranes
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Mechanical and thermal behavior of ionic polymer–metal composites: effects of electroded metals
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Phase separation in perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes
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In situ analysis of water management in operating fuel cells by confocal Raman spectroscopy
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Investigation of polymer electrolyte membrane chemical degradation and degradation mitigation using in situ fluorescence spectroscopy
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DSC and DVS Investigation of Water Mobility in Nafion/Zeolite Composite Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
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Proton exchange membrane electrolysis sustained by water vapor
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Steady state analysis of water vapor transport in ionomers
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Kinetics of Water Sorption in NafionThin Films − Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study
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Reversible Tuning of Chemical Structure of Nafion Cast Film by Heat and Acid Treatment
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Nanoscale impedance and complex properties in energy-related systems
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Physical properties and supermolecular structure of perfluorinated ion-containing (nafion) polymers
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Effect of ammonium ion distribution on Nafion® conductivity
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A SANS determination of the influence of external conditions on the nanostructure of nafion membrane
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SANS Study of the Effects of Water Vapor Sorption on the Nanoscale Structure of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid (NAFION) Membranes
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Ionic and electronic impedance imaging using atomic force microscopy
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Analysis of in situ water transport in Nafion® by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy
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Vapor-fed microfluidic hydrogen generator
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Humidity and Temperature Dependences of Oxygen Transport Resistance of Nafion Thin Film on Platinum Electrode
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Factors enabling high mobility of protons and water in perfluorosulfonate membranes under low hydration conditions
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Fatigue and creep to leak tests of proton exchange membranes using pressure-loaded blisters
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Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations investigating proton transfer in perfluorosulfonic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes
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Swelling study of perfluorosulphonated ionomer membranes
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The Contamination Mechanism and Behavior of Amide Bond Containing Organic Contaminant on PEMFC
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A comparative study of the hydrated morphologies of perfluorosulfonic acid fuel cell membranes with mesoscopic simulations
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Gas permeation in a dry Nafion membrane
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Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion® 117 Membranes
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Investigation of Water Distribution in a Membrane in an Operating PEMFC by Environmental MRI
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Proton Conductivity of Nafion 117 as Measured by a Four-Electrode AC Impedance Method
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Insight into the structural construction of a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane derived from a polymeric dispersion
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The effect of equivalent weight, temperature, cationic forms, sorbates, and nanoinorganic additives on the sorption behavior of Nafion®
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Neutron Imaging Technique for In Situ Measurement of Water Transport Gradients within Nafion in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
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Water Dynamics in Nafion Fuel Cell Membranes:  The Effects of Confinement and Structural Changes on the Hydrogen Bond Network
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Phase segregation of sulfonate groups in Nafion interface lamellae, quantified via neutron reflectometry fitting techniques for multi-layered structures
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Fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy of acid Nafion membranes and solutions
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Studies of the thermal behavior of Nafion® membranes treated with aluminum(III)
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An Investigation of the Ionic Conductivity and Species Crossover of Lithiated Nafion 117 in Nonaqueous Electrolytes
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A Steady Permeation Method for Measuring Water Transport Properties of Fuel Cell Membranes
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Mechanoelectrical Phenomena In Ionic Polymers
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Experimental Measurement of Stress and Strain in Nafion Membrane during Hydration Cycles
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Changes in the chemical structure and properties of a perfluorosulfonated acid membrane induced by fuel-cell operation
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Water in polymer electrolyte fuel cells: Friend or foe?
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Mechanical properties of a reinforced composite polymer electrolyte membrane and its simulated performance in PEM fuel cells
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Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Proton Hopping in a Model Polymer Membrane
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About the Interactions Controlling Nafion’s Viscoelastic Properties and Morphology
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Fast Water Diffusion and Long-Term Polymer Reorganization during Nafion Membrane Hydration Evidenced by Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
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Proton Conductivity Study of a Fuel Cell Membrane with Nanoscale Resolution
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Structure and related properties of solution-cast perfluorosulfonated ionomer films
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Beneficial effect of carbon nanotubes on the performances of Nafion membranes in fuel cell applications
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Triblock copolymer ionomer membranes
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Numerical evaluation of crack growth in polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes based on plastically dissipated energy
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Positron Annihilation Lifetime Study of High and Low Free Volume Glassy Polymers:  Effects of Free Volume Sizes on the Permeability and Permselectivity
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High-Resolution Imaging of Ionic Domains and Crystal Morphology in Ionomers Using AFM Techniques
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High frequency dielectric studies of hydrated Nafion®
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Simulation of equivalent weight dependence of Nafion morphologies and predicted trends regarding water diffusion
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A time and hydration dependent viscoplastic model for polyelectrolyte membranes in fuel cells
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Micromechanical analysis of ionic clustering in Nafion perfluorinated membrane
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Liquid transport through sulfonated cation-exchange membranes for different water–alcohol solutions
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Self-diffusion coefficient of water in Nafion-117 membrane with different monovalent counterions: a radiotracer study
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Investigation of proton-conducting solids
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Electro-osmotic Drag of Water in Poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) Membranes
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Impact of hygrothermal aging on structure/function relationship of perfluorosulfonic-acid membrane
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Study of the activation energy for transport of water and methanol through a Nafion membrane
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A unified morphological description of Nafion membranes from SAXS and mesoscale simulations
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Qualitative behavior of vanadium ions in Nafion membranes using electron spin resonance
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Fuel cell rejuvenation of hygrothermally aged Nafion®
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Salt diffusion through cation-exchange membranes in alcohol–water solutions
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Absence of Schroeder's paradox: Experimental evidence for water-swollen Nafion® membranes
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Divalent/monovalent cation uptake selectivity in a Nafion cation-exchange membrane: Experimental and modeling studies
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Water–polymer interfacial area in Nafion: Comparison with structural models
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Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Proton Transport in 3M and Nafion Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes
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Carbon dioxide permeability of proton exchange membranes for fuel cells
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Molecular Simulation of Gas Adsorption, Diffusion, and Permeation in Hydrated Nafion Membranes
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Effects of Low Concentration Levels of Calcium and Magnesium in the Feed Brine on the Performance of a Membrane Chlor-Alkali Cell
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Analysis of Oxygen Transport Resistance of Nafion Thin Film on Pt Electrode
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Carbon Nanotubes Based Nafion Composite Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
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Novel Organic−Inorganic Hybrids with Increased Water Retention for Elevated Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Application
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The effect of relative humidity on the gas permeability and swelling in PFSI membranes
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Oxygen and hydrogen permeation properties and water uptake of Nafion® 117 membrane and recast film for PEM fuel cell
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Swelling and permeability of Nafion®117 in water–methanol solutions: An experimental and modelling investigation
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Viscosity of Nafion Oligomers as a Function of Hydration and Counterion Type: A Molecular Dynamics Study
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Mechanical properties of catalyst coated membranes for fuel cells
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Zirconium phosphate Nafion® composites — a microstructure-based explanation of mechanical and conductivity properties
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Selective hydration of the ‘short-side-chain’ perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. An ONIOM study
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The nature of proton transport in fully hydrated Nafion®
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Characterizing the fracture resistance of proton exchange membranes
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Dispersion of Rod-like Particles of Nafion in Salt-Free Water/1-Propanol and Water/Ethanol Solutions
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Determination of O 2 Mass Transport at the Pt | PFSA Ionomer Interface under Reduced Relative Humidity
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Electroosmotic drag in polymer electrolyte membranes: an electrophoretic NMR study
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An overview of electro-osmosis in fuel cell polymer electrolytes
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Non-Fickian Diffusion of Water in Nafion
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The Effect of Na[sup +] Impurities on the Conductivity and Water Uptake of Nafion 115 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes
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Resolving the Contradiction between Anomalously High Water Uptake and Low Conductivity of Nanothin Nafion films on SiO 2 Substrate
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Block Copolymers for Fuel Cells
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Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotube loading on the properties of Nafion® membranes
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New Multi Acid Side-Chain Ionomers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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Gas Permeation in SPE Method
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The effect of membrane thickness on the conductivity of Nafion
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Nafion Structural Phenomena at Platinum and Carbon Interfaces
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Thermal stability and decomposition of nafion® membranes with different cations
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Anisotropic Proton Conduction in Aligned Block Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes at Equilibrium with Humid Air
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Supercritical fluid CO 2 processing and counter ion substitution of nafion® membranes
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The effects of thermal annealing on commercial Nafion® membranes
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The effect of molecular weight on cation mobility in polymer electrolytes
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Mechanisms of Ion and Water Transport in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells
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Proton Transport Property in Supported Nafion Nanothin Films by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
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CO2 permeability in Nafion® EW1100 at elevated temperature
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Water and methanol transport in Nafion membranes with different cationic forms
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Understanding Impacts of Catalyst-Layer Thickness on Fuel-Cell Performance via Mathematical Modeling
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Measurement of water content distribution in catalyst coated membranes under water permeation conditions by magnetic resonance imaging
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FTIR-ATR Study of Water Distribution in a Short-Side-Chain PFSI Membrane
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Chemical and Ionic Conductivity Degradation of Ultra-Thin Ionomer Film by X-ray Beam Exposure
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In-situ Measurement of Crystalline Lattice Strains in Polytetrafluoroethylene
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Humidity-Dependent Structure of Surface Water on Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Thin Film Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy
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Time-Dependent Mass Transport for O2 Reduction at the Pt   Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Interface
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Effects of water freezing on the mechanical properties of nafion membranes
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Transport and equilibrium properties of Nafion® membranes with H+ and Na+ ions
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Free volume and permeabilities of O2 and H2 in Nafion membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
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In-Depth Profiling of Degradation Processes in a Fuel Cell: 2D Spectral-Spatial FTIR Spectra of Nafion Membranes
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Nafion degradation in PEFCs from end plate iron contamination
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Backbone Dynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Studied by19F-13C Solid-State NMR
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Elucidating Water Transport Mechanisms in Nafion Thin Films
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Water States in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nafion Oligomer Solvation in Equimolar Methanol−Water Mixture
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Effect of Molecular Weight on Hydrated Morphologies of the Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane
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Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Nafion Composite Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications
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Beyond Nafion: Charged Macromolecules Tailored for Performance as Ionic Polymer Transducers
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Morphology and properties of Nafion membranes prepared by solution casting
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Water diffusion measurement in fuel-cell SPE membrane by NMR
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Influence of hygrothermal aging on the gas and water transport properties of Nafion® membranes
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Quantifying the Structural Changes of Perfluorosulfonated Acid Ionomer upon Reaction with Hydroxyl Radicals
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Zeolite-based composite membranes for high temperature direct methanol fuel cells
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Novel technique for measuring oxygen crossover through the membrane in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
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Thermodynamic considerations on the stability of water in Nafion
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Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Study of Water Dynamics in Hydrated Nafion Membranes
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A Study of Capillary Porous Structure and Sorption Properties of Nafion Proton-Exchange Membranes Swollen in Water
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Microstructure and Molecular Mobilities in Swollen Nafion Membranes
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Pervaporation separation of dimethyl carbonate/methanol mixtures with regenerated perfluoro-ion-exchange membranes in chlor-alkali industry
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PEMFC contamination model: Foreign cation exchange with ionomer protons
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Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of structural changes in nafion membranes induced by swelling with various solvents
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Transport of methanol and water through Nafion membranes
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Atomistic Simulation of Nafion Membrane:  I. Effect of Hydration on Membrane Nanostructure
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Prediction of anisotropic transport in Nafion containing catalyst layers
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Patterning with block copolymer thin films
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Spatial and temporal mapping of water content across Nafion membranes under wetting and drying conditions
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The Influence of Electric Field on Crossover in Redox-Flow Batteries
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Composite membranes based on Nafion® and plasma treated clay charges: Elaboration and water sorption investigations
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Characterization of electrosprayed Nafion films
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Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems
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Unprecedented Structural Sensitivity toward Average Terrace Width: Nafion Adsorption at Pt{ hkl } Electrodes
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Water crystallization inside fuel cell membranes probed by X-ray scattering
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Interpretation of small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering data for perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes
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Vibrational and thermal characterization of Nafion® membranes substituted by alkaline earth cations
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Advanced grazing-incidence techniques for modern soft-matter materials analysis
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Free volume and percolation in S-SEBS and fluorocarbon proton conducting membranes
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Pore Size Distribution and Water Uptake in Hydrocarbon and Perfluorinated Proton‐Exchange Membranes as Studied by NMR Cryoporometry
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PFG-NMR approach to determining the water transport mechanism in polymer electrolyte membranes conditioned at different temperatures
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Characterization of the Solvation and Transport of the Hydrated Proton in the Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane Nafion
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Relationship between ionic conductivity of perfluorinated ionomeric membranes and nonaqueous solvent properties
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Nanophase Structure and Diffusion in Swollen Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer:  An NMR Approach
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Langmuir–Blodgett films of different ionomeric polymers deposited on electrode surfaces
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Effective diffusivity in partially-saturated carbon-fiber gas diffusion layers: Effect of through-plane saturation distribution
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XPS Analysis of Polymer Membrane Degradation in PEMFCs
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Phase Behavior and Microdomain Structure in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomers via Self-Consistent Mean Field Theory
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Properties of Nafion® NR-211 membranes for PEMFCs
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Nafion–Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes with High Filler Loadings: Conductivity and Mechanical Properties
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Processing and Pretreatment Effects on Vanadium Transport in Nafion Membranes
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Comparison of two accelerated Nafion™ degradation experiments
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Using Indentation to Quantify Transport Properties of Nanophase-Segregated Polymer Thin Films
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Electro-osmosis in Nafion 117, Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid, and Polybenzimidazole
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Nanostructure/Swelling Relationships of Bulk and Thin-Film PFSA Ionomers
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Ionic Conductivity of an Extruded Nafion 1100 EW Series of Membranes
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Nature of Water Transport and Electro-Osmosis in Nafion: Insights from First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations under an Electric Field
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Effects of Synchrotron Radiation on Fuel Cell Materials
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Methanol-Water Solution Transport in Nafion Membranes with Different Cationic Forms
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Thickness dependence of thermally induced changes in surface and bulk properties of Nafion ® nanofilms
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In-Situ Measurement of Electroosmotic Drag Coefficient in Nafion Membrane for the PEMFC
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Welding of Nafion® – The influence of time, temperature and pressure
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Mechanical properties of Nafion™ electrolyte membranes under hydrated conditions
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Characterizing Through-Plane and In-Plane Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
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Thermodynamics of water sorption by perfluorosulphonate (Nafion-117) and polystyrene–divinylbenzene sulphonate (Dowex 50W) ion-exchange resins at 298 ± 1 K
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Pore-Water Morphological Transitions in Polymer Electrolyte of a Fuel Cell
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Steady-State Diffusion Coefficients for Water in Nafion in the Absence of Inert Gas
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On the development of proton conducting materials for technological applications
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Proton Solvation and Transport in Realistic Proton Exchange Membrane Morphologies
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Proton conductivity along interface in thin cast film of Nafion®
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Possible presence of hydrophilic SO 3 H nanoclusters on the surface of dry ultrathin Nafion® films: a positron annihilation study
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Gas-Crossover and Membrane-Pinhole Effects in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells
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Neutron Imaging of Water Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Membranes and Membrane-Electrode Assemblies
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Gas permeation in perflurosulfonated membranes: Influence of temperature and relative humidity
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Transient behavior of water transport in the membrane of a PEM fuel cell
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Proton Exchange Membrane Performance Characterization in VRFB
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Morphology of Hydrated As-Cast Nafion Revealed through Cryo Electron Tomography
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Visualising Liquid Water in PEM Fuel Cells Using Neutron Imaging
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Low Temperature Membrane Properties
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Solvent effects during multicomponent ion uptake into a Nafion cation-exchange membrane
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Self-diffusion coefficients of water in Nafion-117 membrane with multivalent counterions
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Broadband dielectric spectroscopic studies of molecular motions in a Nafion® membrane vs. annealing time and temperature
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Measurement of Water Transport Properties Through Membrane-Electrode Assemblies
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On the swelling properties of proton conducting membranes for direct methanol fuel cells
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TEOM: A novel technique for investigating sorption in proton-exchange membranes
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Sorption and transport of methanol and ethanol in H+-nafion
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Water sorption in Nafion® membranes analyzed with an improved dual-mode sorption model—Structure/property relationships
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In Situ High-Resolution Neutron Radiography of Cross-Sectional Liquid Water Profiles in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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Mathematical Modelling of Cation Contamination in a Proton-exchange Membrane
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Kinetic Simulation of the Chemical Stabilization Mechanism in Fuel Cell Membranes Using Cerium and Manganese Redox Couples
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Force field generation and molecular dynamics simulations of Li+–Nafion
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Characteristics of Microscopic Proton Current Flow Distributions in Fresh and Aged Nafion Membranes
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Structure and transport properties of solution-cast Nafion® membranes subjected to hygrothermal aging
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Temperature Dependence of Ion and Water Transport in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells
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Diffusion and Sorption of Methanol and Water in Nafion Using Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared−Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy
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Temperature-Dependent Dynamics of Water Confined in Nafion Membranes
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Surface Observation of Solvent-Impregnated Nafion Membrane with Atomic Force Microscopy
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Molecular Simulation Study of Nafion Membrane Solvation in Water and Methanol
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Configuration Changes of Conducting Channel Network in Nafion Membranes due to Thermal Annealing
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Effect of SiO 2 on Relaxation Phenomena and Mechanism of Ion Conductivity of [Nafion/(SiO 2 ) x ] Composite Membranes
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Effect of Hygrothermal Ageing on PFSA Ionomers' Structure/Property Relationship
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Effect of Mechanical Compression on Chemical Degradation of Nafion Membranes
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Application of the group contribution approach to Nafion swelling
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The effect of water content on chain dynamics in nafion membranes measured by neutron spin echo and dielectric spectroscopy
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Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Battery Cell Performance Study
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Investigation of proton diffusion in Nafion®117 membrane by electrical conductivity and NMR
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Uncovering the Structure of Nafion-SiO 2 Hybrid Ionomer Membranes for Prospective Large-Scale Energy Storage Devices
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Ion and Water Transport Characteristics in Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Containing H[sup +] and Ca[sup 2+] Cations
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Controlling Nafion Structure and Properties via Wetting Interactions
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Design and performance of a Nafion dryer for continuous operation at CO2 and CH4 air monitoring sites
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Bromine Diffusion Through Nafion® Perfluorinated Ion Exchange Membranes
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of a Nafion Polyelectrolyte Membrane and the Aqueous Phase Structure for Proton Transport
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Short-side-chain proton conducting perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers: Why they perform better in PEM fuel cells
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Mass spectrometry to quantify and compare the gas barrier properties of radiation grafted membranes and Nafion®
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Modeling of Conductive Transport in Proton-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells
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Interaction of H2O, CH3OH, (CH3)2O, CH3CN, and Pyridine with the Superacid Perfluorosulfonic Membrane Nafion: An IR and Raman Study
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Imaging of Water Profiles in PEM Fuel Cells Using Neutron Radiography: Effect of Operating Conditions and GDL Composition
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Water Vapor Sorption Thermodynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Membrane
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Ion Exchange Capacity of Nafion and Nafion Composites
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Structure, properties and proton conductivity of nanocomposite membranes
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Morphology of water transport channels and hydrophobic clusters in Nafion from high spatial resolution AFM-IR spectroscopy and imaging
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Factors Which Affect the Permselectivity of Nafion® Membranes in Chlor‐Alkali Electrolysis, I
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Far-infrared studies on Nafion and perfluoroimide acid (PFIA) and their alkali salts
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