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Title: Measurements of Sub-degree B-mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data

Abstract

We present a measurement of the $$B$$-mode polarization power spectrum (the $BB$ spectrum) from 100 $$\mathrm{deg}^2$$ of sky observed with SPTpol, a polarization-sensitive receiver currently installed on the South Pole Telescope. The observations used in this work were taken during 2012 and early 2013 and include data in spectral bands centered at 95 and 150 GHz. We report the $BB$ spectrum in five bins in multipole space, spanning the range $$300 \le \ell \le 2300$$, and for three spectral combinations: 95 GHz $$\times$$ 95 GHz, 95 GHz $$\times$$ 150 GHz, and 150 GHz $$\times$$ 150 GHz. We subtract small ($$< 0.5 \sigma$$ in units of statistical uncertainty) biases from these spectra and account for the uncertainty in those biases. The resulting power spectra are inconsistent with zero power but consistent with predictions for the $BB$ spectrum arising from the gravitational lensing of $$E$$-mode polarization. If we assume no other source of $BB$ power besides lensed $$B$$ modes, we determine a preference for lensed $$B$$ modes of $$4.9 \sigma$$. After marginalizing over tensor power and foregrounds, namely polarized emission from galactic dust and extragalactic sources, this significance is $$4.3 \sigma$$. Fitting for a single parameter, $$A_\mathrm{lens}$$, that multiplies the predicted lensed $$B$$-mode spectrum, and marginalizing over tensor power and foregrounds, we find $$A_\mathrm{lens} = 1.08 \pm 0.26$$, indicating that our measured spectra are consistent with the signal expected from gravitational lensing. The data presented here provide the best measurement to date of the $$B$$-mode power spectrum on these angular scales.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [14];  [15];  [16];  [17];  [18];  [3];  [19] more »;  [20];  [16];  [8];  [3];  [21];  [22];  [21];  [8];  [21];  [3];  [16];  [6];  [3];  [8];  [23];  [24];  [25];  [17];  [26];  [6];  [27];  [28];  [29];  [30];  [17];  [2];  [8];  [31];  [32];  [33];  [34];  [35];  [35];  [35];  [36];  [17];  [37];  [38];  [2];  [5];  [39];  [40];  [41];  [3];  [41];  [42] « less
  1. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
  2. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Physics
  3. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
  4. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences
  5. Cardiff Univ. (United Kingdom). School of Physics and Astronomy
  6. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
  7. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences; National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States). NIST Quantum Devices Group
  8. National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States). NIST Quantum Devices Group
  9. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada). Dept of Physics; Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division
  10. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics; Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
  11. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept of Physics; Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division
  12. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept of Physics; Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Enrico Fermi Inst.
  13. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. Astronomy and Astrophysics
  14. Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (South Africa). School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science
  15. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  16. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics
  17. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  18. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics; California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  19. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada). Dept of Physics; Canadian Inst. for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON (Canada). CIFAR Program in Cosmology and Gravity
  20. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences
  21. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada). Dept of Physics
  22. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences; Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Physics
  23. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  24. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
  25. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Physics Division
  26. National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States). NIST Quantum Devices Group; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  27. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). Steward Observatory
  28. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics
  29. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division
  30. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Physics; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Enrico Fermi Inst.
  31. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
  32. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  33. Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States). School of Physics and Astronomy
  34. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics; Univ. of Melbourne (Australia). School of Physics
  35. Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States). Center for Education and Research in Cosmology and Astrophysics and Physics Dept.
  36. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics; Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Enrico Fermi Inst.; School of the Art Inst. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States). Liberal Arts Dept.
  37. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada). Dept of Physics; Three-Speed Logic, Inc., Vancouver, BC (Canada)
  38. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
  39. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Dunlap Inst. for Astronomy & Astrophysics; Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics
  40. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Astronomy Dept.; Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Dept. of Physics
  41. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). High Energy Physics Division
  42. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Dept. of Physics; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Contributing Org.:
SPT
OSTI Identifier:
1390209
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1390207
Report Number(s):
arXiv:1503.02315; FERMILAB-PUB-15-672-AE
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; 1351177
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359; AC02-06CH11357; AC02-05CH11231; PLR-1248097; PHY-0114422; GBMF#947; AST-1402161
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 807; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmic background radiation; cosmology observations

Citation Formats

Keisler, R., Hoover, S., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Austermann, J. E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Cho, H-M., Citron, R., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., Gao, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Halverson, N. W., Hanson, D., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Li, D., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., and Zahn, O. Measurements of Sub-degree B-mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/151.
Keisler, R., Hoover, S., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Austermann, J. E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Cho, H-M., Citron, R., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., Gao, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Halverson, N. W., Hanson, D., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Li, D., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., & Zahn, O. Measurements of Sub-degree B-mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/151
Keisler, R., Hoover, S., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Ade, P. A. R., Aird, K. A., Austermann, J. E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Cho, H-M., Citron, R., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., Gao, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Halverson, N. W., Hanson, D., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Li, D., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., and Zahn, O. Thu . "Measurements of Sub-degree B-mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/151. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1390209.
@article{osti_1390209,
title = {Measurements of Sub-degree B-mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data},
author = {Keisler, R. and Hoover, S. and Harrington, N. and Henning, J. W. and Ade, P. A. R. and Aird, K. A. and Austermann, J. E. and Beall, J. A. and Bender, A. N. and Benson, B. A. and Bleem, L. E. and Carlstrom, J. E. and Chang, C. L. and Chiang, H. C. and Cho, H-M. and Citron, R. and Crawford, T. M. and Crites, A. T. and de Haan, T. and Dobbs, M. A. and Everett, W. and Gallicchio, J. and Gao, J. and George, E. M. and Gilbert, A. and Halverson, N. W. and Hanson, D. and Hilton, G. C. and Holder, G. P. and Holzapfel, W. L. and Hou, Z. and Hrubes, J. D. and Huang, N. and Hubmayr, J. and Irwin, K. D. and Knox, L. and Lee, A. T. and Leitch, E. M. and Li, D. and Luong-Van, D. and Marrone, D. P. and McMahon, J. J. and Mehl, J. and Meyer, S. S. and Mocanu, L. and Natoli, T. and Nibarger, J. P. and Novosad, V. and Padin, S. and Pryke, C. and Reichardt, C. L. and Ruhl, J. E. and Saliwanchik, B. R. and Sayre, J. T. and Schaffer, K. K. and Shirokoff, E. and Smecher, G. and Stark, A. A. and Story, K. T. and Tucker, C. and Vanderlinde, K. and Vieira, J. D. and Wang, G. and Whitehorn, N. and Yefremenko, V. and Zahn, O.},
abstractNote = {We present a measurement of the $B$-mode polarization power spectrum (the $BB$ spectrum) from 100 $\mathrm{deg}^2$ of sky observed with SPTpol, a polarization-sensitive receiver currently installed on the South Pole Telescope. The observations used in this work were taken during 2012 and early 2013 and include data in spectral bands centered at 95 and 150 GHz. We report the $BB$ spectrum in five bins in multipole space, spanning the range $300 \le \ell \le 2300$, and for three spectral combinations: 95 GHz $\times$ 95 GHz, 95 GHz $\times$ 150 GHz, and 150 GHz $\times$ 150 GHz. We subtract small ($< 0.5 \sigma$ in units of statistical uncertainty) biases from these spectra and account for the uncertainty in those biases. The resulting power spectra are inconsistent with zero power but consistent with predictions for the $BB$ spectrum arising from the gravitational lensing of $E$-mode polarization. If we assume no other source of $BB$ power besides lensed $B$ modes, we determine a preference for lensed $B$ modes of $4.9 \sigma$. After marginalizing over tensor power and foregrounds, namely polarized emission from galactic dust and extragalactic sources, this significance is $4.3 \sigma$. Fitting for a single parameter, $A_\mathrm{lens}$, that multiplies the predicted lensed $B$-mode spectrum, and marginalizing over tensor power and foregrounds, we find $A_\mathrm{lens} = 1.08 \pm 0.26$, indicating that our measured spectra are consistent with the signal expected from gravitational lensing. The data presented here provide the best measurement to date of the $B$-mode power spectrum on these angular scales.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/151},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 807,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jul 09 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Thu Jul 09 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}

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journal, September 2016

  • Marozzi, Giovanni; Fanizza, Giuseppe; Dio, Enea Di
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 09
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2016/09/028

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: two-season ACTPol spectra and parameters
journal, June 2017

  • Louis, Thibaut; Grace, Emily; Hasselfield, Matthew
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 06
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2017/06/031

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: Survey requirements and mission design
journal, April 2018

  • Delabrouille, J.; de Bernardis, P.; Bouchet, F. R.
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 04
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/04/014

Dark energy, α-attractors, and large-scale structure surveys
journal, June 2018

  • Akrami, Yashar; Kallosh, Renata; Linde, Andrei
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 06
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/06/041

CMB lensing reconstruction biases in cross-correlation with large-scale structure probes
journal, October 2019

  • Fabbian, Giulio; Lewis, Antony; Beck, Dominic
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/10/057

CMB lensing tomography with the DES Science Verification galaxies
journal, January 2016

  • Giannantonio, T.; Fosalba, P.; Cawthon, R.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 456, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv2678

Impact of modelling foreground uncertainties on future CMB polarization satellite experiments
journal, April 2017

  • Hervías-Caimapo, Carlos; Bonaldi, Anna; Brown, Michael L.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx826

ABS: an analytical method of blind separation of CMB from foregrounds
journal, January 2019

  • Zhang, Pengjie; Zhang, Jun; Zhang, Le
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz091

Fractional polarization of extragalactic sources in the 500 deg2 SPTpol survey
journal, October 2019

  • Gupta, N.; Reichardt, C. L.; Ade, P. A. R.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2905

Rotation of the CMB polarization by foreground lensing
journal, August 2019


Constraining power of cosmological observables: Blind redshift spots and optimal ranges
journal, March 2019


Design and development of an ambient-temperature continuously-rotating achromatic half-wave plate for CMB polarization modulation on the POLARBEAR-2 experiment
conference, July 2016

  • Hill, Charles A.; Beckman, Shawn; Chinone, Yuji
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2232280

Year two instrument status of the SPT-3G cosmic microwave background receiver
conference, August 2018

  • Carter, Faustin W.; Cecil, Thomas W.; Chang, Clarence L.
  • Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2312426

CMB Polarization B -mode Delensing with SPTpol and Herschel
journal, August 2017


Current and Future Constraints on Primordial Magnetic Fields
journal, September 2017

  • Sutton, Dylan R.; Feng, Chang; Reichardt, Christian L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa85e2

A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background B -mode Polarization Power Spectrum at Subdegree Scales from Two Years of polarbear Data
journal, October 2017


Measurements of the Temperature and E-mode Polarization of the CMB from 500 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data
journal, January 2018

  • Henning, J. W.; Sayre, J. T.; Reichardt, C. L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9ff4

Forecasting the Contribution of Polarized Extragalactic Radio Sources in CMB Observations
journal, May 2018


BICEP2/Keck Array XI: Beam Characterization and Temperature-to-Polarization Leakage in the BK15 Data Set
journal, October 2019


A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing Potential and Power Spectrum from 500 deg 2 of SPTpol Temperature and Polarization Data
journal, October 2019


Testing the ABS Method with the Simulated Planck Temperature Maps
journal, December 2018

  • Yao, Jian; Zhang, Le; Zhao, Yuxi
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 239, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaef7a

CMB lensing tomography with the DES Science Verification galaxies
text, January 2015


Towards a cosmological neutrino mass detection
text, January 2015


Gravitational-wave cosmology across 29 decades in frequency
text, January 2015


CMB-lensing beyond the Born approximation
text, January 2016


Simulated forecasts for primordial B-mode searches in ground-based experiments
text, January 2016


The Observational Future of Cosmological Scalar-Tensor Theories
text, January 2016


CMB Lens Sample Covariance and Consistency Relations
text, January 2016


CMB Polarization B-mode Delensing with SPTpol and Herschel
text, January 2017


Current and Future Constraints on Primordial Magnetic Fields
text, January 2017


Testing the ABS method with the simulated Planck temperature maps
text, January 2018


Constraining power of cosmological observables: blind redshift spots and optimal ranges
text, January 2018


Future CMB constraints on cosmic birefringence and implications for fundamental physics
text, January 2019


On-sky performance of the SPT-3G frequency-domain multiplexed readout
text, January 2019