Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy

Woo, Seonghoon; Song, Kyung Mee; Han, Hee-Sung; Jung, Min-Seung; Im, Mi-Young; Lee, Ki-Suk; Song, Kun Soo; Fischer, Peter; Hong, Jung-Il; Choi, Jun Woo; Min, Byoung-Chul; Koo, Hyun Cheol; Chang, Joonyeon

doi:10.1038/ncomms15573

Title: Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures with attractive properties suitable for high-density and low-power spintronic device applications. Much effort has been dedicated to understanding the dynamical behaviours of the magnetic skyrmions. However, experimental observation of the ultrafast dynamics of this chiral magnetic texture in real space, which is the hallmark of its quasiparticle nature, has so far remained elusive. Here, we report nanosecond-dynamics of a 100nm-diameter magnetic skyrmion during a current pulse application, using a time-resolved pump-probe soft X-ray imaging technique. We demonstrate that distinct dynamic excitation states of magnetic skyrmions, triggered by current-induced spin-orbit torques, can be reliably tuned by changing the magnitude of spin-orbit torques. Our findings show that the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions can be controlled by the spin-orbit torque on the nanosecond time scale, which points to exciting opportunities for ultrafast and novel skyrmionic appl ications in the future.

Authors:

^[1]; Song, Kyung Mee ^[2]; Han, Hee-Sung ^[3]; Jung, Min-Seung ^[4]; Im, Mi-Young ^[5];

^[3]; Song, Kun Soo ^[1];

^[6]; Hong, Jung-Il ^[7]; Choi, Jun Woo ^[1];

^[1]; Koo, Hyun Cheol ^[1]; Chang, Joonyeon ^[1]

Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Seoul (Korea) Center for Spintronics
Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Seoul (Korea) Center for Spintronics; Sookmyung Women's Univ., Seoul (Korea). Dept of Physics
Ulsan National Inst. of Science and Technology, Ulsan (Korea). School of Materials Science and Engineering
Daegu Gyeongbuk Inst. of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu (Korea). Dept. of Emerging Materials Science
Daegu Gyeongbuk Inst. of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu (Korea). Research Center for Emerging Materials; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Center for X-ray Optics
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
Daegu Gyeongbuk Inst. of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu (Korea). Dept. of Emerging Materials Science, Research Center for Emerging Materials

Publication Date:: Wed May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1379861

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; magnetic properties and materials; spintronics

Citation Formats


                    Woo, Seonghoon, Song, Kyung Mee, Han, Hee-Sung, Jung, Min-Seung, Im, Mi-Young, Lee, Ki-Suk, Song, Kun Soo, Fischer, Peter, Hong, Jung-Il, Choi, Jun Woo, Min, Byoung-Chul, Koo, Hyun Cheol, and Chang, Joonyeon. Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms15573.

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                    Woo, Seonghoon, Song, Kyung Mee, Han, Hee-Sung, Jung, Min-Seung, Im, Mi-Young, Lee, Ki-Suk, Song, Kun Soo, Fischer, Peter, Hong, Jung-Il, Choi, Jun Woo, Min, Byoung-Chul, Koo, Hyun Cheol, & Chang, Joonyeon. Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15573

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                    Woo, Seonghoon, Song, Kyung Mee, Han, Hee-Sung, Jung, Min-Seung, Im, Mi-Young, Lee, Ki-Suk, Song, Kun Soo, Fischer, Peter, Hong, Jung-Il, Choi, Jun Woo, Min, Byoung-Chul, Koo, Hyun Cheol, and Chang, Joonyeon. Wed .  
"Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15573.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1379861.

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@article{osti_1379861,

  title        = {Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy},

  author       = {Woo, Seonghoon and Song, Kyung Mee and Han, Hee-Sung and Jung, Min-Seung and Im, Mi-Young and Lee, Ki-Suk and Song, Kun Soo and Fischer, Peter and Hong, Jung-Il and Choi, Jun Woo and Min, Byoung-Chul and Koo, Hyun Cheol and Chang, Joonyeon},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures with attractive properties suitable for high-density and low-power spintronic device applications. Much effort has been dedicated to understanding the dynamical behaviours of the magnetic skyrmions. However, experimental observation of the ultrafast dynamics of this chiral magnetic texture in real space, which is the hallmark of its quasiparticle nature, has so far remained elusive. Here, we report nanosecond-dynamics of a 100nm-diameter magnetic skyrmion during a current pulse application, using a time-resolved pump-probe soft X-ray imaging technique. We demonstrate that distinct dynamic excitation states of magnetic skyrmions, triggered by current-induced spin-orbit torques, can be reliably tuned by changing the magnitude of spin-orbit torques. Our findings show that the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions can be controlled by the spin-orbit torque on the nanosecond time scale, which points to exciting opportunities for ultrafast and novel skyrmionic appl ications in the future.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms15573},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Wed May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/39/1/017501

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Spin–orbit torque switching of a ferromagnet with picosecond electrical pulses

Journal Article Jhuria, Kaushalya ; Hohlfeld, Julius ; Pattabi, Akshay ; ... - Nature Electronics

The development of approaches that can efficiently control the magnetization of magnetic materials is central to the creation of fast and low-power spintronic devices. Spin transfer torque can be used to electrically manipulate magnetic order in devices, but is typically limited to nanosecond timescales. Alternatively, spin–orbit torque can be employed, and switching with current pulses down to ~200 ps has been demonstrated. However, the upper limit to magnetization switching speed remains unestablished. Here, we show that photoconductive switches can be used to apply 6-ps-wide electrical pulses and deterministically switch the out-of-plane magnetization of a common thin cobalt film via spin–orbitmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-00488-3

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Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry

Journal Article Yu, Guoqiang ; Upadhyaya, Pramey ; Li, Xiang ; ... - Nano Letters

Magnetic skyrmions, which are topologically protected spin textures, are promising candidates for ultralow-energy and ultrahigh-density magnetic data storage and computing applications. To date, most experiments on skyrmions have been carried out at low temperatures. The choice of available materials is limited, and there is a lack of electrical means to control skyrmions in devices. In this work, we demonstrate a new method for creating a stable skyrmion bubble phase in the CoFeB–MgO material system at room temperature, by engineering the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the ferromagnetic layer. Importantly, we also demonstrate that artificially engineered symmetry breaking gives rise tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05257
Topological charge analysis of ultrafast single skyrmion creation

Journal Article Yin, Gen ; Li, Yufan ; Kong, Lingyao ; ... - Physical Review B

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically nontrivial spin textures of potential interest for future information storage applications, and for such purposes, the control and understanding of single skyrmion creation is required. As such, a scheme is analyzed to create single Néel-type and Bloch-type skyrmions in helimagnetic thin films utilizing the dynamical excitations induced by the Oersted field and the spin transfer torque given by a vertically injected spin-polarized current. A topological charge analysis using a lattice version of the topological charge provides insight into the locally triggered transition from a trivial to a nontrivial topological spin texture of the Néel or Blochmore »« less
Cited by 58
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.174403

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Direct observation of the skyrmion Hall effect

Journal Article Jiang, Wanjun ; Zhang, Xichao ; Yu, Guoqiang ; ... - Nature Physics

The well-known Hall effect describes the transverse deflection of charged particles (electrons/holes) as a result of the Lorentz force. Similarly, it is intriguing to examine if quasi-particles without an electric charge, but with a topological charge, show related transverse motion. Magnetic skyrmions with a well-defined spin texture with a unit topological charge serve as good candidates to test this hypothesis. In spite of the recent progress made on investigating magnetic skyrmions, direct observation of the skyrmion Hall effect has remained elusive. Here, by using a current-induced spin Hall spin torque, we experimentally demonstrate the skyrmion Hall effect, and the resultantmore »« less
Cited by 723
https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3883

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Title: Spin-orbit torque-driven skyrmion dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray microscopy

Abstract

Citation Formats

Giant facet-dependent spin-orbit torque and spin Hall conductivity in the triangular antiferromagnet IrMn 3 journal, September 2016

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum journal, May 2012

A thermodynamic theory of “weak” ferromagnetism of antiferromagnetics journal, January 1958

Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls journal, June 2013

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, January 2016

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature journal, January 2016

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Magnetic field driven domain-wall propagation in magnetic nanowires journal, August 2009

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries journal, September 2013

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet journal, February 2009

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films journal, December 2012

Skyrmion lattice in the doped semiconductor Fe 1 − x Co x Si journal, January 2010

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets journal, February 2016

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density journal, January 2012

Dynamically stabilized magnetic skyrmions journal, September 2015

Mobility of bubbles with small numbers of Bloch lines journal, November 1973

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures journal, February 2015

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions journal, July 2011

Classics in Magnetics A Phenomenological Theory of Damping in Ferromagnetic Materials journal, November 2004

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals journal, August 2006

Skyrmion Hall effect revealed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy journal, December 2016

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection journal, August 2011

Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer journal, January 2010

Breathing modes of confined skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic dots journal, August 2014

Steady-State Motion of Magnetic Domains journal, February 1973

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe journal, December 2010

Skyrmion Creation and Manipulation by Nano-Second Current Pulses journal, March 2016

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten journal, September 2012

Anisotropic Superexchange Interaction and Weak Ferromagnetism journal, October 1960

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles journal, June 2015

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet journal, February 2012

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal journal, June 2010

Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics journal, April 2004

Dynamics and switching processes for magnetic bubbles in nanoelements journal, June 2009

Eigenfrequencies of vortex state excitations in magnetic submicron-size disks journal, January 2002

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? journal, September 2011

Dynamically stabilized magnetic skyrmions text, January 2015

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet text, January 2009

Skyrmion Lattice in a Doped Semiconductor text, January 2009

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? text, January 2011

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten text, January 2012

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films text, January 2012

Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls text, January 2013

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries text, January 2013

Breathing modes of confined skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic dots text, January 2014

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection journal, August 2011

Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer journal, January 2010

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe journal, December 2010

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Erratum: Corrigendum: Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, August 2017

Erratum: Skyrmion Creation and Manipulation by Nano-Second Current Pulses journal, October 2016

Giant facet-dependent spin-orbit torque and spin Hall conductivity in the triangular antiferromagnet IrMn 3 journal, September 2016

Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics journal, April 2004

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum journal, May 2012

Spontaneous Skyrmion Ground States in Magnetic Metals text, January 2006

Current-driven dynamics and inhibition of the skyrmion Hall effect of ferrimagnetic skyrmions in GdFeCo films journal, March 2018

Observation of room-temperature polar skyrmions journal, April 2019

Direct current-tunable MHz to multi-GHz skyrmion generation and control journal, July 2019

Deterministic creation and deletion of a single magnetic skyrmion observed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy journal, May 2018

Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients journal, November 2019

Controlled modification of skyrmion information in a three-terminal racetrack memory journal, January 2019

Magnetic skyrmion bubble motion driven by surface acoustic waves journal, March 2018

Enhanced interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and isolated skyrmions in the inversion-symmetry-broken Ru/Co/W/Ru films journal, May 2018

Perspective: Magnetic skyrmions—Overview of recent progress in an active research field journal, December 2018

Spin torque nano-oscillators based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions journal, January 2019

Existence and stability of skyrmion bags in thin magnetic films journal, January 2020

Walker Breakdown with a Twist: Dynamics of Multilayer Domain Walls and Skyrmions Driven by Spin-Orbit Torque journal, October 2019

Long-wavelength emergent phonons in Bloch skyrmion crystals distorted by exchange anisotropy and tilted magnetic fields journal, October 2019

Role of La doping for topological Hall effect in epitaxial EuO films journal, March 2018

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers journal, July 2018

Skyrmions and Antiskyrmions in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Magnets journal, September 2018

Skyrmion Crystals and Phase Transitions in Magneto-Ferroelectric Superlattices: Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction in a Frustrated J1 − J2 Model journal, December 2019

Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients text, January 2019

Deterministic creation and deletion of a single magnetic skyrmion observed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy text, January 2017

Magnetic skyrmion bubble motion driven by surface acoustic waves text, January 2017

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers text, January 2017

Role of La doping for Topological Hall Effect in Epitaxial EuO Films text, January 2018

Giant facet-dependent spin-orbit torque and spin Hall conductivity in the triangular antiferromagnet IrMn ₃
journal, September 2016

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum
journal, May 2012

A thermodynamic theory of “weak” ferromagnetism of antiferromagnetics
journal, January 1958

Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls
journal, June 2013

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, January 2016

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature
journal, January 2016

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Magnetic field driven domain-wall propagation in magnetic nanowires
journal, August 2009

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
journal, September 2013

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
journal, February 2009

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films
journal, December 2012

Skyrmion lattice in the doped semiconductor ${Fe}_{1 - x} {Co}_{x} Si$
journal, January 2010

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
journal, February 2016

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density
journal, January 2012

Dynamically stabilized magnetic skyrmions
journal, September 2015

Mobility of bubbles with small numbers of Bloch lines
journal, November 1973

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures
journal, February 2015

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions
journal, July 2011

Classics in Magnetics A Phenomenological Theory of Damping in Ferromagnetic Materials
journal, November 2004

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals
journal, August 2006

Skyrmion Hall effect revealed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy
journal, December 2016

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection
journal, August 2011

Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer
journal, January 2010

Breathing modes of confined skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic dots
journal, August 2014

Steady-State Motion of Magnetic Domains
journal, February 1973

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe
journal, December 2010

Skyrmion Creation and Manipulation by Nano-Second Current Pulses
journal, March 2016

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten
journal, September 2012

Anisotropic Superexchange Interaction and Weak Ferromagnetism
journal, October 1960

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles
journal, June 2015

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet
journal, February 2012

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
journal, June 2010

Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics
journal, April 2004

Dynamics and switching processes for magnetic bubbles in nanoelements
journal, June 2009

Eigenfrequencies of vortex state excitations in magnetic submicron-size disks
journal, January 2002

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
journal, September 2011

Dynamically stabilized magnetic skyrmions
text, January 2015

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
text, January 2009

Skyrmion Lattice in a Doped Semiconductor
text, January 2009

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
text, January 2011

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten
text, January 2012

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films
text, January 2012

Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls
text, January 2013

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
text, January 2013

Breathing modes of confined skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic dots
text, January 2014

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection
journal, August 2011

Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer
journal, January 2010

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe
journal, December 2010

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Erratum: Corrigendum: Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, August 2017

Erratum: Skyrmion Creation and Manipulation by Nano-Second Current Pulses
journal, October 2016

Giant facet-dependent spin-orbit torque and spin Hall conductivity in the triangular antiferromagnet IrMn ₃
journal, September 2016

Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics
journal, April 2004

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum
journal, May 2012

Spontaneous Skyrmion Ground States in Magnetic Metals
text, January 2006

Current-driven dynamics and inhibition of the skyrmion Hall effect of ferrimagnetic skyrmions in GdFeCo films
journal, March 2018

Observation of room-temperature polar skyrmions
journal, April 2019

Direct current-tunable MHz to multi-GHz skyrmion generation and control
journal, July 2019

Deterministic creation and deletion of a single magnetic skyrmion observed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy
journal, May 2018

Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients
journal, November 2019

Controlled modification of skyrmion information in a three-terminal racetrack memory
journal, January 2019

Magnetic skyrmion bubble motion driven by surface acoustic waves
journal, March 2018

Enhanced interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and isolated skyrmions in the inversion-symmetry-broken Ru/Co/W/Ru films
journal, May 2018

Perspective: Magnetic skyrmions—Overview of recent progress in an active research field
journal, December 2018

Spin torque nano-oscillators based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions
journal, January 2019

Existence and stability of skyrmion bags in thin magnetic films
journal, January 2020

Walker Breakdown with a Twist: Dynamics of Multilayer Domain Walls and Skyrmions Driven by Spin-Orbit Torque
journal, October 2019

Long-wavelength emergent phonons in Bloch skyrmion crystals distorted by exchange anisotropy and tilted magnetic fields
journal, October 2019

Role of La doping for topological Hall effect in epitaxial EuO films
journal, March 2018

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers
journal, July 2018

Skyrmions and Antiskyrmions in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Magnets
journal, September 2018

Skyrmion Crystals and Phase Transitions in Magneto-Ferroelectric Superlattices: Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction in a Frustrated J1 − J2 Model
journal, December 2019

Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients
text, January 2019

Deterministic creation and deletion of a single magnetic skyrmion observed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy
text, January 2017

Magnetic skyrmion bubble motion driven by surface acoustic waves
text, January 2017

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers
text, January 2017

Role of La doping for Topological Hall Effect in Epitaxial EuO Films
text, January 2018

Skyrmions and antiskyrmions in quasi-two-dimensional magnets
text, January 2018

Spin torque nano-oscillators based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions
text, January 2018

Individual skyrmion manipulation by local magnetic field gradients
text, January 2019