Amorphous calcium carbonate particles form coral skeletons

Mass, Tali; Giuffre, Anthony J.; Sun, Chang -Yu; Stifler, Cayla A.; Frazier, Matthew J.; Neder, Maayan; Tamura, Nobumichi; Stan, Camelia V.; Marcus, Matthew A.; Gilbert, Pupa U. P. A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1707890114

Title: Amorphous calcium carbonate particles form coral skeletons

Journal Article · 28 August 2017 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707890114 · OSTI ID:1377090

Mass, Tali ^[1]; Giuffre, Anthony J. ^[2]; Sun, Chang -Yu ^[2]; Stifler, Cayla A. ^[2]; Frazier, Matthew J. ^[2]; Neder, Maayan ^[3]; Tamura, Nobumichi ^[4]; Stan, Camelia V. ^[4]; Marcus, Matthew A. ^[4];

^[2]

Univ. of Haifa, Haifa (Israel)
Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (United States)
Univ. of Haifa, Haifa (Israel); The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Science, Eilat (Israel)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Do corals form their skeletons by precipitation from solution or by attachment of amorphous precursor particles as observed in other minerals and biominerals? The classical model assumes precipitation in contrast with observed “vital effects,” that is, deviations from elemental and isotopic compositions at thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we show direct spectromicroscopy evidence in Stylophora pistillata corals that two amorphous precursors exist, one hydrated and one anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC); that these are formed in the tissue as 400-nm particles; and that they attach to the surface of coral skeletons, remain amorphous for hours, and finally, crystallize into aragonite (CaCO₃). We show in both coral and synthetic aragonite spherulites that crystal growth by attachment of ACC particles is more than 100 times faster than ion-by-ion growth from solution. Fast growth provides a distinct physiological advantage to corals in the rigors of the reef, a crowded and fiercely competitive ecosystem. Corals are affected by warming-induced bleaching and postmortem dissolution, but the finding here that ACC particles are formed inside tissue may make coral skeleton formation less susceptible to ocean acidification than previously assumed. If this is how other corals form their skeletons, perhaps this is how a few corals survived past CO₂ increases, such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum that occurred 56 Mya.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; FG02-07ER15899; BSF-2010065; BSF-2014035

OSTI ID:: 1377090

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1408474

Journal Information:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, Issue 37; ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (United States)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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