Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder

Trembacki, Bradley L.; Noble, David R.; Brunini, Victor E.; Ferraro, Mark E.; Roberts, Scott A.

doi:10.1149/2.0601711jes

Title: Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery electrodes are composed of active material particles, binder, and conductive additives that form an electrolyte-filled porous particle composite. The mesoscale (particle-scale) interplay of electrochemistry, mechanical deformation, and transport through this tortuous multi-component network dictates the performance of a battery at the cell-level. Effective electrode properties connect mesoscale phenomena with computationally feasible battery-scale simulations. We utilize published tomography data to reconstruct a large subsection (1000+ particles) of an NMC333 cathode into a computational mesh and extract electrode-scale effective properties from finite element continuum-scale simulations. We present a novel method to preferentially place a composite binder phase throughout the mesostructure, a necessary approach due difficulty distinguishing between non-active phases in tomographic data. We compare stress generation and effective thermal, electrical, and ionic conductivities across several binder placement approaches. Isotropic lithiation-dependent mechanical swelling of the NMC particles and the consideration of strain-dependent composite binder conductivity significantly impact the resulting effective property trends and stresses generated. Lastly, our results suggest that composite binder location significantly affects mesoscale behavior, indicating that a binder coating on active particles is not sufficient and that more accurate approaches should be used when calculating effective properties that will inform battery-scale models in this inherently multi-scale battery simulationmore » challenge.« less

Authors:

Trembacki, Bradley L. ^[1]; Noble, David R. ^[1]; Brunini, Victor E. ^[1]; Ferraro, Mark E. ^[1];

^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Jul 26 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1374748

Report Number(s):: SAND-2017-7904J
Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651; 655696

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 164; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; effective properties; lithium-ion battery; mechanics; mesoscale; modeling; NMC cathode; simulation; stress; transport

Citation Formats


                    Trembacki, Bradley L., Noble, David R., Brunini, Victor E., Ferraro, Mark E., and Roberts, Scott A. Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1149/2.0601711jes.

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                    Trembacki, Bradley L., Noble, David R., Brunini, Victor E., Ferraro, Mark E., & Roberts, Scott A. Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0601711jes

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                    Trembacki, Bradley L., Noble, David R., Brunini, Victor E., Ferraro, Mark E., and Roberts, Scott A. Wed .  
"Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0601711jes.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374748.

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@article{osti_1374748,

  title        = {Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder},

  author       = {Trembacki, Bradley L. and Noble, David R. and Brunini, Victor E. and Ferraro, Mark E. and Roberts, Scott A.},

  abstractNote = {Lithium-ion battery electrodes are composed of active material particles, binder, and conductive additives that form an electrolyte-filled porous particle composite. The mesoscale (particle-scale) interplay of electrochemistry, mechanical deformation, and transport through this tortuous multi-component network dictates the performance of a battery at the cell-level. Effective electrode properties connect mesoscale phenomena with computationally feasible battery-scale simulations. We utilize published tomography data to reconstruct a large subsection (1000+ particles) of an NMC333 cathode into a computational mesh and extract electrode-scale effective properties from finite element continuum-scale simulations. We present a novel method to preferentially place a composite binder phase throughout the mesostructure, a necessary approach due difficulty distinguishing between non-active phases in tomographic data. We compare stress generation and effective thermal, electrical, and ionic conductivities across several binder placement approaches. Isotropic lithiation-dependent mechanical swelling of the NMC particles and the consideration of strain-dependent composite binder conductivity significantly impact the resulting effective property trends and stresses generated. Lastly, our results suggest that composite binder location significantly affects mesoscale behavior, indicating that a binder coating on active particles is not sufficient and that more accurate approaches should be used when calculating effective properties that will inform battery-scale models in this inherently multi-scale battery simulation challenge.},

  doi          = {10.1149/2.0601711jes},

  journal      = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 164,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jul 26 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Wed Jul 26 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Representative volume element model of lithium-ion battery electrodes based on X-ray nano-tomography
journal, January 2017

Kashkooli, Ali Ghorbani; Amirfazli, Amir; Farhad, Siamak
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/s10800-016-1037-y

Time-dependent deformation behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride binder: Implications on the mechanics of composite electrodes
journal, November 2016

Santimetaneedol, Arnuparp; Tripuraneni, Rajasekhar; Chester, Shawn A.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 332
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.102

Safer Batteries through Coupled Multiscale Modeling
journal, January 2015

Turner, John; Allu, Srikanth; Berrill, Mark
Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 51
DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.286

Works referencing / citing this record:

Mechanical, Electrical, and Ionic Behavior of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes via Discrete Element Method Simulations
journal, April 2019

Sangrós Giménez, Clara; Schilde, Carsten; Froböse, Linus
Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1002/ente.201900180

Progress in 3D electrode microstructure modelling for fuel cells and batteries: transport and electrochemical performance
journal, July 2019

Zhang, Duo; Bertei, Antonio; Tariq, Farid
Progress in Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ab38c7

Mesoscale Electrochemical Performance Simulation of 3D Interpenetrating Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
journal, January 2019

Trembacki, Bradley; Duoss, Eric; Oxberry, Geoffrey
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1149/2.0031906jes

Volume-Averaged Electrochemical Performance Modeling of 3D Interpenetrating Battery Electrode Architectures
journal, September 2019

Trembacki, Bradley L.; Vadakkepatt, Ajay; Roberts, Scott A.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1149/2.0072001jes

A Multi-Physics Battery Model with Particle Scale Resolution of Porosity Evolution Driven by Intercalation Strain and Electrolyte Flow
journal, January 2018

Wang, Z.; Garikipati, K.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1149/2.0141811jes

Editors' Choice—Mesoscale Analysis of Conductive Binder Domain Morphology in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
journal, January 2018

Trembacki, Bradley L.; Mistry, Aashutosh N.; Noble, David R.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1149/2.0981813jes

A multi-physics battery model with particle scale resolution of porosity evolution driven by intercalation strain and electrolyte flow
preprint, January 2018

Wang, Zhenlin; Garikipati, Krishna
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1804.06436

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Editors' Choice—Mesoscale Analysis of Conductive Binder Domain Morphology in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

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Typical lithium-ion battery electrodes are porous composites comprised of active material, conductive additives, and polymeric binder, with liquid electrolyte filling the pores. The mesoscale morphology of these constituent phases has a significant impact on both electrochemical reactions and transport across the electrode, which can ultimately limit macroscale battery performance. We reconstruct published X-ray computed tomography (XCT) data from a NMC333 cathode to study mesoscale electrode behavior on an as-manufactured electrode geometry. We present and compare two distinct models that computationally generate a composite binder domain (CBD) phase that represents both the polymeric binder and conductive additives. We compare the effectmore »« less
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Battery electrodes are composed of polydisperse particles and a porous, composite binder domain. These materials are arranged into a complex mesostructure whose morphology impacts both electrochemical performance and mechanical response. We present image-based, particle-resolved, mesoscale finite element model simulations of coupled electrochemical-mechanical performance on a representative NMC electrode domain. Beyond predicting macroscale quantities such as half-cell voltage and evolving electrical conductivity, studying behaviors on a per-particle and per-surface basis enables performance and material design insights previously unachievable. Voltage losses are primarily attributable to a complex interplay between interfacial charge transfer kinetics, lithium diffusion, and, locally, electrical conductivity. Mesoscale heterogeneities arisemore »« less
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Title: Mesoscale Effective Property Simulations Incorporating Conductive Binder

Abstract

Citation Formats

Binder effect on cycling performance of silicon/carbon composite anodes for lithium ion batteries journal, August 2006

Composition and Manufacturing Effects on Electrical Conductivity of Li/FeS 2 Thermal Battery Cathodes journal, January 2016

Three-dimensional finite element study on stress generation in synchrotron X-ray tomography reconstructed nickel-manganese-cobalt based half cell journal, December 2016

Analysis of Long-Range Interaction in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes journal, August 2016

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Grid indentation analysis of mechanical properties of composite electrodes in Li-ion batteries journal, December 2016

A Framework for Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Modeling of Anisotropic Swelling and Mechanical Deformation in Lithium-Ion Electrodes journal, January 2014

Investigation of binder distribution in graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries journal, February 2017

Progressive mechanical indentation of large-format Li-ion cells journal, February 2017

Comparing Macroscale and Microscale Simulations of Porous Battery Electrodes journal, January 2017

Three-Phase Multiscale Modeling of a LiCoO 2 Cathode: Combining the Advantages of FIB-SEM Imaging and X-Ray Tomography journal, November 2014

A conformal decomposition finite element method for modeling stationary fluid interface problems journal, January 2009

Simulation and Optimization of the Dual Lithium Ion Insertion Cell journal, January 1994

Investigation of film solidification and binder migration during drying of Li-Ion battery anodes journal, June 2016

Modeling and in situ characterization of lithiation-induced stress in electrodes during the coupled mechano-electro-chemical process journal, February 2017

Thermal-Electrochemical Modeling of Battery Systems journal, January 2000

A Coupled Finite Volume Method for Particle Scale Electrochemical Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries conference, April 2014

Three Dimensional Simulation of Galvanostatic Discharge of LiCoO 2 Cathode Based on X-ray Nano-CT Images journal, January 2012

Visualization and Quantification of Electrochemical and Mechanical Degradation in Li Ion Batteries journal, October 2013

Evolution of the 3D Microstructure of a Si-Based Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Investigated by FIB/SEM Tomography journal, January 2016

Thermal conductivity of carbon black journal, September 1979

Study on microstructures of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries using variational multi-scale enrichment journal, May 2016

X-Ray Tomography of Porous, Transition Metal Oxide Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes journal, March 2013

Communication—Technique for Visualization and Quantification of Lithium-Ion Battery Separator Microstructure journal, January 2016

Morphology of nanoporous carbon-binder domains in Li-ion batteries—A FIB-SEM study journal, November 2015

Analytical Investigation of Binder’s Role on the Diffusion Induced Stresses in Lithium Ion Battery through a Representative System of Spherical Isolated Electrode Particle Enclosed by Binder journal, January 2017

Vegard’s law journal, March 1991

Local Tortuosity Inhomogeneities in a Lithium Battery Composite Electrode journal, January 2011

Electrochemical and Physical Properties of Ti-Substituted Layered Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Cathode Materials journal, January 2012

Batteries: Imaging degradation journal, November 2016

The use of contrast enhancement techniques in X-ray imaging of lithium–ion battery electrodes journal, November 2016

Numerical and experimental evaluation of the relationship between porous electrode structure and effective conductivity of ions and electrons in lithium-ion batteries journal, February 2017

A conformal decomposition finite element method for arbitrary discontinuities on moving interfaces: CDFEM FOR ARBITRARY DISCONTINUITIES ON MOVING INTERFACES journal, June 2014

Electrochemical and In Situ X‐Ray Diffraction Studies of Lithium Intercalation in LixCoO2 journal, January 1992

Conductivity Degradation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composite Binder during Cycling: Measurements and Simulations for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, January 2016

Enhanced Imaging of Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Materials journal, September 2016

Micro-Scale Modeling of Li-Ion Batteries: Parameterization and Validation journal, January 2012

Geometric and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Electrode with Different Calendering Conditions journal, April 2017

Quantifying tortuosity in porous Li-ion battery materials journal, March 2009

Structural and thermal properties of PVDF/PVA blends journal, March 2009

Simulation of diffusion-induced stress using reconstructed electrodes particle structures generated by micro/nano-CT journal, July 2012

Observation of Microstructural Evolution in Li Battery Cathode Oxide Particles by In Situ Electron Microscopy journal, May 2013

The thermal conductivity of dimethyl carbonate in the liquid phase journal, June 2004

Scaling Relations for Intercalation Induced Damage in Electrodes journal, June 2016

A multiphysics microstructure-resolved model for silicon anode lithium-ion batteries journal, April 2017

Mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene)/Super-S carbon black swelled in liquid solvent as an electrode binder for lithium-ion batteries journal, January 2004

Critical Role of Polymeric Binders on the Electronic Transport Properties of Composites Electrode journal, January 2006

Comparison of Modeling Predictions with Experimental Data from Plastic Lithium Ion Cells journal, January 1996

Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells journal, January 2014

Characterization of Electronic and Ionic Transport in Li 1- x Ni 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 (NMC 333 ) and Li 1- x Ni 0.50 Mn 0.20 Co 0.30 O 2 (NMC 523 ) as a Function of Li Content journal, January 2016

A three-dimensional meso-macroscopic model for Li-Ion intercalation batteries journal, September 2016

Three-dimensional electrochemical Li-ion battery modelling featuring a focused ion-beam/scanning electron microscopy based three-phase reconstruction of a LiCoO2 cathode journal, January 2014

Determination of the size of the representative volume element for random composites: statistical and numerical approach journal, June 2003

Effects of Various Conductive Additive and Polymeric Binder Contents on the Performance of a Lithium-Ion Composite Cathode journal, January 2008

Effects of three-dimensional cathode microstructure on the performance of lithium-ion battery cathodes journal, January 2013

Three-dimensional investigation of cycling-induced microstructural changes in lithium-ion battery cathodes using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy journal, February 2016

Intercalation-Induced Stress and Heat Generation within Single Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Particles journal, January 2008

A Combination of X-Ray Tomography and Carbon Binder Modeling: Reconstructing the Three Phases of LiCoO 2 Li-Ion Battery Cathodes journal, January 2014

Relating the 3D electrode morphology to Li-ion battery performance; a case for LiFePO 4 journal, August 2016

Three-dimensional particle-resolved models of Li-ion batteries to assist the evaluation of empirical parameters in one-dimensional models journal, March 2012

A Computational Model of the Mechanical Behavior within Reconstructed LixCoO2 Li-ion Battery Cathode Particles journal, June 2014

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review journal, February 2016

Overcharge Performance of 3,7-Bis(trifluoromethyl)- N -ethylphenothiazine at High Concentration in Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2015

Degradation effects on the surface of commercial LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 electrodes journal, December 2016

A new open computational framework for highly-resolved coupled three-dimensional multiphysics simulations of Li-ion cells journal, January 2014

Role of Plastic Deformation of Binder on Stress Evolution during Charging and Discharging in Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes journal, January 2013

Three-Phase 3D Reconstruction of a LiCoO 2 Cathode via FIB-SEM Tomography journal, January 2016

Fracture Analysis of the Cathode in Li-Ion Batteries: A Simulation Study journal, January 2012

Microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery electrodes during drying – An ex-situ study using cryogenic broad ion beam slope-cutting and scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-BIB-SEM) journal, March 2017

Multiple imaging mode X-ray computed tomography for distinguishing active and inactive phases in lithium-ion battery cathodes journal, June 2015

Multiscale modeling of lithium-ion battery electrodes based on nano-scale X-ray computed tomography journal, March 2016

Mechanical and Electrochemical Response of a LiCoO2 Cathode using Reconstructed Microstructures journal, February 2016

The effect of binders on the rheological properties and the microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery anode slurries journal, December 2015

Thermal Conductivity of A x BO 2 -type Layered Oxides Na 0.77 MnO 2 and LiCoO 2 journal, February 2002

Mechanical Degradation of Graphite/PVDF Composite Electrodes: A Model-Experimental Study journal, December 2015

Mechanical abuse simulation and thermal runaway risks of large-format Li-ion batteries journal, February 2017

Binder effect on cycling performance of silicon/carbon composite anodes for lithium ion batteries
journal, August 2006

Composition and Manufacturing Effects on Electrical Conductivity of Li/FeS ₂ Thermal Battery Cathodes
journal, January 2016

Three-dimensional finite element study on stress generation in synchrotron X-ray tomography reconstructed nickel-manganese-cobalt based half cell
journal, December 2016

Analysis of Long-Range Interaction in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
journal, August 2016

A Microstructural Resolved Model for the Stress Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2014

Electrochemomechanics of Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Review
journal, August 2016

Grid indentation analysis of mechanical properties of composite electrodes in Li-ion batteries
journal, December 2016

A Framework for Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Modeling of Anisotropic Swelling and Mechanical Deformation in Lithium-Ion Electrodes
journal, January 2014

Investigation of binder distribution in graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries
journal, February 2017

Progressive mechanical indentation of large-format Li-ion cells
journal, February 2017

Comparing Macroscale and Microscale Simulations of Porous Battery Electrodes
journal, January 2017

Three-Phase Multiscale Modeling of a LiCoO ₂ Cathode: Combining the Advantages of FIB-SEM Imaging and X-Ray Tomography
journal, November 2014

A conformal decomposition finite element method for modeling stationary fluid interface problems
journal, January 2009

Simulation and Optimization of the Dual Lithium Ion Insertion Cell
journal, January 1994

Investigation of film solidification and binder migration during drying of Li-Ion battery anodes
journal, June 2016

Modeling and in situ characterization of lithiation-induced stress in electrodes during the coupled mechano-electro-chemical process
journal, February 2017

Thermal-Electrochemical Modeling of Battery Systems
journal, January 2000

A Coupled Finite Volume Method for Particle Scale Electrochemical Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
conference, April 2014

Three Dimensional Simulation of Galvanostatic Discharge of LiCoO ₂ Cathode Based on X-ray Nano-CT Images
journal, January 2012

Visualization and Quantification of Electrochemical and Mechanical Degradation in Li Ion Batteries
journal, October 2013

Evolution of the 3D Microstructure of a Si-Based Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Investigated by FIB/SEM Tomography
journal, January 2016

Thermal conductivity of carbon black
journal, September 1979

Study on microstructures of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries using variational multi-scale enrichment
journal, May 2016

X-Ray Tomography of Porous, Transition Metal Oxide Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
journal, March 2013

Communication—Technique for Visualization and Quantification of Lithium-Ion Battery Separator Microstructure
journal, January 2016

Morphology of nanoporous carbon-binder domains in Li-ion batteries—A FIB-SEM study
journal, November 2015

Analytical Investigation of Binder’s Role on the Diffusion Induced Stresses in Lithium Ion Battery through a Representative System of Spherical Isolated Electrode Particle Enclosed by Binder
journal, January 2017

Vegard’s law
journal, March 1991

Local Tortuosity Inhomogeneities in a Lithium Battery Composite Electrode
journal, January 2011

Electrochemical and Physical Properties of Ti-Substituted Layered Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Cathode Materials
journal, January 2012

Batteries: Imaging degradation
journal, November 2016

The use of contrast enhancement techniques in X-ray imaging of lithium–ion battery electrodes
journal, November 2016

Numerical and experimental evaluation of the relationship between porous electrode structure and effective conductivity of ions and electrons in lithium-ion batteries
journal, February 2017

A conformal decomposition finite element method for arbitrary discontinuities on moving interfaces: CDFEM FOR ARBITRARY DISCONTINUITIES ON MOVING INTERFACES
journal, June 2014

Electrochemical and In Situ X‐Ray Diffraction Studies of Lithium Intercalation in Li_xCoO₂
journal, January 1992

Conductivity Degradation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composite Binder during Cycling: Measurements and Simulations for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2016

Enhanced Imaging of Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Materials
journal, September 2016

Micro-Scale Modeling of Li-Ion Batteries: Parameterization and Validation
journal, January 2012

Geometric and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Electrode with Different Calendering Conditions
journal, April 2017

Quantifying tortuosity in porous Li-ion battery materials
journal, March 2009

Structural and thermal properties of PVDF/PVA blends
journal, March 2009

Simulation of diffusion-induced stress using reconstructed electrodes particle structures generated by micro/nano-CT
journal, July 2012

Observation of Microstructural Evolution in Li Battery Cathode Oxide Particles by In Situ Electron Microscopy
journal, May 2013

The thermal conductivity of dimethyl carbonate in the liquid phase
journal, June 2004

Scaling Relations for Intercalation Induced Damage in Electrodes
journal, June 2016

A multiphysics microstructure-resolved model for silicon anode lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2017

Mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene)/Super-S carbon black swelled in liquid solvent as an electrode binder for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2004

Critical Role of Polymeric Binders on the Electronic Transport Properties of Composites Electrode
journal, January 2006

Comparison of Modeling Predictions with Experimental Data from Plastic Lithium Ion Cells
journal, January 1996

Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells
journal, January 2014

Characterization of Electronic and Ionic Transport in Li _1- _x Ni _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC ₃₃₃ ) and Li _1- _x Ni _0.50 Mn _0.20 Co _0.30 O ₂ (NMC ₅₂₃ ) as a Function of Li Content
journal, January 2016

A three-dimensional meso-macroscopic model for Li-Ion intercalation batteries
journal, September 2016

Three-dimensional electrochemical Li-ion battery modelling featuring a focused ion-beam/scanning electron microscopy based three-phase reconstruction of a LiCoO2 cathode
journal, January 2014

Determination of the size of the representative volume element for random composites: statistical and numerical approach
journal, June 2003

Effects of Various Conductive Additive and Polymeric Binder Contents on the Performance of a Lithium-Ion Composite Cathode
journal, January 2008

Effects of three-dimensional cathode microstructure on the performance of lithium-ion battery cathodes
journal, January 2013

Three-dimensional investigation of cycling-induced microstructural changes in lithium-ion battery cathodes using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy
journal, February 2016

Intercalation-Induced Stress and Heat Generation within Single Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Particles
journal, January 2008

A Combination of X-Ray Tomography and Carbon Binder Modeling: Reconstructing the Three Phases of LiCoO ₂ Li-Ion Battery Cathodes
journal, January 2014

Relating the 3D electrode morphology to Li-ion battery performance; a case for LiFePO 4
journal, August 2016

Three-dimensional particle-resolved models of Li-ion batteries to assist the evaluation of empirical parameters in one-dimensional models
journal, March 2012

A Computational Model of the Mechanical Behavior within Reconstructed LixCoO2 Li-ion Battery Cathode Particles
journal, June 2014

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review
journal, February 2016

Overcharge Performance of 3,7-Bis(trifluoromethyl)- N -ethylphenothiazine at High Concentration in Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2015

Degradation effects on the surface of commercial LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 electrodes
journal, December 2016

A new open computational framework for highly-resolved coupled three-dimensional multiphysics simulations of Li-ion cells
journal, January 2014

Role of Plastic Deformation of Binder on Stress Evolution during Charging and Discharging in Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes
journal, January 2013

Three-Phase 3D Reconstruction of a LiCoO ₂ Cathode via FIB-SEM Tomography
journal, January 2016

Fracture Analysis of the Cathode in Li-Ion Batteries: A Simulation Study
journal, January 2012

Microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery electrodes during drying – An ex-situ study using cryogenic broad ion beam slope-cutting and scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-BIB-SEM)
journal, March 2017

Multiple imaging mode X-ray computed tomography for distinguishing active and inactive phases in lithium-ion battery cathodes
journal, June 2015

Multiscale modeling of lithium-ion battery electrodes based on nano-scale X-ray computed tomography
journal, March 2016

Mechanical and Electrochemical Response of a LiCoO2 Cathode using Reconstructed Microstructures
journal, February 2016

The effect of binders on the rheological properties and the microstructure formation of lithium-ion battery anode slurries
journal, December 2015

Thermal Conductivity of A _x BO ₂ -type Layered Oxides Na _0.77 MnO ₂ and LiCoO ₂
journal, February 2002

Mechanical Degradation of Graphite/PVDF Composite Electrodes: A Model-Experimental Study
journal, December 2015

Mechanical abuse simulation and thermal runaway risks of large-format Li-ion batteries
journal, February 2017

Analysis of geometric and electrochemical characteristics of lithium cobalt oxide electrode with different packing densities
journal, October 2016

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of a LiCoO2 Li-Ion Battery Cathode
journal, January 2012

Causes of binder damage in porous battery electrodes and strategies to prevent it
journal, May 2017