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Title: A Study of Quasar Selection in the Supernova Fields of the Dark Energy Survey

Abstract

In this paper, we present a study of quasar selection using the supernova fields of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We used a quasar catalog from an overlapping portion of the SDSS Stripe 82 region to quantify the completeness and efficiency of selection methods involving color, probabilistic modeling, variability, and combinations of color/probabilistic modeling with variability. In all cases, we considered only objects that appear as point sources in the DES images. We examine color selection methods based on the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mid-IR W1-W2 color, a mixture of WISE and DES colors (g - i and i-W1), and a mixture of Vista Hemisphere Survey and DES colors (g - i and i - K). For probabilistic quasar selection, we used XDQSO, an algorithm that employs an empirical multi-wavelength flux model of quasars to assign quasar probabilities. Our variability selection uses the multi-band χ 2-probability that sources are constant in the DES Year 1 griz-band light curves. The completeness and efficiency are calculated relative to an underlying sample of point sources that are detected in the required selection bands and pass our data quality and photometric error cuts. We conduct our analyses at two magnitude limits, i <more » 19.8 mag and i < 22 mag. For the subset of sources with W1 and W2 detections, the W1-W2 color or XDQSOz method combined with variability gives the highest completenesses of >85% for both i-band magnitude limits and efficiencies of >80% to the bright limit and >60% to the faint limit; however, the giW1 and giW1+variability methods give the highest quasar surface densities. The XDQSOz method and combinations of W1W2/giW1/XDQSOz with variability are among the better selection methods when both high completeness and high efficiency are desired. We also present the OzDES Quasar Catalog of 1263 spectroscopically confirmed quasars from three years of OzDES observation in the 30 deg 2 of the DES supernova fields. Finally, the catalog includes quasars with redshifts up to z ~ 4 and brighter than i = 22 mag, although the catalog is not complete up to this magnitude limit.« less

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF)
Contributing Org.:
The DES Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1347129
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1347343; OSTI ID: 1369470; OSTI ID: 1477757
Report Number(s):
arXiv:1611.05456; FERMILAB-PUB-16-472; DOE-OSU-15525
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881; 1498636
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359; AC05-00OR22725; AYA2012-39559; ESP2013-48274; FPA2013-47986; SEV-2012-0234; AC02-76SF00515; SC0015525; SC0011726
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astronomical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astronomical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 153; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881
Publisher:
IOP Publishing - AAAS
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; quasars; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; quasar selection

Citation Formats

Tie, S. S., Martini, P., Mudd, D., Ostrovski, F., Reed, S. L., Lidman, C., Kochanek, C., Davis, T. M., Sharp, R., Uddin, S., King, A., Wester, W., Tucker, B. E., Tucker, D. L., Buckley-Geer, E., Carollo, D., Childress, M., Glazebrook, K., Hinton, S. R., Lewis, G., Macaulay, E., O’Neill, C. R., Abbott, T. M. C., Abdalla, F. B., Annis, J., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Carnero Rosell, A., Carrasco Kind, M., Carretero, J., Cunha, C. E., da Costa, L. N., DePoy, D. L., Desai, S., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Evrard, A. E., Finley, D. A., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Lima, M., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Nichol, R. C., Nord, B., Ogando, R., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Sanchez, E., Santiago, B., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., Thomas, D., and Walker, A. R. A Study of Quasar Selection in the Supernova Fields of the Dark Energy Survey. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa5b8d.
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Tie, S. S., Martini, P., Mudd, D., Ostrovski, F., Reed, S. L., Lidman, C., Kochanek, C., Davis, T. M., Sharp, R., Uddin, S., King, A., Wester, W., Tucker, B. E., Tucker, D. L., Buckley-Geer, E., Carollo, D., Childress, M., Glazebrook, K., Hinton, S. R., Lewis, G., Macaulay, E., O’Neill, C. R., Abbott, T. M. C., Abdalla, F. B., Annis, J., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Carnero Rosell, A., Carrasco Kind, M., Carretero, J., Cunha, C. E., da Costa, L. N., DePoy, D. L., Desai, S., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Evrard, A. E., Finley, D. A., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Lima, M., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Nichol, R. C., Nord, B., Ogando, R., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Sanchez, E., Santiago, B., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., Thomas, D., & Walker, A. R. A Study of Quasar Selection in the Supernova Fields of the Dark Energy Survey. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa5b8d
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Tie, S. S., Martini, P., Mudd, D., Ostrovski, F., Reed, S. L., Lidman, C., Kochanek, C., Davis, T. M., Sharp, R., Uddin, S., King, A., Wester, W., Tucker, B. E., Tucker, D. L., Buckley-Geer, E., Carollo, D., Childress, M., Glazebrook, K., Hinton, S. R., Lewis, G., Macaulay, E., O’Neill, C. R., Abbott, T. M. C., Abdalla, F. B., Annis, J., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Carnero Rosell, A., Carrasco Kind, M., Carretero, J., Cunha, C. E., da Costa, L. N., DePoy, D. L., Desai, S., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Evrard, A. E., Finley, D. A., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Lima, M., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Nichol, R. C., Nord, B., Ogando, R., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Sanchez, E., Santiago, B., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., Thomas, D., and Walker, A. R. Wed . "A Study of Quasar Selection in the Supernova Fields of the Dark Energy Survey". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa5b8d. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347129.
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@article{osti_1347129,
title = {A Study of Quasar Selection in the Supernova Fields of the Dark Energy Survey},
author = {Tie, S. S. and Martini, P. and Mudd, D. and Ostrovski, F. and Reed, S. L. and Lidman, C. and Kochanek, C. and Davis, T. M. and Sharp, R. and Uddin, S. and King, A. and Wester, W. and Tucker, B. E. and Tucker, D. L. and Buckley-Geer, E. and Carollo, D. and Childress, M. and Glazebrook, K. and Hinton, S. R. and Lewis, G. and Macaulay, E. and O’Neill, C. R. and Abbott, T. M. C. and Abdalla, F. B. and Annis, J. and Benoit-Lévy, A. and Bertin, E. and Brooks, D. and Carnero Rosell, A. and Carrasco Kind, M. and Carretero, J. and Cunha, C. E. and da Costa, L. N. and DePoy, D. L. and Desai, S. and Doel, P. and Eifler, T. F. and Evrard, A. E. and Finley, D. A. and Flaugher, B. and Fosalba, P. and Frieman, J. and García-Bellido, J. and Gaztanaga, E. and Gerdes, D. W. and Goldstein, D. A. and Gruen, D. and Gruendl, R. A. and Gutierrez, G. and Honscheid, K. and James, D. J. and Kuehn, K. and Kuropatkin, N. and Lima, M. and Maia, M. A. G. and Marshall, J. L. and Menanteau, F. and Miller, C. J. and Miquel, R. and Nichol, R. C. and Nord, B. and Ogando, R. and Plazas, A. A. and Romer, A. K. and Sanchez, E. and Santiago, B. and Scarpine, V. and Schubnell, M. and Sevilla-Noarbe, I. and Smith, R. C. and Soares-Santos, M. and Sobreira, F. and Suchyta, E. and Swanson, M. E. C. and Tarle, G. and Thomas, D. and Walker, A. R.},
abstractNote = {In this paper, we present a study of quasar selection using the supernova fields of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We used a quasar catalog from an overlapping portion of the SDSS Stripe 82 region to quantify the completeness and efficiency of selection methods involving color, probabilistic modeling, variability, and combinations of color/probabilistic modeling with variability. In all cases, we considered only objects that appear as point sources in the DES images. We examine color selection methods based on the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mid-IR W1-W2 color, a mixture of WISE and DES colors (g - i and i-W1), and a mixture of Vista Hemisphere Survey and DES colors (g - i and i - K). For probabilistic quasar selection, we used XDQSO, an algorithm that employs an empirical multi-wavelength flux model of quasars to assign quasar probabilities. Our variability selection uses the multi-band χ 2-probability that sources are constant in the DES Year 1 griz-band light curves. The completeness and efficiency are calculated relative to an underlying sample of point sources that are detected in the required selection bands and pass our data quality and photometric error cuts. We conduct our analyses at two magnitude limits, i < 19.8 mag and i < 22 mag. For the subset of sources with W1 and W2 detections, the W1-W2 color or XDQSOz method combined with variability gives the highest completenesses of >85% for both i-band magnitude limits and efficiencies of >80% to the bright limit and >60% to the faint limit; however, the giW1 and giW1+variability methods give the highest quasar surface densities. The XDQSOz method and combinations of W1W2/giW1/XDQSOz with variability are among the better selection methods when both high completeness and high efficiency are desired. We also present the OzDES Quasar Catalog of 1263 spectroscopically confirmed quasars from three years of OzDES observation in the 30 deg 2 of the DES supernova fields. Finally, the catalog includes quasars with redshifts up to z ~ 4 and brighter than i = 22 mag, although the catalog is not complete up to this magnitude limit.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-3881/aa5b8d},
journal = {The Astronomical Journal (Online)},
number = 3,
volume = 153,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 15 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Wed Feb 15 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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Selecting Quasars by Their Intrinsic Variability
journal, April 2010

The Sloan Digital sky Survey Quasar Catalog. v. Seventh data Release
journal, April 2010

Exploring the Variable Sky with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
journal, October 2007

  • Sesar, Branimir; Ivezić, Željko; Lupton, Robert H.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 134, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1086/521819

AAOmega: a multipurpose fiber-fed spectrograph for the AAT
conference, September 2004

  • Smith, Greg A.; Saunders, Will; Bridges, Terry
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.551013

MID-INFRARED SELECTION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER . I. CHARACTERIZING WISE -SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN COSMOS
journal, June 2012

  • Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto J.; Benford, Dominic J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 753, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/30

An Empirical Calibration of the Completeness of the SDSS Quasar Survey
journal, May 2005

  • Vanden Berk, Daniel E.; Schneider, Donald P.; Richards, Gordon T.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 129, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1086/427856

The Ensemble Photometric Variability of ∼25,000 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
journal, February 2004

  • Vanden Berk, Daniel E.; Wilhite, Brian C.; Kron, Richard G.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 601, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/380563

The KX method for producing K-band flux-limited samples of quasars
journal, March 2000

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010

SDSS QUASARS IN THE WISE PRELIMINARY DATA RELEASE AND QUASAR CANDIDATE SELECTION WITH OPTICAL/INFRARED COLORS
journal, July 2012

THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELD-SOUTH SURVEY: 4 Ms SOURCE CATALOGS
journal, June 2011

  • Xue, Y. Q.; Luo, B.; Brandt, W. N.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 195, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/195/1/10

Artificial neural networks for quasar selection and photometric redshift determination
journal, November 2010

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
journal, September 2000

  • York, Donald G.; Adelman, J.; Anderson, Jr., John E.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 120, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1086/301513

OzDES multifibre spectroscopy for the Dark Energy Survey: first-year operation and results
journal, July 2015

  • Yuan, Fang; Lidman, C.; Davis, T. M.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 452, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv1507
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    C iv black hole mass measurements with the Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES)
    journal, June 2019

    • Hoormann, J. K.; Martini, P.; Davis, T. M.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1539

    Brown dwarf census with the Dark Energy Survey year 3 data and the thin disc scale height of early L types
    journal, September 2019

    • Carnero Rosell, A.; Santiago, B.; dal Ponte, M.
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    HELP: a catalogue of 170 million objects, selected at 0.36–4.5 μm, from 1270 deg2 of prime extragalactic fields
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    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 1
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    journal, December 2019

    • Calderone, Giorgio; Boutsia, Konstantina; Cristiani, Stefano
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab510a

    The QUEST-La Silla AGN Variability Survey: Selection of AGN Candidates through Optical Variability
    journal, May 2019

    • Sánchez-Sáez, P.; Lira, P.; Cartier, R.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 242, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab174f

    Quasar Accretion Disk Sizes from Continuum Reverberation Mapping in the DES Standard-star Fields
    journal, January 2020

    • Yu, Zhefu; Martini, Paul; Davis, T. M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 246, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab5e7a

    Quasar Accretion Disk Sizes from Continuum Reverberation Mapping from the Dark Energy Survey
    text, January 2018

    • Mudd, D.; Martini, P.; Zu, Y.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.20889

    Help: A catalogue of 170 million objects, selected at 0.36–4.5 μm, from 1270 deg2 of prime extragalactic fields
    text, January 2019

    • Shirley, R.; Roehlly, Y.; Hurley, Pd
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.46847

    CIV Black Hole Mass Measurements with the Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES)
    text, January 2019

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