Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment

Boyle, D. P.; Majeski, R.; Schmitt, J. C.; Hansen, C.; Kaita, R.; Kubota, S.; Lucia, M.; Rognlien, T. D.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001

Title: Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment

Authors:

Boyle, D. P. ^[1]; Majeski, R. ^[1]; Schmitt, J. C. ^[2]; Hansen, C. ^[3]; Kaita, R. ^[1]; Kubota, S. ^[4]; Lucia, M. ^[1]; Rognlien, T. D. ^[5]

Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States); Auburn Univ., AL (United States). Physics Department
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Institute of Plasma and Fusion Research
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1395249

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1368427; OSTI ID: 1463825

Report Number(s):: PPPL-5392; LLNL-JRNL-738437
Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007; PRLTAO; TRN: US1702842

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-09CH11466; AC05-00OR22725; SC0016256; FG02-99ER54527; AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 119; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; Physics - Plasma physics

Citation Formats


                    Boyle, D. P., Majeski, R., Schmitt, J. C., Hansen, C., Kaita, R., Kubota, S., Lucia, M., and Rognlien, T. D. Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001.

Copy to clipboard


                    Boyle, D. P., Majeski, R., Schmitt, J. C., Hansen, C., Kaita, R., Kubota, S., Lucia, M., & Rognlien, T. D. Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001

Copy to clipboard


                    Boyle, D. P., Majeski, R., Schmitt, J. C., Hansen, C., Kaita, R., Kubota, S., Lucia, M., and Rognlien, T. D. Wed .  
"Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1395249.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1395249,

  title        = {Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment},

  author       = {Boyle, D. P. and Majeski, R. and Schmitt, J. C. and Hansen, C. and Kaita, R. and Kubota, S. and Lucia, M. and Rognlien, T. D.},

  abstractNote = {},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 119,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Wed Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.015001

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Performance projections for the lithium tokamak experiment (LTX)
journal, April 2009

Majeski, R.; Berzak, L.; Gray, T.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/49/5/055014

Compatibility of lithium plasma-facing surfaces with high edge temperatures in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment
journal, May 2017

Majeski, R.; Bell, R. E.; Boyle, D. P.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4977916

Ignited spherical tokamaks and plasma regimes with LiWalls
journal, November 2004

Zakharov, L. E.; Gorelenkov, N. N.; White, R. B.
Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 72, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2004.07.015

Isothermal tokamak
journal, December 2006

Catto, Peter J.; Hazeltine, R. D.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 13, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1063/1.2403090

VUV/XUV measurements of impurity emission in plasmas with liquid lithium surfaces on LTX
journal, November 2014

Tritz, Kevin; Bell, Ronald E.; Beiersdorfer, Peter
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/56/12/125014

Recent progress on spherical torus research
journal, April 2015

Ono, Masayuki; Kaita, Robert
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4915073

Divertor plasma detachment
journal, May 2016

Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Kukushkin, A. S.; Pshenov, A. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 23, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4948273

I-mode: an H-mode energy confinement regime with L-mode particle transport in Alcator C-Mod
journal, August 2010

Whyte, D. G.; Hubbard, A. E.; Hughes, J. W.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/50/10/105005

Dependence of pedestal performance on the characteristics of the H-mode pedestal
journal, December 2010

Lönnroth, J. -S.; Parail, V.; McDonald, D. C.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/51/1/013003

The relationships between edge localized modes suppression, pedestal profiles and lithium wall coatings in NSTX
journal, September 2011

Boyle, D. P.; Maingi, R.; Snyder, P. B.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/53/10/105011

The role of the density profile in the ASDEX-Upgrade pedestal structure
journal, October 2016

Dunne, M. G.; Potzel, S.; Reimold, F.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/59/1/014017

Millimeter-wave reflectometry for electron density profile and fluctuation measurements on NSTX
journal, January 2001

Kubota, S.; Nguyen, X. V.; Peebles, W. A.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 72, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1063/1.1329657

Enhanced Energy Confinement and Performance in a Low-Recycling Tokamak
journal, August 2006

Majeski, R.; Doerner, R.; Gray, T.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.075002

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometer for the Lithium Tokamak Experiment
journal, May 2017

Kubota, S.; Majeski, R.; Peebles, W. A.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 88, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4981811

Power requirements for superior H-mode confinement on Alcator C-Mod: experiments in support of ITER
journal, June 2011

Hughes, J. W.; Loarte, A.; Reinke, M. L.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/51/8/083007

Hydrogen retention in lithium on metallic walls from “in vacuo” analysis in LTX and implications for high-Z plasma-facing components in NSTX-U
journal, April 2017

Kaita, R.; Lucia, M.; Allain, J. P.
Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 117
DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.06.056

Global and pedestal confinement and pedestal structure in dimensionless collisionality scans of low-triangularity H-mode plasmas in JET-ILW
journal, October 2016

Frassinetti, L.; Beurskens, M. N. A.; Saarelma, S.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/57/1/016012

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
journal, April 2017

Hansen, C.; Boyle, D. P.; Schmitt, J. C.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4981214

Influence of lithium coatings with large-area coverage on EAST plasma performance
journal, December 2014

Sun, Z.; Hu, J. S.; Zuo, G. Z.
Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 89, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.06.016

The Thomson scattering system on the lithium tokamak experiment
journal, October 2008

Strickler, T.; Majeski, R.; Kaita, R.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 79, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.2955576

Liquid lithium applications for solving challenging fusion reactor issues and NSTX-U contributions
journal, April 2017

Ono, M.; Jaworski, M. A.; Kaita, R.
Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 117
DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.06.060

Enhanced confinement scenarios without large edge localized modes in tokamaks: control, performance, and extrapolability issues for ITER
journal, November 2014

Maingi, R.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/54/11/114016

Unifying Role of Radial Electric Field Shear in the Confinement Trends of TFTR Supershot Plasmas
journal, September 1998

Ernst, D. R.; Coppi, B.; Scott, S. D.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 81, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2454

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport
journal, December 1999

Transport, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Database, ITER Physics Expert Group on Confin; Editors, ITER Physics Basis
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 39, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/39/12/302

Transition to ELM-free improved H-mode by lithium deposition on NSTX graphite divertor surfaces
journal, June 2009

Mansfield, D. K.; Kugel, H. W.; Maingi, R.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 390-391
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.203

Enhancement of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor performance by lithium conditioning
journal, May 1996

Mansfield, D. K.; Hill, K. W.; Strachan, J. D.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 3, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.871984

Neutral Gas Transport Modeling with DEGAS 2
journal, January 1994

Stotler, Daren; Karney, Charles
Contributions to Plasma Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.2150340246

Sputtering and reflection from lithium, gallium and indium
journal, August 1991

László, J.; Eckstein, W.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 184, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3115(91)90528-F

Results and future plans of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)
journal, July 2013

Schmitt, J. C.; Abrams, T.; Baylor, L. R.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.241

Liquid surfaces for fusion plasma facing components—A critical review. Part I: Physics and PSI
journal, December 2016

Nygren, R. E.; Tabarés, F. L.
Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2016.08.008

On lithium walls and the performance of magnetic fusion devices
journal, May 2003

Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Zakharov, L. E.; Pereverzev, G. V.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 10, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.1558293

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects
journal, June 1995

Kotschenreuther, M.; Dorland, W.; Beer, M. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 2, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.871261

2-D Fluid Transport Simulations of Gaseous/Radiative Divertors
journal, January 1994

Rognlien, T. D.; Brown, P. N.; Campbell, R. B.
Contributions to Plasma Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.2150340241

Reactor plasma facing component designs based on liquid metal concepts supported in porous systems
journal, November 2016

Tabarés, F. L.; Oyarzabal, E.; Martin-Rojo, A. B.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/57/1/016029

Comparisons and physics basis of tokamak transport models and turbulence simulations
journal, March 2000

Dimits, A. M.; Bateman, G.; Beer, M. A.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 7, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.873896

A long-pulse high-confinement plasma regime in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
journal, November 2013

Li, J.; Guo, H. Y.; Wan, B. N.
Nature Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1038/nphys2795

Dependence of LTX plasma performance on surface conditions as determined by in situ analysis of plasma facing components
journal, August 2015

Lucia, M.; Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11.006

Impact of wall materials and seeding gases on the pedestal and on core plasma performance
journal, August 2017

Wolfrum, E.; Beurskens, M.; Dunne, M. G.
Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2017.01.002

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating
journal, January 1984

Goldston, Robert J.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 26, Issue 1A
DOI: 10.1088/0741-3335/26/1A/308

High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium wallsa)
journal, May 2015

Schmitt, J. C.; Bell, R. E.; Boyle, D. P.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4921153

Design and operation of a low cost, reliable millimeter-wave interferometer
journal, January 1999

Porte, L.; Rettig, C. L.; Peebles, W. A.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 70, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1063/1.1149372

Enhanced H-mode pedestals with lithium injection in DIII-D
journal, May 2015

Osborne, T. H.; Jackson, G. L.; Yan, Z.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/6/063018

The effect of progressively increasing lithium coatings on plasma discharge characteristics, transport, edge profiles and ELM stability in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
journal, June 2012

Maingi, R.; Boyle, D. P.; Canik, J. M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/52/8/083001

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
text, January 2017

Hansen, C.; Boyle, D. P.; Schmitt, J. C.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1701.05851

Works referencing / citing this record:

Magnetic perturbation diagnostics in the high-temperature lithiated environment of LTX- β
journal, October 2018

Hughes, P. E.; Majeski, R.; Kaita, R.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.5035359

The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic on the upgraded Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX- β )
journal, October 2018

Elliott, D. B.; Biewer, T. M.; Boyle, D. P.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.5039368

Millimeter-wave interferometry and far-forward scattering for density fluctuation measurements on LTX- β
journal, October 2018

Kubota, S.; Majeski, R.; Boyle, D. P.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.5039418

A simple vacuum suitcase for enabling plasma facing component characterization in fusion devices
journal, February 2020

Maan, A.; Kaita, R.; Ostrowski, E. T.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 91, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.5119166

Near-infrared Zeeman spectroscopy for the spatially resolved measurement of helium emission spectra in Heliotron J
journal, November 2018

Shikama, Taiichi; Kado, Shinichiro; Okada, Hiroyuki
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aaebdf

Fusion applications for lithium: wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices
journal, October 2019

Kaita, Robert
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab4156

Study of lithium influx, radiation, transport and influence on plasma parameters in the T-10 tokamak
journal, December 2019

Krupin, V. A.; Klyuchnikov, L. A.; Nurgaliev, M. R.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab5897

Results from an improved flowing liquid lithium limiter with increased flow uniformity in high power plasmas in EAST
journal, November 2018

Zuo, G. Z.; Hu, J. S.; Maingi, R.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aaedcb

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Extending the low-recycling, flat temperature profile regime in the lithium tokamak experiment-β (LTX-β) with ohmic and neutral beam heating

Journal Article Boyle, D. P. ; Anderson, J. ; Banerjee, S. ; ... - Nuclear Fusion

Recent experiments in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment-β (LTX-β) have extended the duration, performance, operating conditions, and diagnosis of the flat-temperature profile, low-recycling regime first observed in LTX. As expected, Li retains hydrogen and suppresses edge neutral cooling, allowing increased edge electron temperature, roughly equal to the core Te. Flat temperature profiles had been obtained transiently in LTX, as the plasma density decayed following the cessation of edge gas puffing. Careful control over the fueling in LTX-β has now been shown to sustain the flat Te profile and hot edge unique to the low-recycling regime for multiple confinement times in highmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc4da
Helical variation of density profiles and fluctuations in the tokamak pedestal with applied 3D fields and implications for confinement

Journal Article Wilcox, R. S. ; Rhodes, T. L. ; Shafer, M. W. ; ... - Physics of Plasmas

Small 3D perturbations to the magnetic field in DIII-D (δΒ / Β ~ 2 × 10 (superscript -4)) result in large modulations of density fluctuation amplitudes in the pedestal, which are shown using Doppler backscattering measurements to vary by a factor of 2. Helical perturbations of equilibrium density within flux surfaces have previously been observed in the pedestal of DIII-D plasmas when 3D fields are applied and were correlated with density fluctuation asymmetries in the pedestal. These intra-surface density and pressure variations are shown through two fluid MHD modeling studies using the M3D-C1 code to be due to the misalignmentmore »« less
Cited by 5
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024378

Full Text Available
A frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometer for the Lithium Tokamak Experiment

Journal Article Kubota, S. ; Majeski, R. ; Peebles, W. A. ; ... - Review of Scientific Instruments
Cited by 6
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981811
High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium walls

Journal Article Schmitt, J. C. ; Bell, R. E. ; Boyle, D. P. ; ... - Physics of Plasmas

The first-ever successful operation of a tokamak with a large area (40% of the total plasm surface area) liquid lithium wall has been achieved in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX). These results were obtained with a new, electron beam-based lithium evaporation system, which can deposit a lithium coating on the limiting wall of LTX in a five-minute period. Preliminary analyses of diamagnetic and other data for discharges operated with a liquid lithium wall indicate that confinement times increased by 10× compared to discharges with helium-dispersed solid lithium coatings. Ohmic energy confinement times with fresh lithium walls, solid and liquid, exceedmore »« less
Cited by 29
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921153

Full Text Available
Oxidation of lithium plasma facing components and its effect on plasma performance in the lithium tokamak experiment-β

Journal Article Maan, A. ; Boyle, D. P. ; Kaita, R. ; ... - Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion

The characteristics of lithium-coated plasma-facing components (PFCs) have been correlated with plasma performance on the lithium tokamak experiment-β (LTX-β). Previous experiments on LTX showed that the application of lithium to PFCs was needed to achieve higher performance discharges with flat electron temperature profiles and high edge temperatures. Samples that match the LTX-β PFCs were exposed to plasmas before and after PFCs were coated with lithium and transferred under vacuum to a surface analysis station. Measurements using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the primary surface constituent was lithium oxide. Earlier XPS analysis of lithium-coated PFCs on LTX was only ablemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abcd0f

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment

Citation Formats

Performance projections for the lithium tokamak experiment (LTX) journal, April 2009

Compatibility of lithium plasma-facing surfaces with high edge temperatures in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment journal, May 2017

Ignited spherical tokamaks and plasma regimes with LiWalls journal, November 2004

Isothermal tokamak journal, December 2006

VUV/XUV measurements of impurity emission in plasmas with liquid lithium surfaces on LTX journal, November 2014

Recent progress on spherical torus research journal, April 2015

Divertor plasma detachment journal, May 2016

I-mode: an H-mode energy confinement regime with L-mode particle transport in Alcator C-Mod journal, August 2010

Dependence of pedestal performance on the characteristics of the H-mode pedestal journal, December 2010

The relationships between edge localized modes suppression, pedestal profiles and lithium wall coatings in NSTX journal, September 2011

The role of the density profile in the ASDEX-Upgrade pedestal structure journal, October 2016

Millimeter-wave reflectometry for electron density profile and fluctuation measurements on NSTX journal, January 2001

Enhanced Energy Confinement and Performance in a Low-Recycling Tokamak journal, August 2006

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometer for the Lithium Tokamak Experiment journal, May 2017

Power requirements for superior H-mode confinement on Alcator C-Mod: experiments in support of ITER journal, June 2011

Hydrogen retention in lithium on metallic walls from “in vacuo” analysis in LTX and implications for high-Z plasma-facing components in NSTX-U journal, April 2017

Global and pedestal confinement and pedestal structure in dimensionless collisionality scans of low-triangularity H-mode plasmas in JET-ILW journal, October 2016

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment journal, April 2017

Influence of lithium coatings with large-area coverage on EAST plasma performance journal, December 2014

The Thomson scattering system on the lithium tokamak experiment journal, October 2008

Liquid lithium applications for solving challenging fusion reactor issues and NSTX-U contributions journal, April 2017

Enhanced confinement scenarios without large edge localized modes in tokamaks: control, performance, and extrapolability issues for ITER journal, November 2014

Unifying Role of Radial Electric Field Shear in the Confinement Trends of TFTR Supershot Plasmas journal, September 1998

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport journal, December 1999

Transition to ELM-free improved H-mode by lithium deposition on NSTX graphite divertor surfaces journal, June 2009

Enhancement of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor performance by lithium conditioning journal, May 1996

Neutral Gas Transport Modeling with DEGAS 2 journal, January 1994

Sputtering and reflection from lithium, gallium and indium journal, August 1991

Results and future plans of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) journal, July 2013

Liquid surfaces for fusion plasma facing components—A critical review. Part I: Physics and PSI journal, December 2016

On lithium walls and the performance of magnetic fusion devices journal, May 2003

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects journal, June 1995

2-D Fluid Transport Simulations of Gaseous/Radiative Divertors journal, January 1994

Reactor plasma facing component designs based on liquid metal concepts supported in porous systems journal, November 2016

Comparisons and physics basis of tokamak transport models and turbulence simulations journal, March 2000

A long-pulse high-confinement plasma regime in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak journal, November 2013

Dependence of LTX plasma performance on surface conditions as determined by in situ analysis of plasma facing components journal, August 2015

Impact of wall materials and seeding gases on the pedestal and on core plasma performance journal, August 2017

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating journal, January 1984

High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium wallsa) journal, May 2015

Design and operation of a low cost, reliable millimeter-wave interferometer journal, January 1999

Enhanced H-mode pedestals with lithium injection in DIII-D journal, May 2015

The effect of progressively increasing lithium coatings on plasma discharge characteristics, transport, edge profiles and ELM stability in the National Spherical Torus Experiment journal, June 2012

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment text, January 2017

Magnetic perturbation diagnostics in the high-temperature lithiated environment of LTX- β journal, October 2018

The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic on the upgraded Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX- β ) journal, October 2018

Millimeter-wave interferometry and far-forward scattering for density fluctuation measurements on LTX- β journal, October 2018

A simple vacuum suitcase for enabling plasma facing component characterization in fusion devices journal, February 2020

Near-infrared Zeeman spectroscopy for the spatially resolved measurement of helium emission spectra in Heliotron J journal, November 2018

Fusion applications for lithium: wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices journal, October 2019

Study of lithium influx, radiation, transport and influence on plasma parameters in the T-10 tokamak journal, December 2019

Results from an improved flowing liquid lithium limiter with increased flow uniformity in high power plasmas in EAST journal, November 2018

Performance projections for the lithium tokamak experiment (LTX)
journal, April 2009

Compatibility of lithium plasma-facing surfaces with high edge temperatures in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment
journal, May 2017

Ignited spherical tokamaks and plasma regimes with LiWalls
journal, November 2004

Isothermal tokamak
journal, December 2006

VUV/XUV measurements of impurity emission in plasmas with liquid lithium surfaces on LTX
journal, November 2014

Recent progress on spherical torus research
journal, April 2015

Divertor plasma detachment
journal, May 2016

I-mode: an H-mode energy confinement regime with L-mode particle transport in Alcator C-Mod
journal, August 2010

Dependence of pedestal performance on the characteristics of the H-mode pedestal
journal, December 2010

The relationships between edge localized modes suppression, pedestal profiles and lithium wall coatings in NSTX
journal, September 2011

The role of the density profile in the ASDEX-Upgrade pedestal structure
journal, October 2016

Millimeter-wave reflectometry for electron density profile and fluctuation measurements on NSTX
journal, January 2001

Enhanced Energy Confinement and Performance in a Low-Recycling Tokamak
journal, August 2006

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometer for the Lithium Tokamak Experiment
journal, May 2017

Power requirements for superior H-mode confinement on Alcator C-Mod: experiments in support of ITER
journal, June 2011

Hydrogen retention in lithium on metallic walls from “in vacuo” analysis in LTX and implications for high-Z plasma-facing components in NSTX-U
journal, April 2017

Global and pedestal confinement and pedestal structure in dimensionless collisionality scans of low-triangularity H-mode plasmas in JET-ILW
journal, October 2016

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
journal, April 2017

Influence of lithium coatings with large-area coverage on EAST plasma performance
journal, December 2014

The Thomson scattering system on the lithium tokamak experiment
journal, October 2008

Liquid lithium applications for solving challenging fusion reactor issues and NSTX-U contributions
journal, April 2017

Enhanced confinement scenarios without large edge localized modes in tokamaks: control, performance, and extrapolability issues for ITER
journal, November 2014

Unifying Role of Radial Electric Field Shear in the Confinement Trends of TFTR Supershot Plasmas
journal, September 1998

Chapter 2: Plasma confinement and transport
journal, December 1999

Transition to ELM-free improved H-mode by lithium deposition on NSTX graphite divertor surfaces
journal, June 2009

Enhancement of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor performance by lithium conditioning
journal, May 1996

Neutral Gas Transport Modeling with DEGAS 2
journal, January 1994

Sputtering and reflection from lithium, gallium and indium
journal, August 1991

Results and future plans of the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)
journal, July 2013

Liquid surfaces for fusion plasma facing components—A critical review. Part I: Physics and PSI
journal, December 2016

On lithium walls and the performance of magnetic fusion devices
journal, May 2003

Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first‐principles simulations with kinetic effects
journal, June 1995

2-D Fluid Transport Simulations of Gaseous/Radiative Divertors
journal, January 1994

Reactor plasma facing component designs based on liquid metal concepts supported in porous systems
journal, November 2016

Comparisons and physics basis of tokamak transport models and turbulence simulations
journal, March 2000

A long-pulse high-confinement plasma regime in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
journal, November 2013

Dependence of LTX plasma performance on surface conditions as determined by in situ analysis of plasma facing components
journal, August 2015

Impact of wall materials and seeding gases on the pedestal and on core plasma performance
journal, August 2017

Energy confinement scaling in Tokamaks: some implications of recent experiments with Ohmic and strong auxiliary heating
journal, January 1984

High performance discharges in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment with liquid lithium wallsa)
journal, May 2015

Design and operation of a low cost, reliable millimeter-wave interferometer
journal, January 1999

Enhanced H-mode pedestals with lithium injection in DIII-D
journal, May 2015

The effect of progressively increasing lithium coatings on plasma discharge characteristics, transport, edge profiles and ELM stability in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
journal, June 2012

Equilibrium reconstruction with 3D eddy currents in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment
text, January 2017

Magnetic perturbation diagnostics in the high-temperature lithiated environment of LTX- β
journal, October 2018

The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic on the upgraded Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX- β )
journal, October 2018

Millimeter-wave interferometry and far-forward scattering for density fluctuation measurements on LTX- β
journal, October 2018

A simple vacuum suitcase for enabling plasma facing component characterization in fusion devices
journal, February 2020

Near-infrared Zeeman spectroscopy for the spatially resolved measurement of helium emission spectra in Heliotron J
journal, November 2018

Fusion applications for lithium: wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices
journal, October 2019

Study of lithium influx, radiation, transport and influence on plasma parameters in the T-10 tokamak
journal, December 2019

Results from an improved flowing liquid lithium limiter with increased flow uniformity in high power plasmas in EAST
journal, November 2018