Effects of climate change on probable maximum precipitation: A sensitivity study over the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin

Rastogi, Deeksha; Kao, Shih-Chieh; Ashfaq, Moetasim; Mei, Rui; Kabela, Erik D.; Gangrade, Sudershan; Naz, Bibi S.; Preston, Benjamin L.; Singh, Nagendra; Anantharaj, Valentine G.

doi:10.1002/2016JD026001

Title: Effects of climate change on probable maximum precipitation: A sensitivity study over the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin

Journal Article · 13 April 2017 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026001 · OSTI ID:1366376

Rastogi, Deeksha ^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Mei, Rui ^[3]; Kabela, Erik D. ^[4];

^[2];

^[5]; Preston, Benjamin L. ^[6]; Singh, Nagendra ^[7]; Anantharaj, Valentine G. ^[8]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Climate Change Science Inst.; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Computer Science and Mathematics Division; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Bredesen Center
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Climate Change Science Inst.; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Bredesen Center; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Climate Change Science Inst.; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Computer Science and Mathematics Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division
Forschungszentrum Julich (Germany). Inst. of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Climate Change Science Inst.; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Environmental Sciences Division; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Computational Sciences and Engineering Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). National Center for Computational Sciences

Abstract Probable maximum precipitation (PMP), defined as the largest rainfall depth that could physically occur under a series of adverse atmospheric conditions, has been an important design criterion for critical infrastructures such as dams and nuclear power plants. To understand how PMP may respond to projected future climate forcings, we used a physics‐based numerical weather simulation model to estimate PMP across various durations and areas over the Alabama‐Coosa‐Tallapoosa (ACT) River Basin in the southeastern United States. Six sets of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model experiments driven by both reanalysis and global climate model projections, with a total of 120 storms, were conducted. The depth‐area‐duration relationship was derived for each set of WRF simulations and compared with the conventional PMP estimates. Our results showed that PMP driven by projected future climate forcings is higher than 1981–2010 baseline values by around 20% in the 2021–2050 near‐future and 44% in the 2071–2100 far‐future periods. The additional sensitivity simulations of background air temperature warming also showed an enhancement of PMP, suggesting that atmospheric warming could be one important factor controlling the increase in PMP. In light of the projected increase in precipitation extremes under a warming environment, the reasonableness and role of PMP deserve more in‐depth examination.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1366376

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1402405

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 9; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 28 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (85)

A numerical modeling study to investigate the assumptions used in the calculation of probable maximum precipitation Abbs, Deborah J. Water Resources Research, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900013	journal	March 1999
The Kain–Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update Kain, John S. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
The Community Climate System Model Version 4 Gent, Peter R.; Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Donner, Leo J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1	journal	October 2011
A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization Kain, John S.; Fritsch, J. Michael Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 47, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 1990
Spatial Disaggregation of Mean Areal Rainfall Using Gibbs Sampling Gagnon, P.; Rousseau, A. N.; Mailhot, A. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-034.1	journal	February 2012
Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation Using Multifractals: Application in the Eastern United States Douglas, Ellen M.; Barros, Ana P. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1012:PMPEUM>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2003
Drought Indices Based on the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and Ensemble NLDAS Mo, Kingtse C.; Long, Lindsey N.; Xia, Youlong Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1310.1	journal	April 2011
Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model Lo, Jeff Chun-Fung; Yang, Zong-Liang; Pielke, Roger A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009216	journal	January 2008
The Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation Casas, M. Carmen; Rodríguez, Raül; Nieto, Raquel Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1146, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1446.003	journal	December 2008
North American Regional Reanalysis Mesinger, Fedor; DiMego, Geoff; Kalnay, Eugenia Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343	journal	March 2006
Convective Parameterization for Mesoscale Models: The Kain-Fritsch Scheme Kain, John S.; Fritsch, J. Michael The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-13-3_16	book	January 1993
Uncertainty analysis for Probable Maximum Precipitation estimates Micovic, Zoran; Schaefer, Melvin G.; Taylor, George H. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.033	journal	February 2015
Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part I: Description and Sensitivity Analysis Thompson, Gregory; Rasmussen, Roy M.; Manning, Kevin Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 2004
Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures Berg, Peter; Moseley, Christopher; Haerter, Jan O. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1731	journal	February 2013
Intensity, duration, and frequency of precipitation extremes under 21st-century warming scenarios Kao, Shih-Chieh; Ganguly, Auroop R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue D16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015529	journal	January 2011
Evaluation of probable maximum snow accumulation: Development of a methodology for climate change studies Klein, Iris M.; Rousseau, Alain N.; Frigon, Anne Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 537 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.031	journal	June 2016
Climate Change Impacts on the Water Balance of the Colorado Headwaters: High-Resolution Regional Climate Model Simulations Rasmussen, Roy; Ikeda, Kyoko; Liu, Changhai Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0118.1	journal	June 2014
Increase in hourly precipitation extremes beyond expectations from temperature changes Lenderink, Geert; van Meijgaard, Erik Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo262	journal	July 2008
Development of a methodology to evaluate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) under changing climate conditions: Application to southern Quebec, Canada Rousseau, Alain N.; Klein, Iris M.; Freudiger, Daphné Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 519 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.053	journal	November 2014
The hydro-meteorological estimation of probable maximum precipitation under varying scenarios in Sri Lanka Fernando, W. C. D. K.; Wickramasuriya, S. S. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2096	journal	April 2011
A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation Hong, Song-You; Dudhia, Jimy; Chen, Shu-Hua Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
Understanding the impact of dam-triggered land use/land cover change on the modification of extreme precipitation: IMPACT OF DAM-TRIGGERED LULC ON RAINFALL Woldemichael, Abel T.; Hossain, Faisal; Pielke, Roger Water Resources Research, Vol. 48, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011684	journal	September 2012
Adequacy of using surface humidity to estimate atmospheric moisture availability for probable maximum precipitation: PRECIPITABLE WATER-DEW POINT RELATIONSHIP Chen, Li-Chuan; Bradley, A. Allen Water Resources Research, Vol. 42, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004469	journal	September 2006
How Does the Record July 1996 Illinois Rainstorm Affect Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates? Chen, Li-Chuan; Bradley, A. Allen Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:3(327)	journal	May 2007
Revisiting extreme storms of the past 100 years for future safety of large water management infrastructures: REVISITING PAST FOR FUTURE DAM SAFETY Chen, Xiaodong; Hossain, Faisal Earth's Future, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000368	journal	July 2016
Dynamical downscaling of tropical cyclones from CCSM4 simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum: DOWNSCALING LGM TROPICAL CYCLONES Yoo, Jinwoong; Galewsky, Joseph; Camargo, Suzana J. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000685	journal	August 2016
Dynamical downscaling of tropical cyclones from CCSM4 simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum Yoo, Jinwoong; Galewsky, Joseph; Camargo, Suzana J. Columbia University https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-g6dm-h281	text	January 2016
Atlantic Warm Pool Variability in the CMIP5 Simulations Liu, Hailong; Wang, Chunzai; Lee, Sang-Ki Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00556.1	journal	August 2013
A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques: PARAMETERIZING CONVECTION COMBINING ENSEMBLE AND DATA ASSIMILATION TECHNIQUES Grell, Georg A.; Dévényi, Dezső Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311	journal	July 2002
Local-To-Regional Landscape Drivers of Extreme Weather and Climate: Implications for Water Infrastructure Resilience Hossain, Faisal; Arnold, Jeffrey; Beighley, Ed Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001210	journal	July 2015
Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States Daly, Christopher; Halbleib, Michael; Smith, Joseph I. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 28, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1688	journal	December 2008
Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle over the Mississippi River Basin as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) Music, Biljana; Caya, Daniel Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM627.1	journal	October 2007
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over American River Watershed, California Ohara, N.; Kavvas, M. L.; Kure, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000324	journal	April 2011
Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain Thornton, Peter E.; Running, Steven W.; White, Michael A. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 190, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03128-9	journal	March 1997
Evaluation of a WRF dynamical downscaling simulation over California Caldwell, Peter; Chin, Hung-Neng S.; Bader, David C. Climatic Change, Vol. 95, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9583-5	journal	May 2009
Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model Lin, Yuh-Lang; Farley, Richard D.; Orville, Harold D. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1983
Estimation of the summer-fall PMP and PMF of a northern watershed under a changed climate: PMP and PMF Estimation Under Climate Change Beauchamp, Josée; Leconte, Robert; Trudel, Mélanie Water Resources Research, Vol. 49, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20336	journal	June 2013
Probable maximum precipitation for design floods in the United States Hansen, E. Marshall Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 96, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90158-2	journal	December 1987
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble Kharin, V. V.; Zwiers, F. W.; Zhang, X. Climatic Change, Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0705-8	journal	February 2013
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over Three Watersheds in Northern California: Relative Humidity Maximization Method Ishida, K.; Kavvas, M. L.; Jang, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001175	journal	October 2015
A novel method to estimate the maximization ratio of the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) using regional climate model output: PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION Rouhani, Hassan; Leconte, Robert Water Resources Research, Vol. 52, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018603	journal	September 2016
Temporal trends in United States dew point temperatures Robinson, Peter J. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200007)20:9<985::AID-JOC513>3.0.CO;2-W	journal	January 2000
The challenge to keep global warming below 2 °C Peters, Glen P.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Boden, Tom Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1783	journal	December 2012
The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis Saha, Suranjana; Moorthi, Shrinivas; Pan, Hua-Lu Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 91, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1	journal	August 2010
A comprehensive meteorological modeling system?RAMS Pielke, R. A.; Cotton, W. R.; Walko, R. L. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01025401	journal	January 1992
Method for Estimating Probable Maximum Rainfall Hershfield, David M. Journal - American Water Works Association, Vol. 57, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1965.tb01486.x	journal	August 1965
Understanding Convective Extreme Precipitation Scaling Using Observations and an Entraining Plume Model Loriaux, Jessica M.; Lenderink, Geert; De Roode, Stephan R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 70, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0317.1	journal	November 2013
Estimation of the probable maximum precipitation in Barcelona (Spain) Casas, M. Carmen; Rodríguez, Raül; Prohom, Marc International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 31, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2149	journal	April 2010
Probable maximum precipitation and climate change: PMP AND CLIMATE CHANGE Kunkel, Kenneth E.; Karl, Thomas R.; Easterling, David R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50334	journal	April 2013
Precipitation Extremes Under Climate Change O’Gorman, Paul A. Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-015-0009-3	journal	April 2015
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over Three Watersheds in Northern California: Atmospheric Boundary Condition Shifting Ishida, K.; Kavvas, M. L.; Jang, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001026	journal	April 2015
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project Kalnay, E.; Kanamitsu, M.; Kistler, R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1996
A probabilistic approach to the concept of Probable Maximum Precipitation Papalexiou, S. M.; Koutsoyiannis, D. Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-51-2006	journal	January 2006
Probable Maximum Precipitation in a Changing Climate: Implications for Dam Design Stratz, Steven A.; Hossain, Faisal Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 19, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001021	journal	December 2014
Impacts of Postdam Land Use/Land Cover Changes on Modification of Extreme Precipitation in Contrasting Hydroclimate and Terrain Features Woldemichael, Abel T.; Hossain, Faisal; Pielke, Roger Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-085.1	journal	April 2014
Evaluation of a WRF dynamical downscaling simulation over California Caldwell, Peter; Chin, Hung-Neng S.; Bader, David C. Climatic Change, Vol. 95, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584‐009‐9583‐5	journal	May 2009
How Does the Record July 1996 Illinois Rainstorm Affect Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates? Chen, Li-Chuan; Bradley, A. Allen Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084‐0699(2007)12:3(327)	journal	May 2007
Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation Using Multifractals: Application in the Eastern United States Douglas, Ellen M.; Barros, Ana P. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1525‐7541(2003)004<1012:PMPEUM>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2003
Spatial Disaggregation of Mean Areal Rainfall Using Gibbs Sampling Gagnon, P.; Rousseau, A. N.; Mailhot, A. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM‐D‐11‐034.1	journal	February 2012
Probable maximum precipitation for design floods in the United States Hansen, E. Marshall Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 96, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022‐1694(87)90158‐2	journal	December 1987
Estimating the Probable Maximum Precipitation Hershfield, David M. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 87, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0000651	journal	September 1961
A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation Hong, Song-You; Dudhia, Jimy; Chen, Shu-Hua Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
Local-To-Regional Landscape Drivers of Extreme Weather and Climate: Implications for Water Infrastructure Resilience Hossain, Faisal; Arnold, Jeffrey; Beighley, Ed Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943‐5584.0001210	journal	July 2015
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over Three Watersheds in Northern California: Atmospheric Boundary Condition Shifting Ishida, K.; Kavvas, M. L.; Jang, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943‐5584.0001026	journal	April 2015
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over Three Watersheds in Northern California: Relative Humidity Maximization Method Ishida, K.; Kavvas, M. L.; Jang, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943‐5584.0001175	journal	October 2015
The Kain–Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update Kain, John S. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization Kain, John S.; Fritsch, J. Michael Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 47, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 1990
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project Kalnay, E.; Kanamitsu, M.; Kistler, R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1996
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 ensemble Kharin, V. V.; Zwiers, F. W.; Zhang, X. Climatic Change, Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584‐013‐0705‐8	journal	February 2013
Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model Lin, Yuh-Lang; Farley, Richard D.; Orville, Harold D. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1983
Atlantic Warm Pool Variability in the CMIP5 Simulations Liu, Hailong; Wang, Chunzai; Lee, Sang-Ki Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐12‐00556.1	journal	July 2013
Understanding Convective Extreme Precipitation Scaling Using Observations and an Entraining Plume Model Loriaux, Jessica M.; Lenderink, Geert; De Roode, Stephan R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 70, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS‐D‐12‐0317.1	journal	October 2013
North American Regional Reanalysis Mesinger, Fedor; DiMego, Geoff; Kalnay, Eugenia Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS‐87‐3‐343	journal	March 2006
Precipitation Extremes Under Climate Change O’Gorman, Paul A. Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641‐015‐0009‐3	journal	April 2015
Physically Based Estimation of Maximum Precipitation over American River Watershed, California Ohara, N.; Kavvas, M. L.; Kure, S. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943‐5584.0000324	journal	April 2011
A probabilistic approach to the concept of Probable Maximum Precipitation Papalexiou, S. M.; Koutsoyiannis, D. Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo‐7‐51‐2006	journal	January 2006
Climate Change Impacts on the Water Balance of the Colorado Headwaters: High-Resolution Regional Climate Model Simulations Rasmussen, Roy; Ikeda, Kyoko; Liu, Changhai Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM‐D‐13‐0118.1	journal	June 2014
Temporal trends in United States dew point temperatures Robinson, Peter J. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097‐0088(200007)20:9<985::AID‐JOC513>3.0.CO;2‐W	journal	January 2000
Probable Maximum Precipitation in a Changing Climate: Implications for Dam Design Stratz, Steven A.; Hossain, Faisal Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 19, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943‐5584.0001021	journal	December 2014
Precipitation Averages for Large Areas Thiessen, Alfred H. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0493(1911)39<1082b:PAFLA>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1911
Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part I: Description and Sensitivity Analysis Thompson, Gregory; Rasmussen, Roy M.; Manning, Kevin Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 2004
Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain Thornton, Peter E.; Running, Steven W.; White, Michael A. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 190, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022‐1694(96)03128‐9	journal	March 1997
Impacts of Postdam Land Use/Land Cover Changes on Modification of Extreme Precipitation in Contrasting Hydroclimate and Terrain Features Woldemichael, Abel T.; Hossain, Faisal; Pielke, Roger Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM‐D‐13‐085.1	journal	April 2014
Evaluation of probable maximum snow accumulation: Development of a methodology for climate change studies Klein, Iris M.; Rousseau, Alain N.; Frigon, Anne Elsevier https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-151187	text	January 2016
Development of a methodology to evaluate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) under changing climate conditions: Application to southern Quebec, Canada Rousseau, Alain N.; Klein, Iris M.; Freudiger, Daphné Elsevier https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-151189	text	January 2014

Cited By (1)

Sensitivity of Extreme Rainfall to Atmospheric Moisture Content in the Arid/Semiarid Southwestern United States: Implications for Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates Yang, Long; Smith, James Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027850	journal	February 2018