Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters
Abstract
We present a new implementation of star formation in cosmological simulations by considering star clusters as a unit of star formation. Cluster particles grow in mass over several million years at the rate determined by local gas properties, with high time resolution. The particle growth is terminated by its own energy and momentum feedback on the interstellar medium. We test this implementation for Milky Way-sized galaxies at high redshift by comparing the properties of model clusters with observations of young star clusters. We find that the cluster initial mass function is best described by a Schechter function rather than a single power law. In agreement with observations, at low masses the logarithmic slope is $$\alpha \approx 1.8\mbox{–}2$$, while the cutoff at high mass scales with the star formation rate (SFR). A related trend is a positive correlation between the surface density of the SFR and fraction of stars contained in massive clusters. Both trends indicate that the formation of massive star clusters is preferred during bursts of star formation. These bursts are often associated with major-merger events. We also find that the median timescale for cluster formation ranges from 0.5 to 4 Myr and decreases systematically with increasing star formation efficiency. Local variations in the gas density and cluster accretion rate naturally lead to the scatter of the overall formation efficiency by an order of magnitude, even when the instantaneous efficiency is kept constant. As a result, comparison of the formation timescale with the observed age spread of young star clusters provides an additional important constraint on the modeling of star formation and feedback schemes.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[4];
[4]
- Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
- Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
- Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1365574
- Report Number(s):
- arXiv:1608.03244; FERMILAB-PUB-16-688-A
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; 1602906
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 834; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
- Publisher:
- Institute of Physics (IOP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmological: theory; galaxies: formation; galaxies: star clusters: general
Citation Formats
Li, Hui, Gnedin, Oleg Y., Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Meng, Xi, Semenov, Vadim A., and Kravtsov, Andrey V. Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69.
Li, Hui, Gnedin, Oleg Y., Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Meng, Xi, Semenov, Vadim A., & Kravtsov, Andrey V. Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69
Li, Hui, Gnedin, Oleg Y., Gnedin, Nickolay Y., Meng, Xi, Semenov, Vadim A., and Kravtsov, Andrey V. Tue .
"Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1365574.
@article{osti_1365574,
title = {Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters},
author = {Li, Hui and Gnedin, Oleg Y. and Gnedin, Nickolay Y. and Meng, Xi and Semenov, Vadim A. and Kravtsov, Andrey V.},
abstractNote = {We present a new implementation of star formation in cosmological simulations by considering star clusters as a unit of star formation. Cluster particles grow in mass over several million years at the rate determined by local gas properties, with high time resolution. The particle growth is terminated by its own energy and momentum feedback on the interstellar medium. We test this implementation for Milky Way-sized galaxies at high redshift by comparing the properties of model clusters with observations of young star clusters. We find that the cluster initial mass function is best described by a Schechter function rather than a single power law. In agreement with observations, at low masses the logarithmic slope is $\alpha \approx 1.8\mbox{–}2$, while the cutoff at high mass scales with the star formation rate (SFR). A related trend is a positive correlation between the surface density of the SFR and fraction of stars contained in massive clusters. Both trends indicate that the formation of massive star clusters is preferred during bursts of star formation. These bursts are often associated with major-merger events. We also find that the median timescale for cluster formation ranges from 0.5 to 4 Myr and decreases systematically with increasing star formation efficiency. Local variations in the gas density and cluster accretion rate naturally lead to the scatter of the overall formation efficiency by an order of magnitude, even when the instantaneous efficiency is kept constant. As a result, comparison of the formation timescale with the observed age spread of young star clusters provides an additional important constraint on the modeling of star formation and feedback schemes.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 834,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jan 03 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Tue Jan 03 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 77 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters, using M83 as a test bench
journal, July 2015
- Adamo, A.; Kruijssen, J. M. D.; Bastian, N.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 452, Issue 1
On the Interplay Between star Formation and Feedback in Galaxy Formation Simulations
journal, April 2015
- Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 804, Issue 1
The Impact of Stellar Feedback on the Structure, Size, and Morphology of Galaxies in Milky-Way-Sized dark Matter Halos
journal, June 2016
- Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 824, Issue 2
Toward a Complete Accounting of Energy and Momentum from Stellar Feedback in Galaxy Formation Simulations
journal, May 2013
- Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Leitner, Samuel N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 1
The formation of globular clusters in merging and interacting galaxies
journal, January 1992
- Ashman, Keith M.; Zepf, Stephen E.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 384
On the star formation rate - brightest cluster relation: estimating the peak star formation rate in post-merger galaxies
journal, October 2008
- Bastian, N.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 390, Issue 2
Modelling accretion in protobinary systems
journal, November 1995
- Bate, Matthew R.; Bonnell, Ian A.; Price, Nigel M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 277, Issue 2
THE AVERAGE STAR FORMATION HISTORIES OF GALAXIES IN DARK MATTER HALOS FROM z = 0-8
journal, May 2013
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Conroy, Charlie
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 1
The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
journal, December 2012
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Wu, Hao-Yi
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 762, Issue 2
Gravitationally Consistent halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology
journal, December 2012
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Wu, Hao-Yi
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 1
Using galaxy pairs to probe star formation during major halo mergers
journal, April 2015
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Zhu, Guangtun; Ferguson, Henry C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 2
Simulations of disk Galaxies with Cosmic ray Driven Galactic Winds
journal, October 2013
- Booth, C. M.; Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 777, Issue 1
Galaxy formation and physical bias
journal, November 1992
- Cen, Renyue; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 399
Radiative feedback and the low efficiency of galaxy formation in low-mass haloes at high redshift
journal, June 2014
- Ceverino, Daniel; Klypin, Anatoly; Klimek, Elizabeth S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 2
Star Formation Relations in Nearby Molecular Clouds
journal, February 2014
- Evans, Neal J.; Heiderman, Amanda; Vutisalchavakul, Nalin
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 782, Issue 2
Inefficient star formation through turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback
journal, May 2015
- Federrath, Christoph
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 4
Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of sink Particles in amr and sph
journal, March 2010
- Federrath, Christoph; Banerjee, Robi; Clark, Paul C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 713, Issue 1
The star Formation rate of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds: Comparing Theory, Simulations, and Observations
journal, December 2012
- Federrath, Christoph; Klessen, Ralf S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 761, Issue 2
On the time Variability of the star Formation Efficiency
journal, December 2010
- Feldmann, R.; Gnedin, N. Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 727, Issue 1
The luminosity function of young star clusters: implications for the maximum mass and luminosity of clusters
journal, April 2006
- Gieles, M.; Larsen, S. S.; Bastian, N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 450, Issue 1
Cosmic Reionization on Computers. i. Design and Calibration of Simulations
journal, September 2014
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 793, Issue 1
Cosmic Reionization on Computers: the Faint end of the Galaxy Luminosity Function
journal, July 2016
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 825, Issue 2
Multi-dimensional cosmological radiative transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor formalism
journal, October 2001
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom
- New Astronomy, Vol. 6, Issue 7
Environmental Dependence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in Galaxies
journal, January 2011
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 728, Issue 2
Implementing the dc mode in Cosmological Simulations with Supercomoving Variables
journal, June 2011
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Rudd, Douglas H.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 194, Issue 2
Co-Evolution of Galactic Nuclei and Globular Cluster Systems
journal, March 2014
- Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Tremaine, Scott
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 785, Issue 1
On the fraction of star clusters surviving the embedded phase
journal, March 2010
- Goddard, Q. E.; Bastian, N.; Kennicutt, R. C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Forming disc galaxies in CDM simulations
journal, February 2007
- Governato, F.; Willman, B.; Mayer, L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 374, Issue 4
Cuspy no more: how outflows affect the central dark matter and baryon distribution in Λ cold dark matter galaxies: Galaxy cores in ΛCDM
journal, March 2012
- Governato, F.; Zolotov, A.; Pontzen, A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 422, Issue 2
Rapid star formation and global gravitational collapse: Rapid star formation
journal, December 2011
- Hartmann, Lee; Ballesteros-Paredes, Javier; Heitsch, Fabian
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 420, Issue 2
Analytical Theory for the Initial mass Function. iii. time Dependence and star Formation rate
journal, June 2013
- Hennebelle, Patrick; Chabrier, Gilles
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 2
Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories
journal, March 2015
- Hollyhead, K.; Bastian, N.; Adamo, A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 1
Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): stellar feedback explains cosmologically inefficient star formation
journal, September 2014
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Kereš, Dušan; Oñorbe, José
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 445, Issue 1
Self-regulated star formation in galaxies via momentum input from massive stars: Self-regulated star formation in galaxies
journal, September 2011
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot; Murray, Norman
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 417, Issue 2
Adaptive mesh Refinement Simulations of Galaxy Formation: Exploring Numerical and Physical Parameters
journal, April 2012
- Hummels, Cameron B.; Bryan, Greg L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 749, Issue 2
Dissipational galaxy formation. II - Effects of star formation
journal, June 1992
- Katz, Neal
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 391
Cosmological galaxy evolution with superbubble feedback – I. Realistic galaxies with moderate feedback
journal, September 2015
- Keller, B. W.; Wadsley, J.; Couchman, H. M. P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 453, Issue 4
On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation
journal, May 2003
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 590, Issue 1
Formation of Globular Clusters in Hierarchical Cosmology
journal, April 2005
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 623, Issue 2
Adaptive Refinement Tree: A New High‐Resolution N ‐Body Code for Cosmological Simulations
journal, July 1997
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Klypin, Anatoly A.; Khokhlov, Alexei M.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 111, Issue 1
A supersonic turbulence origin of Larson's laws
journal, October 2013
- Kritsuk, A. G.; Lee, C. T.; Norman, M. L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 436, Issue 4
On the variation of the initial mass function
journal, April 2001
- Kroupa, P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 322, Issue 2
Globular cluster formation in the context of galaxy formation and evolution
journal, December 2014
- Diederik Kruijssen, J. M.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 31, Issue 24
Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in ‘normal’ high-redshift galaxies
journal, October 2015
- Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 454, Issue 2
A Universal, Local star Formation law in Galactic Clouds, Nearby Galaxies, High-Redshift Disks, and Starbursts
journal, December 2011
- Krumholz, Mark R.; Dekel, Avishai; McKee, Christopher F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 745, Issue 1
A General Theory of Turbulence‐regulated Star Formation, from Spirals to Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
journal, September 2005
- Krumholz, Mark R.; McKee, Christopher F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 630, Issue 1
Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
journal, September 2003
- Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 41, Issue 1
On the star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
journal, November 2010
- Lada, Charles J.; Lombardi, Marco; Alves, João F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 724, Issue 1
The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies
journal, September 2002
- Larsen, Søren S.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 124, Issue 3
Turbulence and star formation in molecular clouds
journal, April 1981
- Larson, R. B.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 194, Issue 4
Time-Varying Dynamical star Formation rate
journal, February 2015
- Lee, Eve J.; Chang, Philip; Murray, Norman
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 800, Issue 1
Modeling the Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo Cluster
journal, October 2014
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 796, Issue 1
Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence
journal, January 2004
- Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark; Klessen, Ralf S.
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 76, Issue 1
Theory of Star Formation
journal, September 2007
- McKee, Christopher F.; Ostriker, Eve C.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 45, Issue 1
Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters
journal, July 2010
- Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 718, Issue 2
Star Formation Efficiencies and Lifetimes of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky way
journal, February 2011
- Murray, Norman
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 729, Issue 2
Star Formation in Self-Gravitating Turbulent Fluids
journal, April 2015
- Murray, Norman; Chang, Philip
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 804, Issue 1
Simulations of dissipative galaxy formation in hierarchically clustering universes - I: Tests of the code
journal, November 1993
- Navarro, J. F.; White, S. D. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 265, Issue 2
The First Billion Years project: the escape fraction of ionizing photons in the epoch of reionization
journal, June 2015
- Paardekooper, Jan-Pieter; Khochfar, Sadegh; Dalla Vecchia, Claudio
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 3
The star Formation rate of Supersonic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
journal, March 2011
- Padoan, Paolo; Nordlund, Åke
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 730, Issue 1
A Simple law of star Formation
journal, October 2012
- Padoan, Paolo; Haugbølle, Troels; Nordlund, Åke
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 759, Issue 2
Planck 2013 results. XV. CMB power spectra and likelihood
journal, October 2014
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 571
Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2016
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594
Young Massive Star Clusters
journal, August 2010
- Portegies Zwart, Simon F.; McMillan, Stephen L. W.; Gieles, Mark
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 48, Issue 1
Dark matter cores all the way down
journal, March 2016
- Read, J. I.; Agertz, O.; Collins, M. L. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 3
A parsec-resolution simulation of the Antennae galaxies: formation of star clusters during the merger
journal, November 2014
- Renaud, Florent; Bournaud, Frédéric; Duc, Pierre-Alain
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 2
Effects of Baryons and Dissipation on the Matter Power Spectrum
journal, January 2008
- Rudd, Douglas H.; Zentner, Andrew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 672, Issue 1
Cosmic ray driven outflows in global galaxy disc models
journal, November 2013
- Salem, Munier; Bryan, Greg L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 437, Issue 4
Effects of supernova feedback on the formation of galaxy discs
journal, September 2008
- Scannapieco, Cecilia; Tissera, Patricia B.; White, Simon D. M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 389, Issue 3
Cosmological fluid mechanics with adaptively refined large eddy simulations
journal, April 2014
- Schmidt, W.; Almgren, A. S.; Braun, H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 4
Nonuniversal star Formation Efficiency in Turbulent ism
journal, July 2016
- Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 826, Issue 2
Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
journal, August 2015
- Somerville, Rachel S.; Davé, Romeel
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 53, Issue 1
The large-scale structure of the Universe
journal, April 2006
- Springel, Volker; Frenk, Carlos S.; White, Simon D. M.
- Nature, Vol. 440, Issue 7088
Star formation and feedback in smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations – I. Isolated galaxies
journal, November 2006
- Stinson, Greg; Seth, Anil; Katz, Neal
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 373, Issue 3
Making Galaxies In a Cosmological Context: the need for early stellar feedback
journal, October 2012
- Stinson, G. S.; Brook, C.; Macciò, A. V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 428, Issue 1
The star Cluster Mass–Galactocentric Radius Relation: Implications for Cluster Formation
journal, December 2015
- Sun, Weijia; Grijs, Richard de; Fan, Zhou
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 816, Issue 1
ATLASGAL – towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps★
journal, July 2014
- Urquhart, J. S.; Moore, T. J. T.; Csengeri, T.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 443, Issue 2
CHANDRA CLUSTER COSMOLOGY PROJECT III: COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS
journal, February 2009
- Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A. V.; Burenin, R. A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 692, Issue 2
Reconciling Dwarf Galaxies with Λcdm Cosmology: Simulating a Realistic Population of Satellites Around a Milky Way–Mass Galaxy
journal, August 2016
- Wetzel, Andrew R.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Kim, Ji-hoon
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 2
Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation
journal, September 2016
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594
The large-scale structure of the universe
journal, January 1983
- Shandarin, S. F.; Doroshkevich, A. G.; Zel'dovich, Ya B.
- Soviet Physics Uspekhi, Vol. 26, Issue 1
Forming disc galaxies in ΛCDM simulations
text, January 2007
- Governato, Fabio; Willman, Beth; Mayer, L.
- ETH Zurich
Planck 2015 results : X. Diffuse component separation: Foreground maps
journal, September 2016
- Adam, R.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594
Rapid star formation and global gravitational collapse
text, January 2012
- Lee, Hartmann,; Javier, Ballesteros-Paredes,; Fabian, Heitsch,
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
journal, October 1983
- Silk, Joseph; Szalay, Alexander S.; Zel'dovich, Yakov B.
- Scientific American, Vol. 249, Issue 4
Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second
journal, September 2016
- Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Argüeso, F.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594
Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints
text, January 2008
- Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A. V.; Burenin, R. A.
- arXiv
Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent Gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of Sink Particles in AMR and SPH
text, January 2010
- Federrath, Christoph; Banerjee, Robi; Clark, Paul C.
- arXiv
Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters
text, January 2010
- Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- arXiv
Young massive star clusters
text, January 2010
- Zwart, Simon Portegies; McMillan, Steve; Gieles, Mark
- arXiv
On the Fraction of Star Clusters Surviving the Embedded Phase
text, January 2010
- Goddard, Q. E.; Bastian, N.; Kennicutt, R. C.
- arXiv
Environmental Dependence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in Galaxies
text, January 2010
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- arXiv
On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds
text, January 2010
- Lada, Charles J.; Lombardi, Marco; Alves, João F.
- arXiv
On the time variability of the star formation efficiency
text, January 2010
- Feldmann, R.; Gnedin, N. Y.
- arXiv
Implementing the DC Mode in Cosmological Simulations with Supercomoving Variables
text, January 2011
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Rudd, Douglas H.
- arXiv
The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
text, January 2012
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Conroy, Charlie
- arXiv
A Simple Law of Star Formation
text, January 2012
- Padoan, Paolo; Haugboelle, Troels; Nordlund, AAke
- arXiv
The Star Formation Rate of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds: Comparing Theory, Simulations, and Observations
text, January 2012
- Federrath, Christoph; Klessen, Ralf S.
- arXiv
Analytical theory for the initial mass function: III time dependence and star formation rate
text, January 2013
- Hennebelle, Patrick; Chabrier, Gilles
- arXiv
A supersonic turbulence origin of Larson's laws
text, January 2013
- Kritsuk, Alexei G.; Lee, Christoph T.; Norman, Michael L.
- arXiv
Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): Stellar Feedback Explains Cosmologically Inefficient Star Formation
text, January 2013
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Keres, Dusan; Onorbe, Jose
- arXiv
Cosmic Reionization On Computers I. Design and Calibration of Simulations
text, January 2014
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- arXiv
Modeling the Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo Cluster
text, January 2014
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- arXiv
Globular cluster formation in the context of galaxy formation and evolution
text, January 2014
- Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- arXiv
Using Galaxy Pairs to Probe Star Formation During Major Halo Mergers
text, January 2015
- Behroozi, Peter S.; Zhu, Guangtun; Ferguson, Henry C.
- arXiv
Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
text, January 2015
- Collaboration, Planck; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.
- arXiv
Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories
text, January 2015
- Hollyhead, Katherine; Bastian, Nate; Adamo, Angela
- arXiv
Inefficient star formation through turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback
text, January 2015
- Federrath, Christoph
- arXiv
Cosmological Galaxy Evolution with Superbubble Feedback I: Realistic Galaxies with Moderate Feedback
text, January 2015
- Keller, B. W.; Wadsley, J.; Couchman, H. M. P.
- arXiv
Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters; using M83 as a test bench
text, January 2015
- Adamo, Angela; Kruijssen, Diederik; Bastian, Nate
- arXiv
Dark matter cores all the way down
text, January 2015
- Read, J. I.; Agertz, O.; Collins, M. L. M.
- arXiv
The star cluster mass--galactocentric radius relation: Implications for cluster formation
text, January 2015
- Sun, Weijia; de Grijs, Richard; Fan, Zhou
- arXiv
Non-universal star formation efficiency in turbulent ISM
text, January 2015
- Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- arXiv
Multi--dimensional Cosmological Radiative Transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor Formalism
text, January 2001
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom
- arXiv
On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation
text, January 2003
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- arXiv
The luminosity function of young star clusters: implications for the maximum mass and luminosity of clusters
text, January 2005
- Gieles, Mark; Larsen, Soeren; Bastian, Nate
- arXiv
Effects of Baryons and Dissipation on the Matter Power Spectrum
text, January 2007
- Rudd, Douglas H.; Zentner, Andrew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- arXiv
Modelling Accretion in Protobinary Systems
text, January 1995
- Bate, M. R.; Bonnell, I. A.; Price, N. M.
- arXiv
Works referencing / citing this record:
Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation
journal, January 2020
- Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico; Torrey, Paul
- Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
journal, May 2019
- Bílek, M.; Samurović, S.; Renaud, F.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 625
Supermassive black holes in the early universe
journal, April 2019
- Smith, Aaron; Bromm, Volker
- Contemporary Physics, Vol. 60, Issue 2
Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations
journal, November 2017
- Kim, Ji-hoon; Ma, Xiangcheng; Grudić, Michael Y.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 3
The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations
journal, December 2017
- Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 4
Concurrent formation of supermassive stars and globular clusters: implications for early self-enrichment
journal, April 2018
- Gieles, Mark; Charbonnel, Corinne; Krause, Martin G. H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 2
Slow cooling in low-metallicity clouds: an origin of globular cluster bimodality?
journal, May 2018
- Fernandez, Ricardo; Bryan, Greg L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 479, Issue 1
The origin of the ‘blue tilt’ of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, July 2018
- Usher, Christopher; Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 3
Formation of globular cluster systems: from dwarf galaxies to giants
journal, July 2018
- Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 2
Globular clusters formed within dark haloes I: present-day abundance, distribution, and kinematics
journal, October 2018
- Creasey, Peter; Sales, Laura V.; Peng, Eric W.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1
Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299: evidence for the dependence of star cluster formation and evolution on environment
journal, October 2018
- Randriamanakoto, Z.; Väisänen, P.; Ryder, S. D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 2
Massive star cluster formation under the microscope at z = 6
journal, December 2018
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 3
Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations – III. Dynamical and chemical evolution
journal, April 2019
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3
Formation histories of stars, clusters, and globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, May 2019
- Reina-Campos, Marta; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4
A systematic analysis of star cluster disruption by tidal shocks – I. Controlled N-body simulations and a new theoretical model
journal, May 2019
- Webb, Jeremy J.; Reina-Campos, Marta; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
journal, May 2019
- Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 1
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, June 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
Is there a fundamental upper limit to the mass of a star cluster?
journal, July 2019
- Norris, Mark A.; van de Ven, Glenn; Kannappan, Sheila J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4
Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems
journal, July 2019
- Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4
Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, October 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2
Global simulations of galactic discs: violent feedback from clustered supernovae during bursts of star formation
journal, December 2019
- Martizzi, Davide
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1
Structure and stability of high-redshift galaxies in cosmological simulations
journal, March 2019
- Meng, Xi; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 2
Globular cluster formation and evolution in the context of cosmological galaxy assembly: open questions
journal, February 2018
- Forbes, Duncan A.; Bastian, Nate; Gieles, Mark
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 474, Issue 2210
Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope : Stellar Cluster Catalogs and First Insights Into Cluster Formation and Evolution in NGC 628
journal, June 2017
- Adamo, A.; Ryon, J. E.; Messa, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 841, Issue 2
Dissolved Massive Metal-rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
journal, April 2018
- Goudfrooij, Paul
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 1
Globular Clusters in a Cosmological N -body Simulation
journal, July 2018
- Carlberg, Raymond G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1
Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies
journal, August 2018
- Matthews, Allison M.; Johnson, Kelsey E.; Whitmore, Bradley C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2
Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback
journal, July 2018
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2
Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal-poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars
journal, July 2018
- Mandelker, Nir; Dokkum, Pieter G. van; Brodie, Jean P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2
Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
journal, September 2018
- Brown, Gillen; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1
Two Thresholds for Globular Cluster Formation and the Common Occurrence of Massive Clusters in the Early Universe
journal, December 2018
- Elmegreen, Bruce G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
The SLUGGS survey: measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy
journal, September 2019
- Usher, Christopher; Brodie, Jean P.; Forbes, Duncan A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 1
The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age–metallicity distribution of globular clusters
journal, April 2019
- Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L.; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3
Supermassive black holes in the early Universe
journal, December 2015
- Melia, F.; McClintock, T. M.
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 471, Issue 2184
Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury. XVIII. The High-mass Truncation of the Star Cluster Mass Function
journal, April 2017
- Johnson, L. Clifton; Seth, Anil C.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 839, Issue 2
Supermassive black holes in the early universe
journal, March 2004
- Dietrich, M.; Hamann, F.
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. 2004, Issue IAUS222
Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope. Stellar cluster catalogues and first insights into cluster formation and evolution in NGC 628
text, January 2017
- Adamo, A.; Ryon, J. E.; Messa, M.
- arXiv
Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback
text, January 2017
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- arXiv
Globular Cluster Formation and Evolution in the Context of Cosmological Galaxy Assembly: Open Questions
text, January 2018
- Forbes, Duncan A.; Bastian, Nate; Gieles, Mark
- arXiv
Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
text, January 2018
- Goudfrooij, Paul
- arXiv
Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations
text, January 2018
- Brown, Gillen; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui
- arXiv
Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
text, January 2018
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- arXiv
Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299: evidence for the dependence of star cluster formation and evolution on environment
text, January 2018
- Randriamanakoto, Zara; Väisänen, Petri; Ryder, Stuart D.
- arXiv
Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. III. Dynamical and chemical evolution
text, January 2018
- Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- arXiv
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
text, January 2019
- Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico
- arXiv
Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems
text, January 2019
- Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- arXiv
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
text, January 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A.
- arXiv