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Title: The NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region

Abstract

We present a catalog of hard X-ray sources in a square-degree region surveyed by NuSTAR in the direction of the Norma spiral arm. This survey has a total exposure time of 1.7 Ms, and typical and maximum exposure depths of 50 ks and 1 Ms, respectively. In the area of deepest coverage, sensitivity limits of 5 x 10-14 and 4 x 10-14 erg s-1 cm-2 in the 3–10 and 10–20 keV bands, respectively, are reached. Twenty-eight sources are firmly detected and ten are detected with low significance; eight of the 38 sources are expected to be active galactic nuclei. The three brightest sources were previously identified as a low-mass X-ray binary, high-mass X-ray binary, and pulsar wind nebula. Based on their X-ray properties and multi-wavelength counterparts, we identify the likely nature of the other sources as two colliding wind binaries, three pulsar wind nebulae, a black hole binary, and a plurality of cataclysmic variables (CVs). The CV candidates in the Norma region have plasma temperatures of ≈10–20 keV, consistent with the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission spectrum but lower than temperatures of CVs near the Galactic Center. This temperature difference may indicate that the Norma region has a lower fraction ofmore » intermediate polars relative to other types of CVs compared to the Galactic Center. The NuSTAR logN-logS distribution in the 10–20 keV band is consistent with the distribution measured by Chandra at 2–10 keV if the average source spectrum is assumed to be a thermal model with kT ≈ 15 keV, as observed for the CV candidates.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [7];  [1];  [1];  [8];  [3]; ORCiD logo [9]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [10]; ORCiD logo [11];  [1]; ORCiD logo [12];  [13];  [14] more »;  [15]; ORCiD logo [14]; ORCiD logo [14];  [12];  [16];  [17]; ORCiD logo [14];  [14]; ORCiD logo [14];  [18];  [19]; ORCiD logo [18]; ORCiD logo [14];  [12];  [20] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  2. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
  3. Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Columbia Astrophysics Lab.
  4. Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile, Santiago (Chile); Millenium Inst. of Astrophysics, Santiago (Chile); Space Science Inst., Boulder, CO (United States)
  5. European Southern Observatory, Munchen (Germany)
  6. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), La Canada Flintridge, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab.
  7. Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA (United States)
  8. Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile, Santiago (Chile)
  9. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Russia Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russia)
  10. Durham Univ. (United Kingdom)
  11. Univ. of Toulouse (France)
  12. Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)
  13. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  14. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Cahill Center for Astrophysics
  15. ASI Science Data Center (ASDC), Rome (Italy)
  16. Hiroshima Univ. (Japan)
  17. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  18. ASI Science Data Center (ASDC), Rome (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Monteporzio (Italy). Astronomica di Roma
  19. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  20. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1361155
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online); Journal Volume: 229; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4365
Publisher:
American Astronomical Society/IOP
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

Fornasini, Francesca M., Tomsick, John A., Hong, JaeSub, Gotthelf, Eric V., Bauer, Franz, Rahoui, Farid, Stern, Daniel, Bodaghee, Arash, Chiu, Jeng-Lun, Clavel, Maïca, Corral-Santana, Jesús, Hailey, Charles J., Krivonos, Roman A., Mori, Kaya, Alexander, David M., Barret, Didier, Boggs, Steven E., Christensen, Finn E., Craig, William W., Forster, Karl, Giommi, Paolo, Grefenstette, Brian W., Harrison, Fiona A., Hornstrup, Allan, Kitaguchi, Takao, Koglin, J. E., Madsen, Kristin K., Mao, Peter H., Miyasaka, Hiromasa, Perri, Matteo, Pivovaroff, Michael J., Puccetti, Simonetta, Rana, Vikram, Westergaard, Niels J., and Zhang, William W. The NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aa61fc.
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Fornasini, Francesca M., Tomsick, John A., Hong, JaeSub, Gotthelf, Eric V., Bauer, Franz, Rahoui, Farid, Stern, Daniel, Bodaghee, Arash, Chiu, Jeng-Lun, Clavel, Maïca, Corral-Santana, Jesús, Hailey, Charles J., Krivonos, Roman A., Mori, Kaya, Alexander, David M., Barret, Didier, Boggs, Steven E., Christensen, Finn E., Craig, William W., Forster, Karl, Giommi, Paolo, Grefenstette, Brian W., Harrison, Fiona A., Hornstrup, Allan, Kitaguchi, Takao, Koglin, J. E., Madsen, Kristin K., Mao, Peter H., Miyasaka, Hiromasa, Perri, Matteo, Pivovaroff, Michael J., Puccetti, Simonetta, Rana, Vikram, Westergaard, Niels J., & Zhang, William W. The NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa61fc
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Fornasini, Francesca M., Tomsick, John A., Hong, JaeSub, Gotthelf, Eric V., Bauer, Franz, Rahoui, Farid, Stern, Daniel, Bodaghee, Arash, Chiu, Jeng-Lun, Clavel, Maïca, Corral-Santana, Jesús, Hailey, Charles J., Krivonos, Roman A., Mori, Kaya, Alexander, David M., Barret, Didier, Boggs, Steven E., Christensen, Finn E., Craig, William W., Forster, Karl, Giommi, Paolo, Grefenstette, Brian W., Harrison, Fiona A., Hornstrup, Allan, Kitaguchi, Takao, Koglin, J. E., Madsen, Kristin K., Mao, Peter H., Miyasaka, Hiromasa, Perri, Matteo, Pivovaroff, Michael J., Puccetti, Simonetta, Rana, Vikram, Westergaard, Niels J., and Zhang, William W. Thu . "The NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa61fc. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1361155.
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@article{osti_1361155,
title = {The NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Survey of the Norma Arm Region},
author = {Fornasini, Francesca M. and Tomsick, John A. and Hong, JaeSub and Gotthelf, Eric V. and Bauer, Franz and Rahoui, Farid and Stern, Daniel and Bodaghee, Arash and Chiu, Jeng-Lun and Clavel, Maïca and Corral-Santana, Jesús and Hailey, Charles J. and Krivonos, Roman A. and Mori, Kaya and Alexander, David M. and Barret, Didier and Boggs, Steven E. and Christensen, Finn E. and Craig, William W. and Forster, Karl and Giommi, Paolo and Grefenstette, Brian W. and Harrison, Fiona A. and Hornstrup, Allan and Kitaguchi, Takao and Koglin, J. E. and Madsen, Kristin K. and Mao, Peter H. and Miyasaka, Hiromasa and Perri, Matteo and Pivovaroff, Michael J. and Puccetti, Simonetta and Rana, Vikram and Westergaard, Niels J. and Zhang, William W.},
abstractNote = {We present a catalog of hard X-ray sources in a square-degree region surveyed by NuSTAR in the direction of the Norma spiral arm. This survey has a total exposure time of 1.7 Ms, and typical and maximum exposure depths of 50 ks and 1 Ms, respectively. In the area of deepest coverage, sensitivity limits of 5 x 10-14 and 4 x 10-14 erg s-1 cm-2 in the 3–10 and 10–20 keV bands, respectively, are reached. Twenty-eight sources are firmly detected and ten are detected with low significance; eight of the 38 sources are expected to be active galactic nuclei. The three brightest sources were previously identified as a low-mass X-ray binary, high-mass X-ray binary, and pulsar wind nebula. Based on their X-ray properties and multi-wavelength counterparts, we identify the likely nature of the other sources as two colliding wind binaries, three pulsar wind nebulae, a black hole binary, and a plurality of cataclysmic variables (CVs). The CV candidates in the Norma region have plasma temperatures of ≈10–20 keV, consistent with the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission spectrum but lower than temperatures of CVs near the Galactic Center. This temperature difference may indicate that the Norma region has a lower fraction of intermediate polars relative to other types of CVs compared to the Galactic Center. The NuSTAR logN-logS distribution in the 10–20 keV band is consistent with the distribution measured by Chandra at 2–10 keV if the average source spectrum is assumed to be a thermal model with kT ≈ 15 keV, as observed for the CV candidates.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4365/aa61fc},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 229,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Apr 06 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Thu Apr 06 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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Characterizing X-Ray and Radio Emission in the Black hole X-Ray Binary v404 Cygni During Quiescence
journal, April 2016

Map of the Galaxy in the 6.7-keV emission line
journal, November 2006

Discrete sources as the origin of the Galactic X-ray ridge emission
journal, April 2009

  • Revnivtsev, M.; Sazonov, S.; Churazov, E.
  • Nature, Vol. 458, Issue 7242
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature07946

Origin of the Galactic ridge X-ray emission
journal, May 2006

Iron Kα emission in type-I and type-II active galactic nuclei
journal, June 2014

  • Ricci, C.; Ueda, Y.; Paltani, S.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu735

An XMM-Newton view of the young open cluster NGC 6231 - II. The OB star population
journal, October 2006

Australia Telescope Observations of the CTB 33 Complex
journal, July 1997

  • Sarma, A. P.; Goss, W. M.; Green, A. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 483, Issue 1
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Cumulative hard X-ray spectrum of local AGN: a link to the cosmic X-ray background
journal, March 2008

Hard X-ray properties of magnetic cataclysmic variables
journal, February 2010

X‐Ray Modeling of Very Young Early‐Type Stars in the Orion Trapezium: Signatures of Magnetically Confined Plasmas and Evolutionary Implications
journal, September 2003

  • Schulz, N. S.; Canizares, C.; Huenemoerder, D.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 595, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/377214

X-Ray Line Emission from the Hot Stellar Wind of θ[TSUP]1[/TSUP] Orionis C
journal, December 2000

  • Schulz, N. S.; Canizares, C. R.; Huenemoerder, D.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 545, Issue 2
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Black hole mass Determination in the X-Ray Binary 4u 1630-47: Scaling of Spectral and Variability Characteristics
journal, June 2014

  • Seifina, Elena; Titarchuk, Lev; Shaposhnikov, Nikolai
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 789, Issue 1
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Infrared spectroscopy of V404 Cygni: limits on the accretion disc contamination
journal, October 1996

  • Shahbaz, T.; Bandyopadhyay, R.; Charles, P. A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 282, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/282.3.977

The Symbiotic System SS73 17 Seen with Suzaku
journal, February 2008

  • Smith, Randall K.; Mushotzky, Richard; Mukai, Koji
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 60, Issue sp1
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/60.sp1.S43

MID-INFRARED SELECTION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER . I. CHARACTERIZING WISE -SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN COSMOS
journal, June 2012

  • Stern, Daniel; Assef, Roberto J.; Benford, Dominic J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 753, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/30

A Burst from the Direction of UZ Fornacis with [ITAL]XMM-Newton[/ITAL]
journal, November 2001

  • Still, Martin; Mukai, Koji
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 562, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/338103

X-Ray/Optical Studies of Two Outbursts of the Intermediate Polar YY (DO) Draconis
journal, January 2002

  • Szkody, Paula; Nishikida, Kaori; Erb, Dawn
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 123, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/324733

NuSTAR J163433-4738.7: A FAST X-RAY TRANSIENT IN THE GALACTIC PLANE
journal, March 2014

  • Tomsick, John A.; Gotthelf, Eric V.; Rahoui, Farid
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 785, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/4

X‐Ray Spectral and Timing Evolution during the Decay of the 1998 Outburst from the Recurrent X‐Ray Transient 4U 1630−47
journal, July 2000

  • Tomsick, John A.; Kaaret, Philip
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 537, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/308999

A CHANDRA SURVEY OF FLUORESCENCE Fe LINES IN X-RAY BINARIES AT HIGH RESOLUTION
journal, May 2010

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHANDRA CARINA COMPLEX PROJECT
journal, April 2011

  • Townsley, Leisa K.; Broos, Patrick S.; Corcoran, Michael F.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 194, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/194/1/1

X-ray spectral properties of active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South
journal, May 2006

X-ray spectroscopy and photometry of the long-period polar AI Trianguli with XMM-Newton
journal, June 2010

INTEGRAL hard X-ray spectra of the cosmic X-ray background and Galactic ridge emission
journal, March 2010

Fourier Techniques in X-Ray Timing
book, January 1989

Atomic Data for Astrophysics. II. New Analytic FITS for Photoionization Cross Sections of Atoms and Ions
journal, July 1996

  • Verner, D. A.; Ferland, G. J.; Korista, K. T.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 465
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The high energy X-ray tail of $\mathsf{\eta}$ Car revealed by BeppoSAX
journal, May 2004

A Chandra Search for Coronal X‐Rays from the Cool White Dwarf GD 356
journal, March 2007

  • Weisskopf, Martin C.; Wu, Kinwah; Trimble, Virginia
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 657, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/510776

NuSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE BULLET CLUSTER: CONSTRAINTS ON INVERSE COMPTON EMISSION
journal, August 2014

On the Absorption of X‐Rays in the Interstellar Medium
journal, October 2000

  • Wilms, J.; Allen, A.; McCray, R.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 542, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/317016

Discovery of a New Soft Gamma Repeater, SGR 1627−41
journal, July 1999

  • Woods, Peter M.; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; van Paradijs, Jan
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 519, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/312124

X-ray and optical observations of four polars
journal, August 2016

The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise): Mission Description and Initial On-Orbit Performance
journal, November 2010

Fe LINE DIAGNOSTICS OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES AND GALACTIC RIDGE X-RAY EMISSION
journal, February 2016

Broadband Spectral Analysis of the Galactic Ridge X-Ray Emission
journal, June 2012

X‐Ray Emission from Colliding Wind Shocks in the Wolf‐Rayet Binary WR 140
journal, August 2000

  • Zhekov, Svetozar A.; Skinner, Stephen L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 538, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/309176

Post common envelope binaries from SDSS: XI. The white dwarf mass distributions of CVs and pre-CVs
journal, December 2011

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    Flux Relaxation after Two Outbursts of the Magnetar SGR 1627–41 and Possible Hard X-Ray Emission
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    The Galactic Bulge Diffuse Emission in Broad-Band X-rays with NuSTAR
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