Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties

Roy, Shibayan; Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick; Rodriguez, Andres; Porter, Wallace D.; Shyam, Amit

doi:10.1007/s11661-017-3986-0

Title: Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties

Abstract

The first part of this study documented the as-aged microstructure of five cast aluminum alloys namely, 206, 319, 356, A356, and A356+0.5Cu, that are used for manufacturing automotive cylinder heads (Roy et al. in Metall Mater Trans A, 2016). In the present part, we report the mechanical response of these alloys after they have been subjected to various levels of thermal exposure. In addition, the thermophysical properties of these alloys are also reported over a wide temperature range. The hardness variation due to extended thermal exposure is related to the evolution of the nano-scale strengthening precipitates for different alloy systems (Al-Cu, Al-Si-Cu, and Al-Si). The effect of strengthening precipitates (size and number density) on the mechanical response is most obvious in the as-aged condition, which is quantitatively demonstrated by implementing a strength model. Significant coarsening of precipitates from long-term heat treatment removes the strengthening efficiency of the nano-scale precipitates for all these alloys systems. Thermal conductivity of the alloys evolve in an inverse manner with precipitate coarsening compared to the strength, and the implications of the same for the durability of cylinder heads are noted.

Authors:

Roy, Shibayan ^[1]; Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick ^[2]; Rodriguez, Andres ^[3]; Porter, Wallace D. ^[2]; Shyam, Amit ^[2]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Indian Inst. of Technology (IIT),Kharagpur (India)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Nemak, Garza Garcia, N.L. (Mexico)

Publication Date:: Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1360031

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 48; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1073-5623

Publisher:: ASM International

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Roy, Shibayan, Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick, Rodriguez, Andres, Porter, Wallace D., and Shyam, Amit. Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1007/s11661-017-3986-0.

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                    Roy, Shibayan, Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick, Rodriguez, Andres, Porter, Wallace D., & Shyam, Amit. Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-3986-0

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                    Roy, Shibayan, Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick, Rodriguez, Andres, Porter, Wallace D., and Shyam, Amit. Wed .  
"Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-3986-0.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1360031.

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@article{osti_1360031,

  title        = {Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties},

  author       = {Roy, Shibayan and Allard, Jr, Lawrence Frederick and Rodriguez, Andres and Porter, Wallace D. and Shyam, Amit},

  abstractNote = {The first part of this study documented the as-aged microstructure of five cast aluminum alloys namely, 206, 319, 356, A356, and A356+0.5Cu, that are used for manufacturing automotive cylinder heads (Roy et al. in Metall Mater Trans A, 2016). In the present part, we report the mechanical response of these alloys after they have been subjected to various levels of thermal exposure. In addition, the thermophysical properties of these alloys are also reported over a wide temperature range. The hardness variation due to extended thermal exposure is related to the evolution of the nano-scale strengthening precipitates for different alloy systems (Al-Cu, Al-Si-Cu, and Al-Si). The effect of strengthening precipitates (size and number density) on the mechanical response is most obvious in the as-aged condition, which is quantitatively demonstrated by implementing a strength model. Significant coarsening of precipitates from long-term heat treatment removes the strengthening efficiency of the nano-scale precipitates for all these alloys systems. Thermal conductivity of the alloys evolve in an inverse manner with precipitate coarsening compared to the strength, and the implications of the same for the durability of cylinder heads are noted.},

  doi          = {10.1007/s11661-017-3986-0},

  journal      = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 48,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

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On the impact toughness of Al–Si cast alloys
journal, February 2016

Abuhasel, Kh. A.; Ibrahim, M. F.; Elgallad, E. M.
Materials & Design, Vol. 91
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.072

Works referencing / citing this record:

Machine Learning for Thermal Transport Analysis of Aluminum Alloys with Precipitate Morphology
journal, January 2019

Wang, Jiaqi; Yousefzadi Nobakht, Ali; Blanks, James Dean
Advanced Theory and Simulations, Vol. 2, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800196

Comparative Evaluation of Cast Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Cylinder Heads: Part I—Microstructure Evolution
journal, March 2017

Roy, Shibayan; Allard, Lawrence F.; Rodriguez, Andres
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-3985-1

Microstructure and Impression Creep Behavior of Al–7Si–0.3Mg Alloy with Zr Addition
journal, February 2020

Reihanian, M.; Ranjbar, Khalil; Rashno, S.
Metals and Materials International
DOI: 10.1007/s12540-020-00628-6

Impression creep characterization of cast Al–7Si–0.3Mg alloy
journal, June 2019

Rashno, S.; Ranjbar, Khalil; Reihanian, M.
Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab251b

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Title: Comparative evaluation of cast aluminum alloys for automotive cylinder heads: Part II: Mechanical and thermal properties

Abstract

Citation Formats

Modelling of the microstructure and strength evolution in Al–Mg–Si alloys during multistage thermal processing journal, October 2004

Microstructural design of high-strength aluminum alloys journal, December 1998

Modelling of the age hardening behaviour of Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, January 2001

The effect of Mg on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Al-Si-Mg casting alloys journal, October 1999

The precipitation sequence in Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, July 1998

An age hardening model for Al–7Si–Mg casting alloys journal, February 2002

Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam journal, January 1976

Effects of La addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys journal, April 2015

Precipitation strengthening at ambient and elevated temperatures of heat-treatable Al(Sc) alloys [Acta Materialia 50(16), pp. 4021–4035] journal, January 2003

Precipitation hardening in Al–Mg–Si alloys with and without excess Si journal, November 2001

The heat treatment of Al–Si–Cu–Mg casting alloys journal, July 2010

Comparative Evaluation of Cast Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Cylinder Heads: Part I—Microstructure Evolution journal, March 2017

Effects of multiple-step thermal ageing treatment on the hardness characteristics of A356.0-type Al–Si–Mg alloy journal, March 2011

Precipitation hardening in metals journal, January 1999

Coarsening of θ′ plates in al-cu alloys—I. experimental determination of mechanisms journal, December 1981

Precipitates and intermetallic phases in precipitation hardening Al–Cu–Mg–(Li) based alloys journal, August 2005

The influence of Cu addition and pre-straining on the natural aging and bake hardening response of Al-Mg-Si alloys journal, December 2016

An attempt to estimate the degree of precipitation hardening, with a simple model journal, January 1940

Strengthening of an Al–Cu–Sn alloy by deformation-resistant precipitate plates journal, August 2008

Effect of trace yttrium addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of recycled Al–7Si–0.3Mg–1.0Fe casting alloys journal, June 2016

Effect of chemical compositions on tensile behaviors of high pressure die-casting alloys Al-10Si-yCu-xMn-zFe journal, April 2016

Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during isothermal aging at 375–425°C journal, January 2008

Effects of Iron-Rich Intermetallics on Tensile Deformation of Al-Cu 206 Cast Alloys journal, January 2015

Influence of Lanthanum on Solidification, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Eutectic Al-Si Piston Alloy journal, May 2016

Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during aging at 450–600°C journal, April 2008

Influence of Gd content on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–12Si–4Cu–2Ni–0.8Mg alloys journal, September 2015

Correlating Hardness Retention and Phase Transformations of Al and Mg Cast Alloys for Aerospace Applications journal, January 2015

Modeling the strengthening response to aging process of heat-treatable aluminum alloys containing plate/disc- or rod/needle-shaped precipitates journal, March 2003

A TEM study of precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, January 2001

Mechanical properties of Al(Sc,Zr) alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures journal, September 2003

High-resolution electron microscopy on the structure of Guinier-Preston zones in an Al-1.6 mass Pct Mg2Si alloy journal, April 1998

Cluster evolution mechanisms during aging in Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, January 2016

Precipitation hardening journal, December 1985

Entropically Favored Ordering: The Metallurgy of Al 2 Cu Revisited journal, June 2001

Precipitation effects on thermopower in Al-Cu alloys journal, July 1984

Age-hardening behavior of cast Al–Si base alloy journal, June 2004

Effects of morphology on the thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO journal, January 2014

The coarsening behaviour of θ″ and θ′ precipitates in two Al-Cu alloys journal, December 1971

Thermal properties and thermal shock resistance of liquid phase sintered ZrC–Mo cermets journal, June 2009

The superposition of strengthening contributions in engineering alloys journal, October 2013

Effects of Sr content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–12Si–4Cu–2Ni–0.8Mg alloys journal, February 2015

Effect of Point Imperfections on Lattice Thermal Conductivity journal, November 1960

Modeling the hardness and yield strength evolutions of aluminum alloy with rod/needle-shaped precipitates journal, January 2007

Precipitates in Al–Cu alloys revisited: Atom-probe tomographic experiments and first-principles calculations of compositional evolution and interfacial segregation journal, September 2011

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treated B319 Alloy Diesel Cylinder Heads journal, March 2015

Precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys journal, April 1975

Precipitation strengthening of stress-aged Al–xCu alloys journal, May 2000

Modeling the age-hardening behavior of Al-Si-Cu alloys journal, August 2004

First-principles prediction of equilibrium precipitate shapes in Al-Cu alloys journal, September 1999

On the strengthening response of aluminum alloys containing shear-resistant plate-shaped precipitates journal, December 2008

The magic thicknesses of θ′ precipitates in Sn-microalloyed Al–Cu journal, January 2012

The effect of trace additions of sn on precipitation in Al-Cu alloys: An atom probe field ion microscopy study journal, September 1995

Natural and artificial aging response of semisolid metal processed Al–Si–Mg alloy A356 journal, December 2007

Multiscale modeling of θ′ precipitation in Al–Cu binary alloys journal, June 2004

Atomistic calculations of interfacial energies, nucleus shape and size of θ′ precipitates in Al–Cu alloys journal, October 2006

Strengthening mechanisms in solid solution aluminum alloys journal, June 2006

Mechanisms of formation of θ and dissolution of θ′ precipitates in an Al-4% Cu alloy journal, February 1966

Influence of silicon content and heat treatment parameters on mechanical properties of cast Al–Si–Mg alloys journal, October 2006

Influence of aging parameters on the mechanical properties of 6063 aluminium alloy journal, May 2000

Nanostructuration via solid state transformation as a strategy for improving the thermoelectric efficiency of PbTe alloys journal, November 2011

Precipitation-hardening in cast AL–Si–Cu–Mg alloys journal, February 2010

The Orientation and Shape of θ Precipitates Formed in an AlCu Alloy journal, January 1967

Effect of Mg level on the microstructure and mechanical properties of die-cast Al–Si–Cu alloys journal, August 2015

The microstructure and precipitation kinetics of a cast aluminium alloy journal, August 2006

TEM study of β′ precipitate interaction mechanisms with dislocations and β′ interfaces with the aluminium matrix in Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, January 2013

Transmission electron microscopy study of the evolution of precipitates in aged Al–Li–Cu alloys: the θ′ and T1 phases journal, August 2003

The effect of Cu additions on the precipitation kinetics in an Al-Mg-Si alloy with excess Si journal, February 2001

Modeling of precipitation hardening for the naturally aged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111 journal, July 2003

Improving High-Temperature Tensile and Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloys Through Micro-additions of Ti, V, and Zr journal, April 2015

Electron diffraction contrast from ledges at the interfaces of faceted θ′ precipitates journal, November 1970

Pre-precipitate clusters and precipitation processes in Al–Mg–Si alloys journal, March 1999

Computer experiment on superposition of strengthening effects of different particles journal, April 1999

The effect of shear-resistant, plate-shaped precipitates on the work hardening of Al alloys: Towards a prediction of the strength–elongation correlation journal, December 2009

A new method for the determination of the precipitate-matrix interfacial energy journal, June 1984

Effect of Cr, Ti, V, and Zr Micro-additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloy journal, February 2016

HREM, FIM and tomographic atom probe investigation of Guinier–Preston zones in an Al–1.54at% Cu alloy journal, January 2004

Studies on the Work-Hardening Behavior of AA2219 under Different Aging Treatments journal, October 2009

Modelling of the microstructure and strength evolution in Al–Mg–Si alloys during multistage thermal processing
journal, October 2004

Microstructural design of high-strength aluminum alloys
journal, December 1998

Modelling of the age hardening behaviour of Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, January 2001

The effect of Mg on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Al-Si-Mg casting alloys
journal, October 1999

The precipitation sequence in Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, July 1998

An age hardening model for Al–7Si–Mg casting alloys
journal, February 2002

Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam
journal, January 1976

Effects of La addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys
journal, April 2015

Precipitation strengthening at ambient and elevated temperatures of heat-treatable Al(Sc) alloys [Acta Materialia 50(16), pp. 4021–4035]
journal, January 2003

Precipitation hardening in Al–Mg–Si alloys with and without excess Si
journal, November 2001

The heat treatment of Al–Si–Cu–Mg casting alloys
journal, July 2010

Comparative Evaluation of Cast Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Cylinder Heads: Part I—Microstructure Evolution
journal, March 2017

Effects of multiple-step thermal ageing treatment on the hardness characteristics of A356.0-type Al–Si–Mg alloy
journal, March 2011

Precipitation hardening in metals
journal, January 1999

Coarsening of θ′ plates in al-cu alloys—I. experimental determination of mechanisms
journal, December 1981

Precipitates and intermetallic phases in precipitation hardening Al–Cu–Mg–(Li) based alloys
journal, August 2005

The influence of Cu addition and pre-straining on the natural aging and bake hardening response of Al-Mg-Si alloys
journal, December 2016

An attempt to estimate the degree of precipitation hardening, with a simple model
journal, January 1940

Strengthening of an Al–Cu–Sn alloy by deformation-resistant precipitate plates
journal, August 2008

Effect of trace yttrium addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of recycled Al–7Si–0.3Mg–1.0Fe casting alloys
journal, June 2016

Effect of chemical compositions on tensile behaviors of high pressure die-casting alloys Al-10Si-yCu-xMn-zFe
journal, April 2016

Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during isothermal aging at 375–425°C
journal, January 2008

Effects of Iron-Rich Intermetallics on Tensile Deformation of Al-Cu 206 Cast Alloys
journal, January 2015

Influence of Lanthanum on Solidification, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Eutectic Al-Si Piston Alloy
journal, May 2016

Precipitation evolution in Al–Zr and Al–Zr–Ti alloys during aging at 450–600°C
journal, April 2008

Influence of Gd content on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–12Si–4Cu–2Ni–0.8Mg alloys
journal, September 2015

Correlating Hardness Retention and Phase Transformations of Al and Mg Cast Alloys for Aerospace Applications
journal, January 2015

Modeling the strengthening response to aging process of heat-treatable aluminum alloys containing plate/disc- or rod/needle-shaped precipitates
journal, March 2003

A TEM study of precipitation in Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, January 2001

Mechanical properties of Al(Sc,Zr) alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures
journal, September 2003

High-resolution electron microscopy on the structure of Guinier-Preston zones in an Al-1.6 mass Pct Mg2Si alloy
journal, April 1998

Cluster evolution mechanisms during aging in Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, January 2016

Precipitation hardening
journal, December 1985

Entropically Favored Ordering: The Metallurgy of ${Al}_{2} Cu$ Revisited
journal, June 2001

Precipitation effects on thermopower in Al-Cu alloys
journal, July 1984

Age-hardening behavior of cast Al–Si base alloy
journal, June 2004

Effects of morphology on the thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO
journal, January 2014

The coarsening behaviour of θ″ and θ′ precipitates in two Al-Cu alloys
journal, December 1971

Thermal properties and thermal shock resistance of liquid phase sintered ZrC–Mo cermets
journal, June 2009

The superposition of strengthening contributions in engineering alloys
journal, October 2013

Effects of Sr content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–12Si–4Cu–2Ni–0.8Mg alloys
journal, February 2015

Effect of Point Imperfections on Lattice Thermal Conductivity
journal, November 1960

Modeling the hardness and yield strength evolutions of aluminum alloy with rod/needle-shaped precipitates
journal, January 2007

Precipitates in Al–Cu alloys revisited: Atom-probe tomographic experiments and first-principles calculations of compositional evolution and interfacial segregation
journal, September 2011

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Treated B319 Alloy Diesel Cylinder Heads
journal, March 2015

Precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys
journal, April 1975

Precipitation strengthening of stress-aged Al–xCu alloys
journal, May 2000

Modeling the age-hardening behavior of Al-Si-Cu alloys
journal, August 2004

First-principles prediction of equilibrium precipitate shapes in Al-Cu alloys
journal, September 1999

On the strengthening response of aluminum alloys containing shear-resistant plate-shaped precipitates
journal, December 2008

The magic thicknesses of θ′ precipitates in Sn-microalloyed Al–Cu
journal, January 2012

The effect of trace additions of sn on precipitation in Al-Cu alloys: An atom probe field ion microscopy study
journal, September 1995

Natural and artificial aging response of semisolid metal processed Al–Si–Mg alloy A356
journal, December 2007

Multiscale modeling of θ′ precipitation in Al–Cu binary alloys
journal, June 2004

Atomistic calculations of interfacial energies, nucleus shape and size of θ′ precipitates in Al–Cu alloys
journal, October 2006

Strengthening mechanisms in solid solution aluminum alloys
journal, June 2006

Mechanisms of formation of θ and dissolution of θ′ precipitates in an Al-4% Cu alloy
journal, February 1966

Influence of silicon content and heat treatment parameters on mechanical properties of cast Al–Si–Mg alloys
journal, October 2006

Influence of aging parameters on the mechanical properties of 6063 aluminium alloy
journal, May 2000

Nanostructuration via solid state transformation as a strategy for improving the thermoelectric efficiency of PbTe alloys
journal, November 2011

Precipitation-hardening in cast AL–Si–Cu–Mg alloys
journal, February 2010

The Orientation and Shape of θ Precipitates Formed in an AlCu Alloy
journal, January 1967

Effect of Mg level on the microstructure and mechanical properties of die-cast Al–Si–Cu alloys
journal, August 2015

The microstructure and precipitation kinetics of a cast aluminium alloy
journal, August 2006

TEM study of β′ precipitate interaction mechanisms with dislocations and β′ interfaces with the aluminium matrix in Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, January 2013

Transmission electron microscopy study of the evolution of precipitates in aged Al–Li–Cu alloys: the θ′ and T1 phases
journal, August 2003

The effect of Cu additions on the precipitation kinetics in an Al-Mg-Si alloy with excess Si
journal, February 2001

Modeling of precipitation hardening for the naturally aged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111
journal, July 2003

Improving High-Temperature Tensile and Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloys Through Micro-additions of Ti, V, and Zr
journal, April 2015

Electron diffraction contrast from ledges at the interfaces of faceted θ′ precipitates
journal, November 1970

Pre-precipitate clusters and precipitation processes in Al–Mg–Si alloys
journal, March 1999

Computer experiment on superposition of strengthening effects of different particles
journal, April 1999

The effect of shear-resistant, plate-shaped precipitates on the work hardening of Al alloys: Towards a prediction of the strength–elongation correlation
journal, December 2009

A new method for the determination of the precipitate-matrix interfacial energy
journal, June 1984

Effect of Cr, Ti, V, and Zr Micro-additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloy
journal, February 2016

HREM, FIM and tomographic atom probe investigation of Guinier–Preston zones in an Al–1.54at% Cu alloy
journal, January 2004

Studies on the Work-Hardening Behavior of AA2219 under Different Aging Treatments
journal, October 2009

Structure and energetics of the coherent interface between the θ′ precipitate phase and aluminium in Al–Cu
journal, October 2011

Coarsening resistance at 400°C of precipitation-strengthened Al–Zr–Sc–Er alloys
journal, October 2011

Atomistic investigation of clustering phenomenon in the Al–Cu system: Three-dimensional phase-field crystal simulation and HRTEM/HRSTEM characterization
journal, October 2013