Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario
Abstract
This paper evaluates the forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback of net shortwave radiation at the surface in the G4 experiment of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project by analysing outputs from six participating models. G4 involves injection of 5 Tg yr-1 of SO2, a sulfate aerosol precursor, into the lower stratosphere from year 2020 to 2069 against a background scenario of RCP4.5. A single-layer atmospheric model for shortwave radiative transfer is used to estimate the direct forcing of solar radiation management (SRM), and rapid adjustment and feedbacks from changes in the water vapour amount, cloud amount, and surface albedo (compared with RCP4.5). The analysis shows that the globally and temporally averaged SRM forcing ranges from -3.6 to -1.6 W m-2, depending on the model. The sum of the rapid adjustments and feedback effects due to changes in the water vapour and cloud amounts increase the downwelling shortwave radiation at the surface by approximately 0.4 to 1.5 W m-2 and hence weaken the effect of SRM by around 50 %. The surface albedo changes decrease the net shortwave radiation at the surface; it is locally strong (~-4 W m-2) in snow and sea ice melting regions, but minor for the global average. The analyses show that the results ofmore »
- Authors:
-
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama (Japan); Kobe Univ., Kobe (Japan)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama (Japan)
- Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing (China). College of Global Change and Earth System Science
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC (Canada). Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1358481
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-118834
Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-76RL01830
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online); Journal Volume: 17; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324
- Publisher:
- European Geosciences Union
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 58 GEOSCIENCES
Citation Formats
Kashimura, Hiroki, Abe, Manabu, Watanabe, Shingo, Sekiya, Takashi, Ji, Duoying, Moore, John C., Cole, Jason N. S., and Kravitz, Ben. Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017.
Kashimura, Hiroki, Abe, Manabu, Watanabe, Shingo, Sekiya, Takashi, Ji, Duoying, Moore, John C., Cole, Jason N. S., & Kravitz, Ben. Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017
Kashimura, Hiroki, Abe, Manabu, Watanabe, Shingo, Sekiya, Takashi, Ji, Duoying, Moore, John C., Cole, Jason N. S., and Kravitz, Ben. Wed .
"Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1358481.
@article{osti_1358481,
title = {Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario},
author = {Kashimura, Hiroki and Abe, Manabu and Watanabe, Shingo and Sekiya, Takashi and Ji, Duoying and Moore, John C. and Cole, Jason N. S. and Kravitz, Ben},
abstractNote = {This paper evaluates the forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback of net shortwave radiation at the surface in the G4 experiment of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project by analysing outputs from six participating models. G4 involves injection of 5 Tg yr-1 of SO2, a sulfate aerosol precursor, into the lower stratosphere from year 2020 to 2069 against a background scenario of RCP4.5. A single-layer atmospheric model for shortwave radiative transfer is used to estimate the direct forcing of solar radiation management (SRM), and rapid adjustment and feedbacks from changes in the water vapour amount, cloud amount, and surface albedo (compared with RCP4.5). The analysis shows that the globally and temporally averaged SRM forcing ranges from -3.6 to -1.6 W m-2, depending on the model. The sum of the rapid adjustments and feedback effects due to changes in the water vapour and cloud amounts increase the downwelling shortwave radiation at the surface by approximately 0.4 to 1.5 W m-2 and hence weaken the effect of SRM by around 50 %. The surface albedo changes decrease the net shortwave radiation at the surface; it is locally strong (~-4 W m-2) in snow and sea ice melting regions, but minor for the global average. The analyses show that the results of the G4 experiment, which simulates sulfate geoengineering, include large inter-model variability both in the direct SRM forcing and the shortwave rapid adjustment from change in the cloud amount, and imply a high uncertainty in modelled processes of sulfate aerosols and clouds.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)},
number = 5,
volume = 17,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
Web of Science
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