Fermi observations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus: Diffuse gamma-ray emission in the outer galaxy

Abdo, A. A.

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/133

Title: Fermi observations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus: Diffuse gamma-ray emission in the outer galaxy

Journal Article · 15 January 2010 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/133 · OSTI ID:1357581

Abdo, A. A. ^[1]

Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States); National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (United States); et al.

Here, we present the analysis of the interstellar γ-ray emission measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope toward a region in the second Galactic quadrant at 100° ≤ l ≤ 145° and –15° ≤ b ≤ +30°. This region encompasses the prominent Gould Belt clouds of Cassiopeia, Cepheus, and the Polaris flare, as well as atomic and molecular complexes at larger distances, like that associated with NGC 7538 in the Perseus arm. The good kinematic separation in velocity between the local, Perseus, and outer arms, and the presence of massive complexes in each of them, make this region well suited to probe cosmic rays (CRs) and the interstellar medium beyond the solar circle. Furthermore, the γ-ray emissivity spectrum of the gas in the Gould Belt is consistent with expectations based on the locally measured CR spectra. The γ-ray emissivity decreases from the Gould Belt to the Perseus arm, but the measured gradient is flatter than expectations for CR sources peaking in the inner Galaxy as suggested by pulsars. The X CO = N(H₂)/W CO conversion factor is found to increase from (0.87 ± 0.05) × 10²⁰ cm^–2 (K km s^–1)^–1 in the Gould Belt to (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10²⁰ cm^–2 (K km s^–1)^–1 in the Perseus arm. We also derive masses for the molecular clouds under study. Dark gas, not properly traced by radio and microwave surveys, is detected in the Gould Belt through a correlated excess of dust and γ-ray emission: its mass amounts to ~50% of the CO-traced mass.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: Fermi LAT Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1357581

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 710; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (51)

Gamma rays from molecular clouds Gabici, Stefano; Aharonian, Felix A.; Blasi, Pasquale Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 309, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-007-9427-6	journal	April 2007
Protons in near earth orbit Alcaraz, J.; Alvisi, D.; Alpat, B. Physics Letters B, Vol. 472, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)01427-6	journal	January 2000
Measurements of 0.2–20GeV/n cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra from 1997 through 2002 with the BESS spectrometer Shikaze, Y.; Haino, S.; Abe, K. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.05.001	journal	September 2007
Nuclear enhancement factor in calculation of Galactic diffuse gamma-rays: A new estimate with DPMJET-3 Mori, Masaki Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.03.004	journal	June 2009
Extragalactic H₂ and its Variable Relation to CO Israel, F. Molecular Hydrogen in Space https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564635.045	book	November 2000
Spatial origin of Galactic cosmic rays in diffusion models: I. Standard sources in the Galactic disk Taillet, R.; Maurin, D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 402, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030318	journal	April 2003
3D dynamical evolution of the interstellar gas in the Gould Belt Perrot, C. A.; Grenier, I. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 404, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030477	journal	June 2003
The distribution of cosmic-ray sources in the Galaxy, γ-rays and the gradient in the CO-to-H ₂ relation Strong, A. W.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Reimer, O. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 422, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20040172	journal	July 2004
The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections Kalberla, P. M. W.; Burton, W. B.; Hartmann, Dap Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 440, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041864	journal	September 2005
Millimeter dust continuum emission revealing the true mass of giant molecular clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud Bot, C.; Boulanger, F.; Rubio, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 471, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066612	journal	June 2007
Discovery of very high energy gamma-ray emission coincident with molecular clouds in the W 28 (G6.4-0.1) field Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Bazer-Bachi, A. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 481, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20077765	journal	January 2008
Gamma-rays from atomic and molecular gas in the first galactic quadrant Lebrun, F.; Bennett, K.; Bignami, G. F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 274 https://doi.org/10.1086/161440	journal	November 1983
Binary collision rates of relativistic thermal plasmas. II - Spectra Dermer, C. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 307 https://doi.org/10.1086/164391	journal	August 1986
CO observations of the Cepheus flare. I - Molecular clouds associated with a nearby bubble Grenier, I. A.; Lebrun, F.; Arnaud, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 347 https://doi.org/10.1086/168112	journal	December 1989
The Ratio of H 2 Column Density to 12CO Intensity in the Vicinity of the Galactic Center Sodroski, T. J.; Odegard, N.; Dwek, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 452 https://doi.org/10.1086/176297	journal	October 1995
Diffuse High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission beyond the Solar Circle: The Cepheus and Polaris Flares and the Perseus Arm Digel, S. W.; Grenier, I. A.; Heithausen, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 463 https://doi.org/10.1086/177275	journal	May 1996
The Polaris Flare - Extensive molecular gas near the north celestial pole Heithausen, Andreas; Thaddeus, Patrick The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 353 https://doi.org/10.1086/185705	journal	April 1990
Giant molecular clouds in the outer arm of the galaxy Digel, Seth; Thaddeus, Patrick; Bally, John The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 357 https://doi.org/10.1086/185759	journal	July 1990
A Three‐dimensional Decomposition of the Infrared Emission from Dust in the Milky Way Sodroski, T. J.; Odegard, N.; Arendt, R. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 480, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/303961	journal	May 1997
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds Schlegel, David J.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Davis, Marc The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 500, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/305772	journal	June 1998
A New Σ‐ D Relation and Its Application to the Galactic Supernova Remnant Distribution Case, Gary L.; Bhattacharya, Dipen The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 504, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/306089	journal	September 1998
Propagation of Cosmic‐Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 509, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/306470	journal	December 1998
A CO Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds near Cassiopeia A and NGC 7538 Ungerechts, H.; Umbanhowar, P.; Thaddeus, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 537, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/308992	journal	July 2000
Diffuse Continuum Gamma Rays from the Galaxy Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Reimer, Olaf The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 537, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/309038	journal	July 2000
Precise Measurement of Cosmic‐Ray Proton and Helium Spectra with the BESS Spectrometer Sanuki, T.; Motoki, M.; Matsumoto, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 545, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/317873	journal	December 2000
The Milky Way in Molecular Clouds: A New Complete CO Survey Dame, T. M.; Hartmann, Dap; Thaddeus, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 547, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/318388	journal	February 2001
EGRET Observations of Monoceros: Diffuse Gamma‐Ray Emission in the Outer Galaxy Digel, S. W.; Grenier, I. A.; Hunter, S. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 555, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/321446	journal	July 2001
Submillimeter Continuum Observations of NGC 7538 Sandell, Goran; Sievers, Albrecht The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 600, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/379646	journal	January 2004
Diffuse Galactic Continuum Gamma Rays: A Model Compatible with EGRET Data and Cosmic‐Ray Measurements Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Reimer, Olaf The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 613, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/423193	journal	October 2004
A Self‐Absorption Census of Cold H i Clouds in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey Gibson, Steven J.; Taylor, A. Russell; Higgs, Lloyd A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 626, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/429870	journal	June 2005
Parameterization of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\gamma ,\, e^{\pm }$ \end{document} , and Neutrino Spectra Produced by p‐p Interaction in Astronomical Environments Kamae, Tuneyoshi; Karlsson, Niklas; Mizuno, Tsunefumi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 647, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/505189	journal	August 2006
Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Radiation from IC 443 with the MAGIC Telescope Albert, J.; Aliu, E.; Anderhub, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 664, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/520957	journal	July 2007
Inverse Compton Origin of the Hard X‐Ray and Soft Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Galactic Ridge Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Strong, Andrew W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 682, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/589615	journal	July 2008
Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star-Forming Regions. ii. cep a and ngc 7538 Moscadelli, L.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 693, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/406	journal	March 2009
THE OUTER DISK OF THE MILKY WAY SEEN IN λ21 cm ABSORPTION Dickey, John M.; Strasser, Simon; Gaensler, B. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 693, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1250	journal	March 2009
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071	journal	May 2009
Observation of Extended very high Energy Emission from the Supernova Remnant ic 443 with Veritas Acciari, V. A.; Aliu, E.; Arlen, T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/L133	journal	June 2009
FERMI LAT OBSERVATION OF DIFFUSE GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED THROUGH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MATTER AND HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 703, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/1249	journal	September 2009
FERMI LAT DISCOVERY OF EXTENDED GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE DIRECTION OF SUPERNOVA REMNANT W51C Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 706, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/L1	journal	October 2009
FERMI /LARGE AREA TELESCOPE BRIGHT GAMMA-RAY SOURCE LIST Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 183, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/183/1/46	journal	June 2009
CO-to-H ₂ Conversion Factor in Galaxies Arimoto, Nobuo; Sofue, Yoshiaki; Tsujimoto, Takuji Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/48.2.275	journal	April 1996
Three-Dimensional Distribution of the ISM in the Milky Way Galaxy: II. The Molecular Gas Disk Nakanishi, Hiroyuki; Sofue, Yoshiaki Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/58.5.847	journal	October 2006
Absolute Proper Motions of H ₂ O Masers Away from the Galactic Plane Measured with VERA in the “Superbubble” Region NGC 281 Sato, Mayumi; Hirota, Tomoya; Honma, Mareki Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/59.4.743	journal	August 2007
New calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux in a three-dimensional scheme Honda, M.; Kajita, T.; Kasahara, K. Physical Review D, Vol. 70, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.70.043008	journal	August 2004
New Measurement of the Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio up to 100 GeV in the Cosmic Radiation Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G. C.; Bazilevskaya, G. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.051101	journal	February 2009
Measurement of the Cosmic Ray e + + e − Spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.181101	journal	May 2009
Fermi Large Area Telescope Measurements of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission at Intermediate Galactic Latitudes Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.251101	journal	December 2009
Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Formulas and Related Data Koch, H. W.; Motz, J. W. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.31.920	journal	October 1959
Unveiling Extensive Clouds of Dark Gas in the Solar Neighborhood Grenier, I. A. Science, Vol. 307, Issue 5713 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106924	journal	February 2005
Diffuse Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission Bloemen, Hans Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.27.090189.002345	journal	September 1989
Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Ptuskin, Vladimir S. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123011	journal	November 2007

Cited By (53)

Turbulent molecular clouds Hennebelle, Patrick; Falgarone, Edith The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-012-0055-y	journal	October 2012
Planck early results. XIX. All-sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS. Constraints on the “dark gas” in our Galaxy Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116479	journal	December 2011
Planck intermediate results: VI. The dynamical structure of PLCKG214.6+37.0, a Planck discovered triple system of galaxy clusters Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 550 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220039	journal	February 2013
Planck intermediate results : XXIV. Constraints on variations in fundamental constants⋆ Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 580 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424496	journal	July 2015
Gas dynamics in tidal dwarf galaxies: Disc formation at z = 0 Lelli, Federico; Duc, Pierre-Alain; Brinks, Elias Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 584 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526613	journal	December 2015
Planck intermediate results : XLII. Large-scale Galactic magnetic fields Adam, R.; Ade, P. A. R.; Alves, M. I. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 596 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201528033	journal	December 2016
Cosmic rays, gas and dust in nearby anticentre clouds: I. CO-to-H Remy, Q.; Grenier, I. A.; Marshall, D. J. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 601 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629632	journal	May 2017
Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3 Gyr after the Big Bang Jiménez-Andrade, E. F.; Magnelli, B.; Karim, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 615 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732186	journal	July 2018
PHIBSS2: survey design and z = 0.5 – 0.8 results: Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation Freundlich, J.; Combes, F.; Tacconi, L. J. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732223	journal	February 2019
Low co Luminosities in Dwarf Galaxies Schruba, Andreas; Leroy, Adam K.; Walter, Fabian The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 143, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/143/6/138	journal	May 2012
THE CO-TO-H ₂ CONVERSION FACTOR FROM INFRARED DUST EMISSION ACROSS THE LOCAL GROUP Leroy, Adam K.; Bolatto, Alberto; Gordon, Karl The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 737, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/737/1/12	journal	July 2011
FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIFFUSE γ-RAY EMISSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 750, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/750/1/3	journal	April 2012
CONSTRAINTS ON THE GALACTIC HALO DARK MATTER FROM FERMI -LAT DIFFUSE MEASUREMENTS Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 761, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/91	journal	November 2012
Herschel Observations of the w3 gmc: Clues to the Formation of Clusters of High-Mass Stars Rivera-Ingraham, A.; Martin, P. G.; Polychroni, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 766, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/766/2/85	journal	March 2013
PHIBSS: MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT AND SCALING RELATIONS IN z ∼ 1-3 MASSIVE, MAIN-SEQUENCE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES Tacconi, L. J.; Neri, R.; Genzel, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 768, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/768/1/74	journal	April 2013
Regularity Underlying Complexity: a Redshift-Independent Description of the Continuous Variation of Galaxy-Scale Molecular gas Properties in the Mass-Star Formation rate Plane Sargent, M. T.; Daddi, E.; Béthermin, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 793, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/19	journal	August 2014
Study of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission from the Galactic Plane with Argo-Ybj Bartoli, B.; Bernardini, P.; Bi, X. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 806, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/806/1/20	journal	June 2015
Cosmic-ray propagation with DRAGON2: I. numerical solver and astrophysical ingredients Evoli, Carmelo; Gaggero, Daniele; Vittino, Andrea Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2017/02/015	journal	February 2017
Global Cosmic-Ray-Related Luminosity and Energy Budget of the Milky way Strong, A. W.; Porter, T. A.; Digel, S. W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 722, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/722/1/l58	journal	September 2010
A Possible Extension of the Scutum-Centaurus arm into the Outer Second Quadrant Sun, Yan; Xu, Ye; Yang, Ji The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 798, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/798/2/l27	journal	December 2014
CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way-type galaxies Smith, Rowan J.; Glover, Simon C. O.; Clark, Paul C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu616	journal	May 2014
Galaxy gas flows inferred from a detailed, spatially resolved metal budget Belfiore, F.; Maiolino, R.; Bothwell, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 455, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2332	journal	November 2015
Imprints of cosmic rays in multifrequency observations of the interstellar emission Orlando, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3280	journal	December 2017
An extremely low gas-to-dust ratio in the dust-lane lenticular galaxy NGC 5485★ Baes, Maarten; Allaert, Flor; Sarzi, Marc Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 444, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slu121	journal	August 2014
A Cocoon of Freshly Accelerated Cosmic Rays Detected by Fermi in the Cygnus Superbubble Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6059 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210311	journal	November 2011
Main physics results of the ARGO-YBJ experiment Di Sciascio, Giuseppe International Journal of Modern Physics D, Vol. 23, Issue 09 https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814300195	journal	August 2014
An Outer arm in the Second Galactic Quadrant: Structure Du, Xinyu; Xu, Ye; Yang, Ji The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 224, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/7	journal	May 2016
The Three-dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-energy Gamma-ray Emissions Jóhannesson, Guđlaugur; Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab26e	journal	March 2018
Dust–Gas Scaling Relations and OH Abundance in the Galactic ISM Nguyen, Hiep; Dawson, J. R.; Miville-Deschênes, M. -A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac82b	journal	July 2018
The Large-scale Interstellar Medium of SS 433/W50 Revisited Su, Yang; Zhou, Xin; Yang, Ji The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad04e	journal	August 2018
OH as an Alternate Tracer for Molecular Gas: Quantity and Structure of Molecular Gas in W5 Engelke, Philip D.; Allen, Ronald J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafc29	journal	March 2019
Confirming Herschel Candidate Protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO Observations Gómez-Guijarro, C.; Riechers, D. A.; Pavesi, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab002a	journal	February 2019
Cosmic-Ray Propagation in Light of the Recent Observation of Geminga Jóhannesson, Guđlaugur; Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab258e	journal	July 2019
The Structure of Dark Molecular Gas in the Galaxy. II. Physical State of “CO-dark” Gas in the Perseus Arm Busch, Michael P.; Allen, Ronald J.; Engelke, Philip D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3a4b	journal	September 2019
Deciphering Residual Emissions: Time-dependent Models for the Nonthermal Interstellar Radiation from the Milky Way Porter, T. A.; Jóhannesson, G.; Moskalenko, I. V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5961	journal	December 2019
The CO(3–2)/CO(1–0) Luminosity Line Ratio in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei from xCOLD GASS, BASS, and SLUGS Lamperti, Isabella; Saintonge, Amélie; Koss, Michael The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6221	journal	January 2020
Molecular Clouds in the Extreme Outer Galaxy between l = 34.°75 to 45.°25 Sun, Yan; Su, Yang; Zhang, Shao-Bo The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 230, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa63ea	journal	June 2017
PHIBSS2: survey design and z=0.5-0.8 results Molecular gas reservoirs during the winding-down of star formation Jonathan, Freundlich,; Françoise, Combes,; J., Tacconi, Linda ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000325366	text	January 2019
Planck Early Results: All sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS: Constraints on the "dark gas" in our galaxy Collaboration, Planck; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1101.2029	text	January 2011
The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group Leroy, Adam K.; Bolatto, Alberto; Gordon, Karl arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1102.4618	text	January 2011
Fermi-LAT Observations of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission: Implications for Cosmic Rays and the Interstellar Medium Collaboration, Lat arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1202.4039	text	January 2012
Low CO Luminosities in Dwarf Galaxies Schruba, Andreas; Leroy, Adam K.; Walter, Fabian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1203.4231	text	January 2012
Regularity underlying complexity: a redshift-independent description of the continuous variation of galaxy-scale molecular gas properties in the mass-star formation rate plane Sargent, Mark T.; Daddi, E.; Béthermin, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1303.4392	text	January 2013
CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way type galaxies Smith, Rowan J.; Glover, Simon C. O.; Clark, Paul C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.1589	text	January 2014
An extremely low gas-to-dust ratio in the dust-lane lenticular galaxy NGC 5485 Baes, Maarten; Allaert, Flor; Sarzi, Marc arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1407.7278	text	January 2014
A Possible Extension of the Scutum-Centaurus Arm into the Outer Second Quadrant Sun, Yan; Xu, Ye; Yang, Ji arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1412.2425	text	January 2014
Galaxy gas flows inferred from a detailed, spatially resolved metal budget Belfiore, F.; Maiolino, R.; Bothwell, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1503.06823	text	January 2015
Study of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane with ARGO-YBJ Bartoli, B.; Bernardini, P.; Bi, X. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1507.06758	text	January 2015
Gas dynamics in tidal dwarf galaxies: disc formation at z=0 Lelli, F.; Duc, P. -A.; Brinks, E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1509.05404	text	January 2015
Planck intermediate results. XLII. Large-scale Galactic magnetic fields Collaboration, Planck; Adam, R.; Ade, P. A. R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1601.00546	text	January 2016
Imprints of Cosmic Rays in Multifrequency Observations of the Interstellar Emission Orlando, E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.07127	text	January 2017
The Three-Dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emissions Johannesson, Gudlaugur; Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.08646	text	January 2018
Dust-Gas Scaling Relations and OH Abundance in the Galactic ISM Nguyen, Hiep; Dawson, J. R.; Miville-Deschênes, M. -A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.11787	text	January 2018

Similar Records

FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF CASSIOPEIA AND CEPHEUS: DIFFUSE GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN THE OUTER GALAXY

Journal Article · 2010 · Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:21394523

Abdo, A A; Ackermann, M; Ajello, M; +17 more

Constraints on the Cosmic-Ray Density Gradient beyond the Solar Circle from Fermi γ-ray Observations of the Third Galactic Quadrant

Journal Article · 2010 · The Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1357268

Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; +136 more

Fermi large area telescope study of cosmic rays and the interstellar medium in nearby molecular clouds

Journal Article · 2012 · The Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1356712

Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.; +161 more

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
ISM: clouds
cosmic rays
gamma rays: diffuse background

Title: Fermi observations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus: Diffuse gamma-ray emission in the outer galaxy

Citation Formats

References (51)

Cited By (53)

Similar Records

Related Subjects