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Title: Fermi Observations of GRB 090510: A Short Hard Gamma-Ray Burst with an Additional, Hard Power-Law Component from 10 keV to GeV Energies

Abstract

We present detailed observations of the bright short-hard gamma-ray burst GRB 090510 made with the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi observatory. GRB 090510 is the first burst detected by the LAT that shows strong evidence for a deviation from a Band spectral fitting function during the prompt emission phase. The time-integrated spectrum is fit by the sum of a Band function with E peak = 3.9 ± 0.3 MeV, which is the highest yet measured, and a hard power-law component with photon index –1.62 ± 0.03 that dominates the emission below ≈20 keV and above ≈100 MeV. The onset of the high-energy spectral component appears to be delayed by ~0.1 s with respect to the onset of a component well fit with a single Band function. A faint GBM pulse and a LAT photon are detected 0.5 s before the main pulse. During the prompt phase, the LAT detected a photon with energy 30.5+5.8 –2.6 GeV, the highest ever measured from a short GRB. Observation of this photon sets a minimum bulk outflow Lorentz factor, Γ≳ 1200, using simple γγ opacity arguments for this GRB at redshift z = 0.903 and amore » variability timescale on the order of tens of ms for the ≈100 keV-few MeV flux. Stricter high confidence estimates imply Γ ≳ 1000 and still require that the outflows powering short GRBs are at least as highly relativistic as those of long-duration GRBs. Finally, implications of the temporal behavior and power-law shape of the additional component on synchrotron/synchrotron self-Compton, external-shock synchrotron, and hadronic models are considered.« less

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Contributing Org.:
The Fermi LAT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1357548
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 716; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 090510); radiation mechanisms: non-thermal

Citation Formats

Ackermann, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Bhat, P. N., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Briggs, M. S., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Carrigan, S., Casandjian, J. M., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Connaughton, V., Dermer, C. D., de Palma, F., Dingus, B. L., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Farnier, C., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Frailis, M., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Germani, S., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Granot, J., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M. -H., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Harding, A. K., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hughes, R. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kawai, N., Kippen, R. M., Knödlseder, J., Kocevski, D., Kouveliotou, C., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Llena Garde, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., McGlynn, S., Meegan, C., Mészáros, P., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Moretti, E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nakajima, H., Nakamori, T., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paciesas, W. S., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Parent, D., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Preece, R., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Ritz, S., Rodriguez, A. Y., Roth, M., Ryde, F., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sander, A., Scargle, J. D., Schalk, T. L., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stamatikos, M., Stecker, F. W., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. B., Thayer, J. G., Thompson, D. J., Toma, K., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Uchiyama, Y., Uehara, T., Usher, T. L., van der Horst, A. J., Vasileiou, V., Vilchez, N., Vitale, V., von Kienlin, A., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Wilson-Hodge, C., Winer, B. L., Wu, X. F., Yamazaki, R., Yang, Z., Ylinen, T., and Ziegler, M. Fermi Observations of GRB 090510: A Short Hard Gamma-Ray Burst with an Additional, Hard Power-Law Component from 10 keV to GeV Energies. United States: N. p., 2010. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1178.
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Ackermann, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Bhat, P. N., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Briggs, M. S., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Carrigan, S., Casandjian, J. M., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Connaughton, V., Dermer, C. D., de Palma, F., Dingus, B. L., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Farnier, C., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Frailis, M., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Germani, S., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Granot, J., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M. -H., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Harding, A. K., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hughes, R. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kawai, N., Kippen, R. M., Knödlseder, J., Kocevski, D., Kouveliotou, C., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Llena Garde, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., McGlynn, S., Meegan, C., Mészáros, P., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Moretti, E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nakajima, H., Nakamori, T., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paciesas, W. S., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Parent, D., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Preece, R., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Ritz, S., Rodriguez, A. Y., Roth, M., Ryde, F., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sander, A., Scargle, J. D., Schalk, T. L., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stamatikos, M., Stecker, F. W., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. B., Thayer, J. G., Thompson, D. J., Toma, K., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Uchiyama, Y., Uehara, T., Usher, T. L., van der Horst, A. J., Vasileiou, V., Vilchez, N., Vitale, V., von Kienlin, A., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Wilson-Hodge, C., Winer, B. L., Wu, X. F., Yamazaki, R., Yang, Z., Ylinen, T., & Ziegler, M. Fermi Observations of GRB 090510: A Short Hard Gamma-Ray Burst with an Additional, Hard Power-Law Component from 10 keV to GeV Energies. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1178
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Ackermann, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Bhat, P. N., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Briggs, M. S., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caraveo, P. A., Carrigan, S., Casandjian, J. M., Cecchi, C., Çelik, Ö., Charles, E., Chiang, J., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Connaughton, V., Dermer, C. D., de Palma, F., Dingus, B. L., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Farnier, C., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Finke, J., Focke, W. B., Frailis, M., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Germani, S., Giglietto, N., Giordano, F., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Granot, J., Grenier, I. A., Grondin, M. -H., Grove, J. E., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Harding, A. K., Hays, E., Horan, D., Hughes, R. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, W. N., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Kawai, N., Kippen, R. M., Knödlseder, J., Kocevski, D., Kouveliotou, C., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Latronico, L., Lemoine-Goumard, M., Llena Garde, M., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., McGlynn, S., Meegan, C., Mészáros, P., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Moretti, E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Nakajima, H., Nakamori, T., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohno, M., Ohsugi, T., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paciesas, W. S., Paneque, D., Panetta, J. H., Parent, D., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Piron, F., Preece, R., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Ritz, S., Rodriguez, A. Y., Roth, M., Ryde, F., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Sander, A., Scargle, J. D., Schalk, T. L., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Stamatikos, M., Stecker, F. W., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Tajima, H., Takahashi, H., Takahashi, T., Tanaka, T., Thayer, J. B., Thayer, J. G., Thompson, D. J., Toma, K., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Uchiyama, Y., Uehara, T., Usher, T. L., van der Horst, A. J., Vasileiou, V., Vilchez, N., Vitale, V., von Kienlin, A., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Wilson-Hodge, C., Winer, B. L., Wu, X. F., Yamazaki, R., Yang, Z., Ylinen, T., and Ziegler, M. Thu . "Fermi Observations of GRB 090510: A Short Hard Gamma-Ray Burst with an Additional, Hard Power-Law Component from 10 keV to GeV Energies". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1178. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1357548.
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@article{osti_1357548,
title = {Fermi Observations of GRB 090510: A Short Hard Gamma-Ray Burst with an Additional, Hard Power-Law Component from 10 keV to GeV Energies},
author = {Ackermann, M. and Asano, K. and Atwood, W. B. and Axelsson, M. and Baldini, L. and Ballet, J. and Barbiellini, G. and Baring, M. G. and Bastieri, D. and Bechtol, K. and Bellazzini, R. and Berenji, B. and Bhat, P. N. and Bissaldi, E. and Blandford, R. D. and Bloom, E. D. and Bonamente, E. and Borgland, A. W. and Bouvier, A. and Bregeon, J. and Brez, A. and Briggs, M. S. and Brigida, M. and Bruel, P. and Buson, S. and Caliandro, G. A. and Cameron, R. A. and Caraveo, P. A. and Carrigan, S. and Casandjian, J. M. and Cecchi, C. and Çelik, Ö. and Charles, E. and Chiang, J. and Ciprini, S. and Claus, R. and Cohen-Tanugi, J. and Connaughton, V. and Dermer, C. D. and de Palma, F. and Dingus, B. L. and do Couto e Silva, E. and Drell, P. S. and Dubois, R. and Dumora, D. and Farnier, C. and Favuzzi, C. and Fegan, S. J. and Finke, J. and Focke, W. B. and Frailis, M. and Fukazawa, Y. and Fusco, P. and Gargano, F. and Gasparrini, D. and Gehrels, N. and Germani, S. and Giglietto, N. and Giordano, F. and Glanzman, T. and Godfrey, G. and Granot, J. and Grenier, I. A. and Grondin, M. -H. and Grove, J. E. and Guiriec, S. and Hadasch, D. and Harding, A. K. and Hays, E. and Horan, D. and Hughes, R. E. and Jóhannesson, G. and Johnson, W. N. and Kamae, T. and Katagiri, H. and Kataoka, J. and Kawai, N. and Kippen, R. M. and Knödlseder, J. and Kocevski, D. and Kouveliotou, C. and Kuss, M. and Lande, J. and Latronico, L. and Lemoine-Goumard, M. and Llena Garde, M. and Longo, F. and Loparco, F. and Lott, B. and Lovellette, M. N. and Lubrano, P. and Makeev, A. and Mazziotta, M. N. and McEnery, J. E. and McGlynn, S. and Meegan, C. and Mészáros, P. and Michelson, P. F. and Mitthumsiri, W. and Mizuno, T. and Moiseev, A. A. and Monte, C. and Monzani, M. E. and Moretti, E. and Morselli, A. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Murgia, S. and Nakajima, H. and Nakamori, T. and Nolan, P. L. and Norris, J. P. and Nuss, E. and Ohno, M. and Ohsugi, T. and Omodei, N. and Orlando, E. and Ormes, J. F. and Ozaki, M. and Paciesas, W. S. and Paneque, D. and Panetta, J. H. and Parent, D. and Pelassa, V. and Pepe, M. and Pesce-Rollins, M. and Piron, F. and Preece, R. and Rainò, S. and Rando, R. and Razzano, M. and Razzaque, S. and Reimer, A. and Ritz, S. and Rodriguez, A. Y. and Roth, M. and Ryde, F. and Sadrozinski, H. F. -W. and Sander, A. and Scargle, J. D. and Schalk, T. L. and Sgrò, C. and Siskind, E. J. and Smith, P. D. and Spandre, G. and Spinelli, P. and Stamatikos, M. and Stecker, F. W. and Strickman, M. S. and Suson, D. J. and Tajima, H. and Takahashi, H. and Takahashi, T. and Tanaka, T. and Thayer, J. B. and Thayer, J. G. and Thompson, D. J. and Toma, K. and Torres, D. F. and Tosti, G. and Tramacere, A. and Uchiyama, Y. and Uehara, T. and Usher, T. L. and van der Horst, A. J. and Vasileiou, V. and Vilchez, N. and Vitale, V. and von Kienlin, A. and Waite, A. P. and Wang, P. and Wilson-Hodge, C. and Winer, B. L. and Wu, X. F. and Yamazaki, R. and Yang, Z. and Ylinen, T. and Ziegler, M.},
abstractNote = {We present detailed observations of the bright short-hard gamma-ray burst GRB 090510 made with the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi observatory. GRB 090510 is the first burst detected by the LAT that shows strong evidence for a deviation from a Band spectral fitting function during the prompt emission phase. The time-integrated spectrum is fit by the sum of a Band function with E peak = 3.9 ± 0.3 MeV, which is the highest yet measured, and a hard power-law component with photon index –1.62 ± 0.03 that dominates the emission below ≈20 keV and above ≈100 MeV. The onset of the high-energy spectral component appears to be delayed by ~0.1 s with respect to the onset of a component well fit with a single Band function. A faint GBM pulse and a LAT photon are detected 0.5 s before the main pulse. During the prompt phase, the LAT detected a photon with energy 30.5+5.8 –2.6 GeV, the highest ever measured from a short GRB. Observation of this photon sets a minimum bulk outflow Lorentz factor, Γ≳ 1200, using simple γγ opacity arguments for this GRB at redshift z = 0.903 and a variability timescale on the order of tens of ms for the ≈100 keV-few MeV flux. Stricter high confidence estimates imply Γ ≳ 1000 and still require that the outflows powering short GRBs are at least as highly relativistic as those of long-duration GRBs. Finally, implications of the temporal behavior and power-law shape of the additional component on synchrotron/synchrotron self-Compton, external-shock synchrotron, and hadronic models are considered.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1178},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 2,
volume = 716,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 27 00:00:00 EDT 2010},
month = {Thu May 27 00:00:00 EDT 2010}
}
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Connection between Energy‐dependent Lags and Peak Luminosity in Gamma‐Ray Bursts
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  • Norris, J. P.; Marani, G. F.; Bonnell, J. T.
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  • DOI: 10.1086/308725

A New Method of Determining the Initial Size and Lorentz Factor of Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs Using a Thermal Emission Component
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  • DOI: 10.1086/520534

The Synchrotron Shock Model Confronts a “Line of Death” in the BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Data
journal, October 1998

  • Preece, R. D.; Briggs, M. S.; Mallozzi, R. S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 506, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/311644

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  • Sari, Re’em; Esin, Ann A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 548, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/319003

Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
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  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 497, Issue 1
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On the Structure of Relativistic Collisionless Shocks in Electron-Ion Plasmas
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  • DOI: 10.1086/590248

Intergalactic Photon Spectra from the Far‐IR to the UV Lyman Limit for 0 < z < 6 and the Optical Depth of the Universe to High‐Energy Gamma Rays
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  • Stecker, F. W.; Malkan, M. A.; Scully, S. T.
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Shock Emission Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
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GRB 080916C: ON THE RADIATION ORIGIN OF THE PROMPT EMISSION FROM keV/MeV TO GeV
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High‐Energy Spectral Components in Gamma‐Ray Burst Afterglows
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The Supernova–Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
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The extragalactic optical-infrared background radiations, their time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity
text, January 2008

The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C
text, January 2009

Ion dynamics and acceleration in relativistic shocks
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Modeling The GRB Host Galaxy Mass Distribution: Are GRBs Unbiased Tracers of Star Formation?
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GRB 080916C and GRB 090510: the high energy emission and the afterglow
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Swift and Fermi observations of the early afterglow of the short Gamma-Ray Burst 090510
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Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma Ray Bursts
text, January 2000

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The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
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Short-Hard Gamma-Ray Bursts
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The Progenitors of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
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The Escape of High-Energy Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts
text, January 1997

Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
text, January 1997

Connection Between Energy-dependent Lags And Peak Luminosity In Gamma-ray Bursts
text, January 1999

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