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Title: The radio/gamma-ray connection in active galactic nuclei in the era of the Fermi Large Area Telescope

Abstract

We present a detailed statistical analysis of the correlation between radio and gamma-ray emission of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected by Fermi during its first year of operation, with the largest data sets ever used for this purpose. We use both archival interferometric 8.4 GHz data (from the Very Large Array and ATCA, for the full sample of 599 sources) and concurrent single-dish 15 GHz measurements from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO, for a sub sample of 199 objects). Our unprecedentedly large sample permits us to assess with high accuracy the statistical significance of the correlation, using a surrogate data method designed to simultaneously account for common-distance bias and the effect of a limited dynamical range in the observed quantities. We find that the statistical significance of a positive correlation between the centimeter radio and the broadband (E > 100 MeV) gamma-ray energy flux is very high for the whole AGN sample, with a probability of <10–7 for the correlation appearing by chance. Using the OVRO data, we find that concurrent data improve the significance of the correlation from 1.6 × 10–6 to 9.0 × 10–8. Our large sample size allows us to study the dependence of correlationmore » strength and significance on specific source types and gamma-ray energy band. As a result, we find that the correlation is very significant (chance probability < 10–7) for both flat spectrum radio quasars and BL Lac objects separately; a dependence of the correlation strength on the considered gamma-ray energy band is also present, but additional data will be necessary to constrain its significance.« less

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1356798
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 741; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; BL Lacertae objects: general; galaxies: active; galaxies: jets; gamma rays: galaxies; radio continuum: galaxies; quasars: general

Citation Formats

Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Angelakis, E., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Cannon, A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cutini, S., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Escande, L., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Frailis, M., Fuhrmann, L., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grandi, P., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Healey, S. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Lee, S. -H., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Max-Moerbeck, W., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nishino, S., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paneque, D., Pavlidou, V., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Razzano, M., Readhead, A., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Richards, J. L., Romani, R. W., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Taylor, G. B., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Troja, E., Vandenbroucke, J., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Winer, B. L., Wood, K. S., Yang, Z., and Ziegler, M. The radio/gamma-ray connection in active galactic nuclei in the era of the Fermi Large Area Telescope. United States: N. p., 2011. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/30.
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Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Angelakis, E., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Cannon, A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cutini, S., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Escande, L., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Frailis, M., Fuhrmann, L., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grandi, P., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Healey, S. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Lee, S. -H., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Max-Moerbeck, W., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nishino, S., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paneque, D., Pavlidou, V., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Razzano, M., Readhead, A., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Richards, J. L., Romani, R. W., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Taylor, G. B., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Troja, E., Vandenbroucke, J., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Winer, B. L., Wood, K. S., Yang, Z., & Ziegler, M. The radio/gamma-ray connection in active galactic nuclei in the era of the Fermi Large Area Telescope. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/30
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Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Allafort, A., Angelakis, E., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bellazzini, R., Berenji, B., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonamente, E., Borgland, A. W., Bouvier, A., Bregeon, J., Brez, A., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Buson, S., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Cannon, A., Caraveo, P. A., Casandjian, J. M., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Cheung, C. C., Ciprini, S., Claus, R., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cutini, S., de Palma, F., Dermer, C. D., do Couto e Silva, E., Drell, P. S., Dubois, R., Dumora, D., Escande, L., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Focke, W. B., Fortin, P., Frailis, M., Fuhrmann, L., Fukazawa, Y., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Gehrels, N., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Glanzman, T., Godfrey, G., Grandi, P., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hadasch, D., Hayashida, M., Hays, E., Healey, S. E., Jóhannesson, G., Johnson, A. S., Kamae, T., Katagiri, H., Kataoka, J., Knödlseder, J., Kuss, M., Lande, J., Lee, S. -H., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Makeev, A., Max-Moerbeck, W., Mazziotta, M. N., McEnery, J. E., Mehault, J., Michelson, P. F., Mizuno, T., Monte, C., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Naumann-Godo, M., Nishino, S., Nolan, P. L., Norris, J. P., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okumura, A., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Ozaki, M., Paneque, D., Pavlidou, V., Pelassa, V., Pepe, M., Pesce-Rollins, M., Pierbattista, M., Piron, F., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Razzano, M., Readhead, A., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Richards, J. L., Romani, R. W., Sadrozinski, H. F. -W., Scargle, J. D., Sgrò, C., Siskind, E. J., Smith, P. D., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Strickman, M. S., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Tanaka, T., Taylor, G. B., Thayer, J. G., Thayer, J. B., Thompson, D. J., Torres, D. F., Tosti, G., Tramacere, A., Troja, E., Vandenbroucke, J., Vianello, G., Vitale, V., Waite, A. P., Wang, P., Winer, B. L., Wood, K. S., Yang, Z., and Ziegler, M. Wed . "The radio/gamma-ray connection in active galactic nuclei in the era of the Fermi Large Area Telescope". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/30. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356798.
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@article{osti_1356798,
title = {The radio/gamma-ray connection in active galactic nuclei in the era of the Fermi Large Area Telescope},
author = {Ackermann, M. and Ajello, M. and Allafort, A. and Angelakis, E. and Axelsson, M. and Baldini, L. and Ballet, J. and Barbiellini, G. and Bastieri, D. and Bellazzini, R. and Berenji, B. and Blandford, R. D. and Bloom, E. D. and Bonamente, E. and Borgland, A. W. and Bouvier, A. and Bregeon, J. and Brez, A. and Brigida, M. and Bruel, P. and Buehler, R. and Buson, S. and Caliandro, G. A. and Cameron, R. A. and Cannon, A. and Caraveo, P. A. and Casandjian, J. M. and Cavazzuti, E. and Cecchi, C. and Charles, E. and Chekhtman, A. and Cheung, C. C. and Ciprini, S. and Claus, R. and Cohen-Tanugi, J. and Cutini, S. and de Palma, F. and Dermer, C. D. and do Couto e Silva, E. and Drell, P. S. and Dubois, R. and Dumora, D. and Escande, L. and Favuzzi, C. and Fegan, S. J. and Focke, W. B. and Fortin, P. and Frailis, M. and Fuhrmann, L. and Fukazawa, Y. and Fusco, P. and Gargano, F. and Gasparrini, D. and Gehrels, N. and Giglietto, N. and Giommi, P. and Giordano, F. and Giroletti, M. and Glanzman, T. and Godfrey, G. and Grandi, P. and Grenier, I. A. and Guiriec, S. and Hadasch, D. and Hayashida, M. and Hays, E. and Healey, S. E. and Jóhannesson, G. and Johnson, A. S. and Kamae, T. and Katagiri, H. and Kataoka, J. and Knödlseder, J. and Kuss, M. and Lande, J. and Lee, S. -H. and Longo, F. and Loparco, F. and Lott, B. and Lovellette, M. N. and Lubrano, P. and Makeev, A. and Max-Moerbeck, W. and Mazziotta, M. N. and McEnery, J. E. and Mehault, J. and Michelson, P. F. and Mizuno, T. and Monte, C. and Monzani, M. E. and Morselli, A. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Murgia, S. and Naumann-Godo, M. and Nishino, S. and Nolan, P. L. and Norris, J. P. and Nuss, E. and Ohsugi, T. and Okumura, A. and Omodei, N. and Orlando, E. and Ormes, J. F. and Ozaki, M. and Paneque, D. and Pavlidou, V. and Pelassa, V. and Pepe, M. and Pesce-Rollins, M. and Pierbattista, M. and Piron, F. and Porter, T. A. and Rainò, S. and Razzano, M. and Readhead, A. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Richards, J. L. and Romani, R. W. and Sadrozinski, H. F. -W. and Scargle, J. D. and Sgrò, C. and Siskind, E. J. and Smith, P. D. and Spandre, G. and Spinelli, P. and Strickman, M. S. and Suson, D. J. and Takahashi, H. and Tanaka, T. and Taylor, G. B. and Thayer, J. G. and Thayer, J. B. and Thompson, D. J. and Torres, D. F. and Tosti, G. and Tramacere, A. and Troja, E. and Vandenbroucke, J. and Vianello, G. and Vitale, V. and Waite, A. P. and Wang, P. and Winer, B. L. and Wood, K. S. and Yang, Z. and Ziegler, M.},
abstractNote = {We present a detailed statistical analysis of the correlation between radio and gamma-ray emission of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected by Fermi during its first year of operation, with the largest data sets ever used for this purpose. We use both archival interferometric 8.4 GHz data (from the Very Large Array and ATCA, for the full sample of 599 sources) and concurrent single-dish 15 GHz measurements from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO, for a sub sample of 199 objects). Our unprecedentedly large sample permits us to assess with high accuracy the statistical significance of the correlation, using a surrogate data method designed to simultaneously account for common-distance bias and the effect of a limited dynamical range in the observed quantities. We find that the statistical significance of a positive correlation between the centimeter radio and the broadband (E > 100 MeV) gamma-ray energy flux is very high for the whole AGN sample, with a probability of <10–7 for the correlation appearing by chance. Using the OVRO data, we find that concurrent data improve the significance of the correlation from 1.6 × 10–6 to 9.0 × 10–8. Our large sample size allows us to study the dependence of correlation strength and significance on specific source types and gamma-ray energy band. As a result, we find that the correlation is very significant (chance probability < 10–7) for both flat spectrum radio quasars and BL Lac objects separately; a dependence of the correlation strength on the considered gamma-ray energy band is also present, but additional data will be necessary to constrain its significance.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/30},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 1,
volume = 741,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2011},
month = {Wed Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2011}
}
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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Simultaneous Planck , Swift , and Fermi observations of X-ray and γ -ray selected blazars
    journal, May 2012

    Long-term multiwavelength studies of high-redshift blazar 0836+710
    journal, July 2013

    Exploring the bulk of the BL Lacertae object population: I. Parsec-scale radio structures⋆
    journal, November 2013

    The high energy spectrum of 3C 273
    journal, April 2015

    Radio and gamma-ray properties of extragalactic jets from the TANAMI sample
    journal, May 2016

    Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
    journal, May 2015

    A sample of weak blazars at milli-arcsecond resolution
    journal, April 2015

    High-energy sources at low radio frequency: the Murchison Widefield Array view of Fermi blazars
    journal, April 2016

    Exploring the bulk of the BL Lacertae object population: II. Gamma-ray properties
    journal, October 2018

    Extreme HBL behavior of Markarian 501 during 2012
    journal, December 2018

    Blazars in the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey first data release
    journal, February 2019

    The γ -ray sky seen at X-ray energies: I. Searching for the connection between X-rays and γ -rays in Fermi BL Lac objects
    journal, November 2019

    THE IMPORTANCE OF JET BENDING IN GAMMA-RAY AGNs—REVISITED
    journal, March 2014

    Unveiling the Nature of the Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources. iii. Gamma-Ray Blazar-Like Counterparts at low Radio Frequencies
    journal, June 2013

    • Massaro, F.; D'Abrusco, R.; Giroletti, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 207, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/207/1/4

    Unveiling the Nature of the Unidentified Gamma-Ray Sources. v. Analysis of the Radio Candidates with the Kernel Density Estimation
    journal, October 2013

    • Massaro, F.; D'Abrusco, R.; Paggi, A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 209, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/10

    The Low-Frequency Radio Catalog of Flat-Spectrum Sources
    journal, June 2014

    • Massaro, F.; Giroletti, M.; D'Abrusco, R.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 213, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/3

    REFINING THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SOURCE CATALOGS
    journal, February 2015

    • Massaro, F.; D’Abrusco, R.; Landoni, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 217, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/217/1/2

    A flat-spectrum flare in S4 0444+63 revealed by a new implementation of multiwavelength single-dish observations
    journal, January 2020

    • Giroletti, M.; Righini, S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa042

    Intrinsic γ-ray luminosity, black hole mass, jet and accretion in Fermi blazars
    journal, May 2014

    • Xiong, D. R.; Zhang, X.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu755

    Discovery of a Fanaroff–Riley type 0 radio galaxy emitting at γ-ray energies
    journal, January 2016

    • Grandi, Paola; Capetti, Alessandro; Baldi, Ranieri D.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 457, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv2846

    The observed radio/gamma-ray emission correlation for blazars with the Fermi-LAT and the RATAN-600 data
    journal, May 2015

    • Mufakharov, T.; Mingaliev, M.; Sotnikova, Yu.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv772

    Te-REX: a sample of extragalactic TeV-emitting candidates
    journal, December 2019

    • Balmaverde, Barbara; Caccianiga, A.; Della Ceca, R.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3532

    Beaming Effect in Fermi Blazars
    journal, April 2013

    • Fan, Junhui; Yang, Jiang He; Zhang, Jing-Yi
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 65, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.2.25

    Multi-Color Optical Monitoring of mrk 501 from 2010 to 2015
    journal, February 2016

    • Xiong, Dingrong; Zhang, Haojing; Zhang, Xiong
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 222, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/0067-0049/222/2/24

    THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF FERMI BLAZARS
    journal, October 2016

    The Radio/Gamma Connection of Blazars from High to Low Radio Frequencies
    journal, December 2018

    The extreme HBL behaviour of Markarian 501 during 2012
    text, January 2018

    • Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-00102

    Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
    text, January 2014

    A sample of weak blazars at milli-arcsecond resolution
    text, January 2015

    Refining the associations of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalogs
    text, January 2015

    Multi-color optical monitoring of Mrk 501 from 2010 to 2015
    text, January 2015

    Exploring the bulk of the BL Lac object population. II. Gamma-ray properties
    text, January 2018

    Blazars in the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey First Data Release
    text, January 2018

    Te-REX: a sample of extragalactic TeV-emitting candidates
    text, January 2019

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