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Title: The 2010 Very High Energy γ-Ray Flare And 10 Years Of Multi-Wavelength Observations Of M 87

Abstract

The giant radio galaxy M87 with its proximity (16 Mpc), famous jet, and very massive black hole ((3 - 6) X 109MΘ ) provides a unique opportunity to investigate the origin of very high energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) γ-ray emission generated in relativistic outflows and the surroundings of super-massive black holes. M87 has been established as a VHE γ-ray emitter since 2006. The VHE γ-ray emission displays strong variability on timescales as short as a day. In this paper, results from a joint VHE monitoring campaign on M87 by the MAGIC and VERITAS instruments in 2010 are reported. During the campaign, a flare at VHE was detected triggering further observations at VHE (H.E.S.S.), X-rays (Chandra), and radio (43 GHz VLBA). The excellent sampling of the VHE -ray light curve enables one to derive a precise temporal characterization of the flare: the single, isolated flare is well described by a two-sided exponential function with significantly different flux rise and decay times of τrise d = (1:69 ± 0:30) days and τdecay d = (0:611 ± 0:080) days, respectively. While the overall variability pattern of the 2010 flare appears somewhat different from that of previous VHE flares in 2005 and 2008, theymore » share very similar timescales (~day), peak fluxes (Φ>0:35 TeV ≃ (1 - 3) X 10-11 ph cm-2 s-1), and VHE spectra. 43 GHz VLBA radio observations of the inner jet regions indicate no enhanced flux in 2010 in contrast to observations in 2008, where an increase of the radio flux of the innermost core regions coincided with a VHE flare. On the other hand, Chandra X-ray observations taken ~ 3 days after the peak of the VHE γ-ray emission reveal an enhanced flux from the core (flux increased by factor ~ 2; variability timescale < 2 days). The long-term (2001-2010) multi-wavelength (MWL) light curve of M87, spanning from radio to VHE and including data from HST, LT, VLA and EVN, is used to further investigate the origin of the VHE γ-ray emission. No unique, common MWL signature of the three VHE flares has been identified. In the outer kpc jet region, in particular in HST-1, no enhanced MWL activity was detected in 2008 and 2010, disfavoring it as the origin of the VHE flares during these years. Shortly after two of the three flares (2008 and 2010), the X-ray core was observed to be at a higher flux level than its characteristic range (determined from more than 60 monitoring observations: 2002-2009). In 2005, the strong flux dominance of HST-1 could have suppressed the detection of such a feature. Published models for VHE γ-ray emission from M87 are reviewed in the light of the new data.« less

Authors:
 [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Hamburg (Germany)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
Contributing Org.:
The H.E.S.S. Collaboration; The MAGIC Collaboration; The VERITAS Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1356761
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 746; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats

Abramowski, A. The 2010 Very High Energy γ-Ray Flare And 10 Years Of Multi-Wavelength Observations Of M 87. United States: N. p., 2012. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/151.
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Abramowski, A. The 2010 Very High Energy γ-Ray Flare And 10 Years Of Multi-Wavelength Observations Of M 87. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/151
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Abramowski, A. Thu . "The 2010 Very High Energy γ-Ray Flare And 10 Years Of Multi-Wavelength Observations Of M 87". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/151. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356761.
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@article{osti_1356761,
title = {The 2010 Very High Energy γ-Ray Flare And 10 Years Of Multi-Wavelength Observations Of M 87},
author = {Abramowski, A.},
abstractNote = {The giant radio galaxy M87 with its proximity (16 Mpc), famous jet, and very massive black hole ((3 - 6) X 109MΘ ) provides a unique opportunity to investigate the origin of very high energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) γ-ray emission generated in relativistic outflows and the surroundings of super-massive black holes. M87 has been established as a VHE γ-ray emitter since 2006. The VHE γ-ray emission displays strong variability on timescales as short as a day. In this paper, results from a joint VHE monitoring campaign on M87 by the MAGIC and VERITAS instruments in 2010 are reported. During the campaign, a flare at VHE was detected triggering further observations at VHE (H.E.S.S.), X-rays (Chandra), and radio (43 GHz VLBA). The excellent sampling of the VHE -ray light curve enables one to derive a precise temporal characterization of the flare: the single, isolated flare is well described by a two-sided exponential function with significantly different flux rise and decay times of τrise d = (1:69 ± 0:30) days and τdecay d = (0:611 ± 0:080) days, respectively. While the overall variability pattern of the 2010 flare appears somewhat different from that of previous VHE flares in 2005 and 2008, they share very similar timescales (~day), peak fluxes (Φ>0:35 TeV ≃ (1 - 3) X 10-11 ph cm-2 s-1), and VHE spectra. 43 GHz VLBA radio observations of the inner jet regions indicate no enhanced flux in 2010 in contrast to observations in 2008, where an increase of the radio flux of the innermost core regions coincided with a VHE flare. On the other hand, Chandra X-ray observations taken ~ 3 days after the peak of the VHE γ-ray emission reveal an enhanced flux from the core (flux increased by factor ~ 2; variability timescale < 2 days). The long-term (2001-2010) multi-wavelength (MWL) light curve of M87, spanning from radio to VHE and including data from HST, LT, VLA and EVN, is used to further investigate the origin of the VHE γ-ray emission. No unique, common MWL signature of the three VHE flares has been identified. In the outer kpc jet region, in particular in HST-1, no enhanced MWL activity was detected in 2008 and 2010, disfavoring it as the origin of the VHE flares during these years. Shortly after two of the three flares (2008 and 2010), the X-ray core was observed to be at a higher flux level than its characteristic range (determined from more than 60 monitoring observations: 2002-2009). In 2005, the strong flux dominance of HST-1 could have suppressed the detection of such a feature. Published models for VHE γ-ray emission from M87 are reviewed in the light of the new data.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/151},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 2,
volume = 746,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Feb 02 00:00:00 EST 2012},
month = {Thu Feb 02 00:00:00 EST 2012}
}
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Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/151
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Figures / Tables:

Fig. 1 Fig. 1: Multi-wavelength light curve of M 87 from 2001 to 2011. The VHE γ-ray flux (top panel) is calculated above an energy threshold of 350 GeV (see text). Separate fluxes for the core and HST-1 are shown in cases where the instrument resolution is sufficient to separate the twomore » components. Gray vertical bands mark the times of increased VHE activity in 2005, 2008, and 2010 (see Fig. 2). The dashed line and the gray horizontal band in the 2nd panel marks the average flux with 1 s.d. error measured by Fermi-LAT. The radio flux of HST-1 at different frequencies has been normalized to the 5 GHz flux assuming a spectrum S ν ∼ ν−α with α = 0.6. All flux errors shown are the 1 s.d. statistical errors except for the LT data where the uncertainty on the contribution from the galaxy is included in the error bars. For details on the data, the data analysis, and references see text.« less
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    • de Jong, S.; Beckmann, V.; Soldi, S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv927

    Physics of the saturation of particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection
    journal, February 2018

    • Kagan, Daniel; Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty452

    Black hole spin from wobbling and rotation of the M87 jet and a sign of a magnetically arrested disc
    journal, June 2018

    • Sob’yanin (Денис Николаевич Собьянин), Denis Nikolaevich
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 479, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly097

    The GENJI Programme: Gamma-Ray Emitting Notable AGN Monitoring by Japanese VLBI
    journal, April 2013

    • Nagai, Hiroshi; Kino, Motoki; Niinuma, Kotaro
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 65, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/65.2.24

    Black hole lightning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales
    journal, November 2014

    Very-high energy gamma-ray astronomy: A 23-year success story in high-energy astroparticle physics
    journal, July 2012

    Probing the Central Black hole in m87 with Gamma-Rays
    journal, September 2012

    Gamma-Ray Astrophysics in the Time Domain
    journal, January 2019

    Dissipative Processes and Their Role in the Evolution of Radio Galaxies
    journal, July 2019

    3C 84: Observational Evidence for Precession and a Possible Relation to TeV Emission
    journal, August 2019

    Blazar Optical Polarimetry: Current Progress in Observations and Theories
    journal, October 2019

    NEUTRINO, γ -RAY, AND COSMIC-RAY FLUXES FROM THE CORE OF THE CLOSEST RADIO GALAXIES
    journal, October 2016

    4.5 Years of Multi-Wavelength Observations of mrk 421 During the Argo-Ybj and Fermi Common Operation time
    journal, January 2016

    • Bartoli, B.; Bernardini, P.; Bi, X. J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 222, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/0067-0049/222/1/6

    COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE X-RAY FLARES FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OBSERVED BY SWIFT
    journal, June 2016

    • Yi, Shuang-Xi; Xi, Shao-Qiang; Yu, Hai
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 224, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/20

    Physics of Pair Producing Gaps in Black Hole Magnetospheres
    journal, August 2018

    • Chen, Alexander Y.; Yuan, Yajie; Yang, Huan
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aad8ab

    A stacked analysis of brightest cluster galaxies observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
    journal, December 2012

    • Dutson, K. L.; White, R. J.; Edge, A. C.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 429, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sts477

    Discovery of very high energy γ -ray emission from the BL Lacertae object PKS 0301−243 with H.E.S.S.
    text, January 2013

    • Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/desy-2014-00655

    Relativistic Jets from AGN Viewed at Highest Angular Resolution
    journal, December 2019

    Two-temperature GRRMHD Simulations of M87
    journal, September 2018

    • Ryan, Benjamin R.; Ressler, Sean M.; Dolence, Joshua C.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad73a

    Probing an X-Ray Flare Pattern in Mrk 421 Induced by Multiple Stationary Shocks: A Solution to the Bulk Lorentz Factor Crisis
    journal, May 2019

    • Hervet, Olivier; Williams, David A.; Falcone, Abraham D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1906

    VERITAS Discovery of VHE Emission from the Radio Galaxy 3C 264: A Multiwavelength Study
    journal, June 2020

    A strong radio brightening at the jet base of M87 during the elevated very-high-energy γ-ray state in 2012
    journal, September 2014

    • Hada, K.; Giroletti, M.; Kino, M.
    • Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. 10, Issue S313
    • DOI: 10.1017/s174392131500246x

    Two-temperature, Magnetically Arrested Disc simulations of the jet from the supermassive black hole in M87
    journal, April 2019

    • Chael, Andrew; Narayan, Ramesh; Johnson, Michael D.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz988

    Magnetospheric Gamma-Ray Emission in Active Galactic Nuclei
    journal, January 2018

    Parabolic Jets from the Spinning Black Hole in M87
    journal, December 2018

    • Nakamura, Masanori; Asada, Keiichi; Hada, Kazuhiro
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb2d

    Probing the central black hole in M87 with gamma-rays
    text, January 2012

    GENJI Programme: Gamma-ray Emitting Notable AGN Monitoring by Japanese VLBI
    text, January 2012

    Black hole lightning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales
    text, January 2014

    Comprehensive study of the X-ray flares from gamma-ray bursts observed by Swift
    text, January 2016

    Two-Temperature GRRMHD Simulations of M87
    text, January 2018

    Orientation of the crescent image of M 87*
    text, January 2019

    Monitoring of the radio galaxy M87 during a low emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC
    text, January 2020

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