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Title: The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL lacertae objects

Abstract

Fermi has provided the largest sample of γ-ray-selected blazars to date. We use a uniformly selected set of 211 BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects detected by Fermi during its first year of operation. We obtained redshift constraints for 206 out of the 211 BL Lac objects in our sample, making it the largest and most complete sample of BL Lac objects available in the literature. We use this sample to determine the luminosity function of BL Lac objects and its evolution with cosmic time. Here, we find that for most BL Lac classes the evolution is positive, with a space density peaking at modest redshift (z ≈ 1.2). Low-luminosity, high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) BL Lac objects are an exception, showing strong negative evolution, with number density increasing for z lesssim 0.5. Since this rise corresponds to a drop-off in the density of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), a possible interpretation is that these HSPs represent an accretion-starved end state of an earlier merger-driven gas-rich phase. Additionally, we find that the known BL Lac correlation between luminosity and photon spectral index persists after correction for the substantial observational selection effects with implications for the so-called "blazar sequence." Finally, by estimating the beaming corrections to the luminosity function, we find that BL Lac objects have an average Lorentz factor of $$\gamma =6.1^{+1.1}_{-0.8}$$, and that most are seen within 10° of the jet axis.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [2];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [2];  [8];  [8];  [2];  [5];  [7];  [8];  [8];  [7]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Space Sciences Lab.
  2. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
  3. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, Rome (Italy); National Institute for Astrophysics-Astronomical Observatory of Rome, Rome (Italy).
  4. Technical Univ. of Munchen, Garching (Germany). Dept. of Physics
  5. Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom). Dept. of Astrophysics
  6. Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States). Space Science Division
  7. Max Planck Inst. for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching (Germany)
  8. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
Contributing Org.:
Fermi LAT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1356540
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 780; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmology: observations; diffuse radiation; galaxies: active; galaxies: jets; gamma rays: diffuse background; surveys

Citation Formats

Ajello, M., Romani, R. W., Gasparrini, D., Shaw, M. S., Bolmer, J., Cotter, G., Finke, J., Greiner, J., Healey, S. E., King, O., Max-Moerbeck, W., Michelson, P. F., Potter, W. J., Rau, A., Readhead, A. C. S., Richards, J. L., and Schady, P. The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL lacertae objects. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73.
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Ajello, M., Romani, R. W., Gasparrini, D., Shaw, M. S., Bolmer, J., Cotter, G., Finke, J., Greiner, J., Healey, S. E., King, O., Max-Moerbeck, W., Michelson, P. F., Potter, W. J., Rau, A., Readhead, A. C. S., Richards, J. L., & Schady, P. The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL lacertae objects. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73
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Ajello, M., Romani, R. W., Gasparrini, D., Shaw, M. S., Bolmer, J., Cotter, G., Finke, J., Greiner, J., Healey, S. E., King, O., Max-Moerbeck, W., Michelson, P. F., Potter, W. J., Rau, A., Readhead, A. C. S., Richards, J. L., and Schady, P. Fri . "The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL lacertae objects". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1356540.
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@article{osti_1356540,
title = {The cosmic evolution of Fermi BL lacertae objects},
author = {Ajello, M. and Romani, R. W. and Gasparrini, D. and Shaw, M. S. and Bolmer, J. and Cotter, G. and Finke, J. and Greiner, J. and Healey, S. E. and King, O. and Max-Moerbeck, W. and Michelson, P. F. and Potter, W. J. and Rau, A. and Readhead, A. C. S. and Richards, J. L. and Schady, P.},
abstractNote = {Fermi has provided the largest sample of γ-ray-selected blazars to date. We use a uniformly selected set of 211 BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects detected by Fermi during its first year of operation. We obtained redshift constraints for 206 out of the 211 BL Lac objects in our sample, making it the largest and most complete sample of BL Lac objects available in the literature. We use this sample to determine the luminosity function of BL Lac objects and its evolution with cosmic time. Here, we find that for most BL Lac classes the evolution is positive, with a space density peaking at modest redshift (z ≈ 1.2). Low-luminosity, high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) BL Lac objects are an exception, showing strong negative evolution, with number density increasing for z lesssim 0.5. Since this rise corresponds to a drop-off in the density of flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), a possible interpretation is that these HSPs represent an accretion-starved end state of an earlier merger-driven gas-rich phase. Additionally, we find that the known BL Lac correlation between luminosity and photon spectral index persists after correction for the substantial observational selection effects with implications for the so-called "blazar sequence." Finally, by estimating the beaming corrections to the luminosity function, we find that BL Lac objects have an average Lorentz factor of $\gamma =6.1^{+1.1}_{-0.8}$, and that most are seen within 10° of the jet axis.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 1,
volume = 780,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Dec 13 00:00:00 EST 2013},
month = {Fri Dec 13 00:00:00 EST 2013}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/73
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    text, January 2019

    • Paliya, Vaidehi Sharan; Domínguez, A.; Ajello, M.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-03436

    Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube
    text, January 2019

    • Garrappa, S.; Buson, S.; Franckowiak, A.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-03715

    A two-zone model for blazar emission: implications for TXS 0506+056 and the neutrino event IceCube-170922A
    text, January 2019

    • Xue, Rui; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Petropoulou, Maria
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-00252

    Identifying the 3FHL Catalog. II. Results of the KOSMOS Optical Spectroscopy Campaign
    journal, October 2018

    General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars
    journal, December 2017

    • Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Marcotulli, L.; Ajello, M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa98e1

    Cascading Constraints from Neutrino-emitting Blazars: The Case of TXS 0506+056
    journal, August 2019

    • Reimer, Anita; Böttcher, Markus; Buson, Sara
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bff

    BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars
    journal, August 2019

    • Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Koss, M.; Trakhtenbrot, B.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f8b

    Progress in unveiling extreme particle acceleration in persistent astrophysical jets
    journal, January 2020

    Eddington bias for cosmic neutrino sources
    journal, January 2019

    Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background
    journal, May 2015

    Investigation of Two Fermi -LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Coincident with High-energy Neutrinos Detected by IceCube
    journal, July 2019

    Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
    text, January 2019

    BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. XVI. General Physical Characteristics of BAT Blazars
    text, January 2019

    The space density of z  > 4 blazars
    journal, January 2019

    • Caccianiga, A.; Moretti, A.; Belladitta, S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3526

    Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence
    text, January 2018

    • Palladino, Andrea; Rodrigues, Xavier; Gao, Shan
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2018-03350

    Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos
    text, January 2019

    • Van Vliet, Arjen; Alves Batista, Rafael; Hörandel, Jörg R.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-02564

    Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
    text, January 2019

    • Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-02725

    Evidence of cross-correlation between the CMB lensing and the gamma-ray sky
    text, January 2014

    General Physical Properties of CGRaBS Blazars
    text, January 2017

    Toy model for the acceleration of blazar jets
    text, January 2018

    Interpretation of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in terms of the blazar sequence
    text, January 2018

    Blazar Flares as an Origin of High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos?
    text, January 2018

    Identifying the 3FHL catalog: I. Results of the KOSMOS optical spectroscopy campaign
    text, January 2018

    Blazar jets as the most efficient persistent engines
    preprint, January 2018

    Determining the fraction of cosmic-ray protons at ultra-high energies with cosmogenic neutrinos
    text, January 2019

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