Resolving the Extragalactic -Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
Abstract
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has recently released a catalog of 360 sources detected above 50 GeV (2FHL). This catalog was obtained using 80 months of data re-processed with Pass 8, the newest event-level analysis, which significantly improves the acceptance and angular resolution of the instrument. Most of the 2FHL sources at high Galactic latitude are blazars. In this paper, using detailed Monte Carlo simulations, we measure, for the first time, the source count distribution, dN/dS, of extragalactic γ-ray sources at E > 50 GeV and find that it is compatible with a Euclidean distribution down to the lowest measured source flux in the 2FHL (~8 x 10-12 ph cm-2s-1). We employ a one-point photon fluctuation analysis to constrain the behavior of dN/dS below the source detection threshold. Overall, the source count distribution is constrained over three decades in flux and found compatible with a broken power law with a break flux, Sb, in the range [8 x 10-12, 1.5 x 10-11] ph cm-2s-1 and power-law indices below and above the break of α2 ϵ [1.60, 1.75] and α1 = 2.49 ± 0.12, respectively. Integration of dN/dS shows that point sources account for at least 86$$+16\atop{-14}$$ % of the total extragalactic γ-ray background. The simple form of the derived source count distribution is consistent with a single population (i.e., blazars) dominating the source counts to the minimum flux explored by this analysis. Finally, we estimate the density of sources detectable in blind surveys that will be performed in the coming years by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
- Authors:
- more »
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Inst. for Nuclear Physics (INFN) (Italy)
- Contributing Org.:
- The Fermi-LAT Collaboration
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1355687
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1247444
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-76SF00515
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review Letters
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 116; Journal Issue: 15; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Citation Formats
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonino, R., Bregeon, J., Britto, R. J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caragiulo, M., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cominsky, L. R., Costanza, F., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Desiante, R., Digel, S. W., Di Mauro, M., Di Venere, L., Domínguez, A., Drell, P. S., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Franckowiak, A., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Godfrey, G., Green, D., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hays, E., Horan, D., Iafrate, G., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Kuss, M., La Mura, G., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Li, J., Li, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Magill, J., Maldera, S., Manfreda, A., Mayer, M., Mazziotta, M. N., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Negro, M., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okada, C., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Petrosian, V., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Romani, R. W., Sánchez-Conde, M., Schmid, J., Schulz, A., Sgrò, C., Simone, D., Siskind, E. J., Spada, F., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Thayer, J. B., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Troja, E., Vianello, G., Yassine, M., and Zimmer, S. Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151105.
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonino, R., Bregeon, J., Britto, R. J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caragiulo, M., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cominsky, L. R., Costanza, F., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Desiante, R., Digel, S. W., Di Mauro, M., Di Venere, L., Domínguez, A., Drell, P. S., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Franckowiak, A., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Godfrey, G., Green, D., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hays, E., Horan, D., Iafrate, G., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Kuss, M., La Mura, G., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Li, J., Li, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Magill, J., Maldera, S., Manfreda, A., Mayer, M., Mazziotta, M. N., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Negro, M., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okada, C., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Petrosian, V., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Romani, R. W., Sánchez-Conde, M., Schmid, J., Schulz, A., Sgrò, C., Simone, D., Siskind, E. J., Spada, F., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Thayer, J. B., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Troja, E., Vianello, G., Yassine, M., & Zimmer, S. Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151105
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Albert, A., Atwood, W. B., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., Bissaldi, E., Blandford, R. D., Bloom, E. D., Bonino, R., Bregeon, J., Britto, R. J., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Caliandro, G. A., Cameron, R. A., Caragiulo, M., Caraveo, P. A., Cavazzuti, E., Cecchi, C., Charles, E., Chekhtman, A., Chiang, J., Chiaro, G., Ciprini, S., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Cominsky, L. R., Costanza, F., Cutini, S., D’Ammando, F., de Angelis, A., de Palma, F., Desiante, R., Digel, S. W., Di Mauro, M., Di Venere, L., Domínguez, A., Drell, P. S., Favuzzi, C., Fegan, S. J., Ferrara, E. C., Franckowiak, A., Fukazawa, Y., Funk, S., Fusco, P., Gargano, F., Gasparrini, D., Giglietto, N., Giommi, P., Giordano, F., Giroletti, M., Godfrey, G., Green, D., Grenier, I. A., Guiriec, S., Hays, E., Horan, D., Iafrate, G., Jogler, T., Jóhannesson, G., Kuss, M., La Mura, G., Larsson, S., Latronico, L., Li, J., Li, L., Longo, F., Loparco, F., Lott, B., Lovellette, M. N., Lubrano, P., Madejski, G. M., Magill, J., Maldera, S., Manfreda, A., Mayer, M., Mazziotta, M. N., Michelson, P. F., Mitthumsiri, W., Mizuno, T., Moiseev, A. A., Monzani, M. E., Morselli, A., Moskalenko, I. V., Murgia, S., Negro, M., Nuss, E., Ohsugi, T., Okada, C., Omodei, N., Orlando, E., Ormes, J. F., Paneque, D., Perkins, J. S., Pesce-Rollins, M., Petrosian, V., Piron, F., Pivato, G., Porter, T. A., Rainò, S., Rando, R., Razzano, M., Razzaque, S., Reimer, A., Reimer, O., Reposeur, T., Romani, R. W., Sánchez-Conde, M., Schmid, J., Schulz, A., Sgrò, C., Simone, D., Siskind, E. J., Spada, F., Spandre, G., Spinelli, P., Suson, D. J., Takahashi, H., Thayer, J. B., Tibaldo, L., Torres, D. F., Troja, E., Vianello, G., Yassine, M., and Zimmer, S. Thu .
"Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151105. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355687.
@article{osti_1355687,
title = {Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope},
author = {Ackermann, M. and Ajello, M. and Albert, A. and Atwood, W. B. and Baldini, L. and Ballet, J. and Barbiellini, G. and Bastieri, D. and Bechtol, K. and Bellazzini, R. and Bissaldi, E. and Blandford, R. D. and Bloom, E. D. and Bonino, R. and Bregeon, J. and Britto, R. J. and Bruel, P. and Buehler, R. and Caliandro, G. A. and Cameron, R. A. and Caragiulo, M. and Caraveo, P. A. and Cavazzuti, E. and Cecchi, C. and Charles, E. and Chekhtman, A. and Chiang, J. and Chiaro, G. and Ciprini, S. and Cohen-Tanugi, J. and Cominsky, L. R. and Costanza, F. and Cutini, S. and D’Ammando, F. and de Angelis, A. and de Palma, F. and Desiante, R. and Digel, S. W. and Di Mauro, M. and Di Venere, L. and Domínguez, A. and Drell, P. S. and Favuzzi, C. and Fegan, S. J. and Ferrara, E. C. and Franckowiak, A. and Fukazawa, Y. and Funk, S. and Fusco, P. and Gargano, F. and Gasparrini, D. and Giglietto, N. and Giommi, P. and Giordano, F. and Giroletti, M. and Godfrey, G. and Green, D. and Grenier, I. A. and Guiriec, S. and Hays, E. and Horan, D. and Iafrate, G. and Jogler, T. and Jóhannesson, G. and Kuss, M. and La Mura, G. and Larsson, S. and Latronico, L. and Li, J. and Li, L. and Longo, F. and Loparco, F. and Lott, B. and Lovellette, M. N. and Lubrano, P. and Madejski, G. M. and Magill, J. and Maldera, S. and Manfreda, A. and Mayer, M. and Mazziotta, M. N. and Michelson, P. F. and Mitthumsiri, W. and Mizuno, T. and Moiseev, A. A. and Monzani, M. E. and Morselli, A. and Moskalenko, I. V. and Murgia, S. and Negro, M. and Nuss, E. and Ohsugi, T. and Okada, C. and Omodei, N. and Orlando, E. and Ormes, J. F. and Paneque, D. and Perkins, J. S. and Pesce-Rollins, M. and Petrosian, V. and Piron, F. and Pivato, G. and Porter, T. A. and Rainò, S. and Rando, R. and Razzano, M. and Razzaque, S. and Reimer, A. and Reimer, O. and Reposeur, T. and Romani, R. W. and Sánchez-Conde, M. and Schmid, J. and Schulz, A. and Sgrò, C. and Simone, D. and Siskind, E. J. and Spada, F. and Spandre, G. and Spinelli, P. and Suson, D. J. and Takahashi, H. and Thayer, J. B. and Tibaldo, L. and Torres, D. F. and Troja, E. and Vianello, G. and Yassine, M. and Zimmer, S.},
abstractNote = {The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has recently released a catalog of 360 sources detected above 50 GeV (2FHL). This catalog was obtained using 80 months of data re-processed with Pass 8, the newest event-level analysis, which significantly improves the acceptance and angular resolution of the instrument. Most of the 2FHL sources at high Galactic latitude are blazars. In this paper, using detailed Monte Carlo simulations, we measure, for the first time, the source count distribution, dN/dS, of extragalactic γ-ray sources at E > 50 GeV and find that it is compatible with a Euclidean distribution down to the lowest measured source flux in the 2FHL (~8 x 10-12 ph cm-2s-1). We employ a one-point photon fluctuation analysis to constrain the behavior of dN/dS below the source detection threshold. Overall, the source count distribution is constrained over three decades in flux and found compatible with a broken power law with a break flux, Sb, in the range [8 x 10-12, 1.5 x 10-11] ph cm-2s-1 and power-law indices below and above the break of α2 ϵ [1.60, 1.75] and α1 = 2.49 ± 0.12, respectively. Integration of dN/dS shows that point sources account for at least 86$+16\atop{-14}$ % of the total extragalactic γ-ray background. The simple form of the derived source count distribution is consistent with a single population (i.e., blazars) dominating the source counts to the minimum flux explored by this analysis. Finally, we estimate the density of sources detectable in blind surveys that will be performed in the coming years by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151105},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
number = 15,
volume = 116,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Thu Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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FIG. 1: In the left (right) panel the adaptively smoothed count map of one simulation (real sky) in the energy range 50 GeV-2 TeV is represented in Galactic coordinates and Hammer-Aitoff projection. The two maps contain about 60000 $γ$-ray events.
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BOW TIES IN THE SKY. I. THE ANGULAR STRUCTURE OF INVERSE COMPTON GAMMA-RAY HALOS IN THE FERMI SKY
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Evidence against Star-forming Galaxies as the Dominant Source of Icecube Neutrinos
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Bow Ties in the Sky. II. Searching for Gamma-Ray Halos in the Fermi Sky Using Anisotropy
journal, November 2017
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Neutrinos from Choked Jets Accompanied by Type-II Supernovae
journal, April 2018
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Deriving the Contribution of Blazars to the Fermi -LAT Extragalactic γ -ray Background at E > 10 GeV with Efficiency Corrections and Photon Statistics
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Cumulative Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Backgrounds from Halo and Galaxy Mergers
journal, April 2018
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A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: Implications for High-energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic-Ray Acceleration
journal, August 2018
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The Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background from Core-dominated Radio Galaxies
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Using the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background to Constrain the Hubble Constant and Matter Density of the Universe
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3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources
journal, September 2017
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Fermi -LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection
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Eddington bias for cosmic neutrino sources
journal, January 2019
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3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi -LAT Sources
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Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
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Fermi-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection
text, January 2019
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Neutrino Telescopes and High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos
journal, February 2020
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- Universe, Vol. 6, Issue 2
Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
text, January 2019
- Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio
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Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2017
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- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Acceleration and Propagation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
conference, January 2005
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IceCube neutrinos from hadronically powered gamma-ray galaxies
journal, September 2019
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Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies
text, January 2019
- Alves Batista, Rafael; Biteau, Jonathan; Bustamante, Mauricio
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Evidence against star-forming galaxies as the dominant source of IceCube neutrinos
text, January 2015
- Bechtol, Keith; Ahlers, Markus; Di Mauro, Mattia
- arXiv
A Case for Radio Galaxies as the Sources of IceCube's Astrophysical Neutrino Flux
text, January 2016
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- arXiv
Bow Ties in the Sky II: Searching for Gamma-ray Halos in the Fermi Sky Using Anisotropy
text, January 2017
- Tiede, Paul; Broderick, Avery E.; Shalaby, Mohamad
- arXiv
Linking High-Energy Cosmic Particles by Black-Hole Jets Embedded in Large-Scale Structures
text, January 2017
- Fang, Ke; Murase, Kohta
- arXiv
Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
text, January 2017
- Padovani, P.; Alexander, D. M.; Assef, R. J.
- arXiv
Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies
text, January 2017
- Biehl, Daniel; Boncioli, Denise; Lunardini, Cecilia
- arXiv
Cumulative Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Backgrounds from Halo and Galaxy Mergers
text, January 2017
- Yuan, Chengchao; Mészáros, Peter; Murase, Kohta
- arXiv
Development of dark disk model of positron anomaly origin
text, January 2018
- Belotsky, K. M.; Kirillov, A. A.; Solovyov, M. L.
- arXiv
A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic Ray Acceleration
text, January 2018
- Keivani, A.; Murase, K.; Petropoulou, M.
- arXiv
Eddington bias for cosmic neutrino sources
text, January 2018
- Strotjohann, Nora L.; Kowalski, Marek; Franckowiak, Anna
- arXiv
The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): Science and Design
text, January 2018
- Collaboration, Grand; Alvarez-Muniz, Jaime; Batista, Rafael Alves
- arXiv
The Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background from Core Dominated Radio Galaxies
text, January 2019
- Stecker, Floyd W.; Shrader, Chris R.; Malkan, Matthew. A.
- arXiv
{\it Fermi}-LAT Stacking Analysis Technique: An Application to Extreme Blazars and Prospects for their CTA Detection
text, January 2019
- Paliya, Vaidehi S.; Dominguez, Alberto; Ajello, Marco
- arXiv
From diffuse extragalactic and galactic gamma rays to limits on extra dimensions
text, January 2019
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- arXiv
Neutrino telescopes and high-energy cosmic neutrinos
text, January 2020
- Palladino, Andrea; Spurio, Maurizio; Vissani, Francesco
- arXiv
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