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Title: Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a silicon-majority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%

Abstract

Despite active developments, full-cell cycling of Li-battery anodes with >50 wt% Si (a Si-majority anode, SiMA) is rare. The main challenge lies in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which when formed naturally (nSEI), is fragile and cannot tolerate the large volume changes of Si during lithiation/delithiation. An artificial SEI (aSEI) with a specific set of mechanical characteristics is henceforth designed; we enclose Si within a TiO2 shell thinner than 15 nm, which may or may not be completely hermetic at the beginning. In situ TEM experiments show that the TiO2 shell exhibits 5× greater strength than an amorphous carbon shell. Void-padded compartmentalization of Si can survive the huge volume changes and electrolyte ingression, with a self-healing aSEI + nSEI. The half-cell capacity exceeds 990 mA h g-1 after 1500 cycles. To improve the volumetric capacity, we further compress SiMA 3-fold from its tap density (0.4 g cm-3) to 1.4 g cm-3, and then run the full-cell battery tests against a 3 mA h cm-2 LiCoO2 cathode. Despite some TiO2 enclosures being inevitably broken, 2× the volumetric capacity (1100 mA h cm-3) and 2× the gravimetric capacity (762 mA h g-1) of commercial graphite anode is achieved in stable full-cell batterymore » cycling, with a stabilized areal capacity of 1.6 mA h cm-2 at the 100th cycle. The initial lithium loss, characterized by the coulombic inefficiency (CI), is carefully tallied on a logarithmic scale and compared with the actual full-cell capacity loss. In conclusion, it is shown that a strong, non-adherent aSEI, even if partially cracked, facilitates an adaptive self-repair mechanism that enables full-cell cycling of a SiMA, leading to a stabilized coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [5];  [5];  [3];  [5];  [4];  [5];  [5];  [3];  [3];  [6]; ORCiD logo [7]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an (China). State Key Lab. of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering; Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
  2. Tongji Univ., Shanghai (China). School of Materials Science and Engineering
  3. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an (China). State Key Lab. of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering
  5. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
  6. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science (SIMES)
  7. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji Univ., Shanghai (China). School of Materials Science and Engineering
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
OSTI Identifier:
1353104
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Energy & Environmental Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 10; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1754-5692
Publisher:
Royal Society of Chemistry
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE

Citation Formats

Jin, Yang, Li, Sa, Kushima, Akihiro, Zheng, Xiaoquan, Sun, Yongming, Xie, Jin, Sun, Jie, Xue, Weijiang, Zhou, Guangmin, Wu, Jiang, Shi, Feifei, Zhang, Rufan, Zhu, Zhi, So, Kangpyo, Cui, Yi, and Li, Ju. Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a silicon-majority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1039/c6ee02685k.
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Jin, Yang, Li, Sa, Kushima, Akihiro, Zheng, Xiaoquan, Sun, Yongming, Xie, Jin, Sun, Jie, Xue, Weijiang, Zhou, Guangmin, Wu, Jiang, Shi, Feifei, Zhang, Rufan, Zhu, Zhi, So, Kangpyo, Cui, Yi, & Li, Ju. Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a silicon-majority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%. United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee02685k
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Jin, Yang, Li, Sa, Kushima, Akihiro, Zheng, Xiaoquan, Sun, Yongming, Xie, Jin, Sun, Jie, Xue, Weijiang, Zhou, Guangmin, Wu, Jiang, Shi, Feifei, Zhang, Rufan, Zhu, Zhi, So, Kangpyo, Cui, Yi, and Li, Ju. Fri . "Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a silicon-majority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%". United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee02685k. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1353104.
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@article{osti_1353104,
title = {Self-healing SEI enables full-cell cycling of a silicon-majority anode with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%},
author = {Jin, Yang and Li, Sa and Kushima, Akihiro and Zheng, Xiaoquan and Sun, Yongming and Xie, Jin and Sun, Jie and Xue, Weijiang and Zhou, Guangmin and Wu, Jiang and Shi, Feifei and Zhang, Rufan and Zhu, Zhi and So, Kangpyo and Cui, Yi and Li, Ju},
abstractNote = {Despite active developments, full-cell cycling of Li-battery anodes with >50 wt% Si (a Si-majority anode, SiMA) is rare. The main challenge lies in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which when formed naturally (nSEI), is fragile and cannot tolerate the large volume changes of Si during lithiation/delithiation. An artificial SEI (aSEI) with a specific set of mechanical characteristics is henceforth designed; we enclose Si within a TiO2 shell thinner than 15 nm, which may or may not be completely hermetic at the beginning. In situ TEM experiments show that the TiO2 shell exhibits 5× greater strength than an amorphous carbon shell. Void-padded compartmentalization of Si can survive the huge volume changes and electrolyte ingression, with a self-healing aSEI + nSEI. The half-cell capacity exceeds 990 mA h g-1 after 1500 cycles. To improve the volumetric capacity, we further compress SiMA 3-fold from its tap density (0.4 g cm-3) to 1.4 g cm-3, and then run the full-cell battery tests against a 3 mA h cm-2 LiCoO2 cathode. Despite some TiO2 enclosures being inevitably broken, 2× the volumetric capacity (1100 mA h cm-3) and 2× the gravimetric capacity (762 mA h g-1) of commercial graphite anode is achieved in stable full-cell battery cycling, with a stabilized areal capacity of 1.6 mA h cm-2 at the 100th cycle. The initial lithium loss, characterized by the coulombic inefficiency (CI), is carefully tallied on a logarithmic scale and compared with the actual full-cell capacity loss. In conclusion, it is shown that a strong, non-adherent aSEI, even if partially cracked, facilitates an adaptive self-repair mechanism that enables full-cell cycling of a SiMA, leading to a stabilized coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%.},
doi = {10.1039/c6ee02685k},
journal = {Energy & Environmental Science},
number = 2,
volume = 10,
place = {United States},
year = {2017},
month = {1}
}
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    • Zhu, Bin; Wang, Xinyu; Yao, Pengcheng
    • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 30
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01201j

    Fluorine-donating electrolytes enable highly reversible 5-V-class Li metal batteries
    journal, January 2018

    • Suo, Liumin; Xue, Weijiang; Gobet, Mallory
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712895115

    Highlighting the Importance of Full-Cell Testing for High Performance Anode Materials Comprising Li Alloying Nanowires
    journal, January 2019

    • Geaney, Hugh; Bree, Gerard; Stokes, Killian
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0291913jes

    Enhanced Capacity and Rate Capability of Nitrogen/Oxygen Dual-Doped Hard Carbon in Capacitive Potassium-Ion Storage
    journal, December 2017

    One‐Step Construction of N,P‐Codoped Porous Carbon Sheets/CoP Hybrids with Enhanced Lithium and Potassium Storage
    journal, July 2018

    Challenges and Recent Progress in the Development of Si Anodes for Lithium-Ion Battery
    journal, September 2017

    Phase boundary-enhanced Ni 3 N–Co 3 N@CNT composite materials for lithium-ion batteries
    journal, January 2019

    • Zhou, Han; Li, Zhaoyang; Wang, Ke
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta10604e

    Carbon-based materials for lithium-ion capacitors
    journal, January 2019

    • Wang, Xiaojun; Liu, Lili; Niu, Zhiqiang
    • Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 3, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9qm00062c

    Designing superior solid electrolyte interfaces on silicon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
    journal, January 2019

    • Zhang, Yaguang; Du, Ning; Yang, Deren
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 41
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05748j
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