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Title: The orbit and transit prospects for β pictoris b constrained with one milliarcsecond astrometry

Abstract

A principal scientific goal of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is obtaining milliarcsecond astrometry to constrain exoplanet orbits. However, astrometry of directly imaged exoplanets is subject to biases, systematic errors, and speckle noise. Here, we describe an analytical procedure to forward model the signal of an exoplanet that accounts for both the observing strategy (angular and spectral differential imaging) and the data reduction method (Karhunen–Loève Image Projection algorithm). We use this forward model to measure the position of an exoplanet in a Bayesian framework employing Gaussian processes and Markov-chain Monte Carlo to account for correlated noise. In the case of GPI data on β Pic b, this technique, which we call Bayesian KLIP-FM Astrometry (BKA), outperforms previous techniques and yields 1σ errors at or below the one milliarcsecond level. We validate BKA by fitting a Keplerian orbit to 12 GPI observations along with previous astrometry from other instruments. The statistical properties of the residuals confirm that BKA is accurate and correctly estimates astrometric errors. Our constraints on the orbit of β Pic b firmly rule out the possibility of a transit of the planet at 10-σ significance. However, we confirm that the Hill sphere of β Pic b will transit,more » giving us a rare chance to probe the circumplanetary environment of a young, evolving exoplanet. As a result, we provide an ephemeris for photometric monitoring of the Hill sphere transit event, which will begin at the start of April in 2017 and finish at the end of January in 2018.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [1];  [2];  [1]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [5];  [6];  [4]; ORCiD logo [7];  [8]; ORCiD logo [9];  [10]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [6];  [4];  [12] more »; ORCiD logo [13]; ORCiD logo [14]; ORCiD logo [15]; ORCiD logo [6];  [16]; ORCiD logo [17];  [6]; ORCiD logo [4];  [3]; ORCiD logo [18]; ORCiD logo [19]; ORCiD logo [20]; ORCiD logo [21];  [22]; ORCiD logo [23];  [5]; ORCiD logo [24];  [25]; ORCiD logo [2];  [5]; ORCiD logo [25];  [26]; ORCiD logo [9]; ORCiD logo [27]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [11]; ORCiD logo [2];  [16];  [24];  [18];  [24]; ORCiD logo [25]; ORCiD logo [28]; ORCiD logo [14] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  2. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  3. Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON (Canada)
  4. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  5. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  6. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  7. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  8. Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI (United States)
  9. Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ (United States)
  10. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile); Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  11. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
  12. Univ. de Montreal, Montreal, QC (Canada)
  13. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble (France)
  14. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States); Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  15. European Southern Observatory, Santiago (Chile)
  16. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  17. Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
  18. SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  19. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, CA (United States)
  20. National Research Council of Canada Herzberg, Victoria, BC (Canada); Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, BC (Canada)
  21. The Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)
  22. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  23. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (United States)
  24. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  25. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  26. Univ. of Montreal, Montreal, QC (Canada)
  27. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  28. The Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1352127
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-717857
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881; TRN: US1701584
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astronomical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astronomical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 152; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; astrometry; planets and satellites: individual (βPictoris b); techniques: image processing

Citation Formats

Wang, Jason J., Graham, James R., Pueyo, Laurent, Kalas, Paul, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Ruffio, Jean -Baptiste, Rosa, Robert J. De, Ammons, S. Mark, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis S., Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam S., Cardwell, Andrew, Chen, Christine H., Chilcote, Jeffrey K., Cotten, Tara, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hung, Li -Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Konopacky, Quinn M., Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marley, Mark S., Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Nielsen, Eric L., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David W., Patel, Rahul, Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Savransky, Dmitry, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Vasisht, Gautam, Vega, David, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. The orbit and transit prospects for β pictoris b constrained with one milliarcsecond astrometry. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97.
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Wang, Jason J., Graham, James R., Pueyo, Laurent, Kalas, Paul, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Ruffio, Jean -Baptiste, Rosa, Robert J. De, Ammons, S. Mark, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis S., Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam S., Cardwell, Andrew, Chen, Christine H., Chilcote, Jeffrey K., Cotten, Tara, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hung, Li -Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Konopacky, Quinn M., Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marley, Mark S., Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Nielsen, Eric L., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David W., Patel, Rahul, Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Savransky, Dmitry, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Vasisht, Gautam, Vega, David, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., & Wolff, Schuyler G. The orbit and transit prospects for β pictoris b constrained with one milliarcsecond astrometry. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97
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Wang, Jason J., Graham, James R., Pueyo, Laurent, Kalas, Paul, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Ruffio, Jean -Baptiste, Rosa, Robert J. De, Ammons, S. Mark, Arriaga, Pauline, Bailey, Vanessa P., Barman, Travis S., Bulger, Joanna, Burrows, Adam S., Cardwell, Andrew, Chen, Christine H., Chilcote, Jeffrey K., Cotten, Tara, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hung, Li -Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Konopacky, Quinn M., Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Marley, Mark S., Marois, Christian, Metchev, Stanimir, Nielsen, Eric L., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David W., Patel, Rahul, Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Rajan, Abhijith, Rameau, Julien, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Savransky, Dmitry, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Vasisht, Gautam, Vega, David, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. Mon . "The orbit and transit prospects for β pictoris b constrained with one milliarcsecond astrometry". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1352127.
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@article{osti_1352127,
title = {The orbit and transit prospects for β pictoris b constrained with one milliarcsecond astrometry},
author = {Wang, Jason J. and Graham, James R. and Pueyo, Laurent and Kalas, Paul and Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A. and Ruffio, Jean -Baptiste and Rosa, Robert J. De and Ammons, S. Mark and Arriaga, Pauline and Bailey, Vanessa P. and Barman, Travis S. and Bulger, Joanna and Burrows, Adam S. and Cardwell, Andrew and Chen, Christine H. and Chilcote, Jeffrey K. and Cotten, Tara and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Follette, Katherine B. and Doyon, René and Duchêne, Gaspard and Greenbaum, Alexandra Z. and Hibon, Pascale and Hung, Li -Wei and Ingraham, Patrick and Konopacky, Quinn M. and Larkin, James E. and Macintosh, Bruce and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and Marley, Mark S. and Marois, Christian and Metchev, Stanimir and Nielsen, Eric L. and Oppenheimer, Rebecca and Palmer, David W. and Patel, Rahul and Patience, Jenny and Perrin, Marshall D. and Poyneer, Lisa A. and Rajan, Abhijith and Rameau, Julien and Rantakyrö, Fredrik T. and Savransky, Dmitry and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Soummer, Remi and Thomas, Sandrine and Vasisht, Gautam and Vega, David and Wallace, J. Kent and Ward-Duong, Kimberly and Wiktorowicz, Sloane J. and Wolff, Schuyler G.},
abstractNote = {A principal scientific goal of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is obtaining milliarcsecond astrometry to constrain exoplanet orbits. However, astrometry of directly imaged exoplanets is subject to biases, systematic errors, and speckle noise. Here, we describe an analytical procedure to forward model the signal of an exoplanet that accounts for both the observing strategy (angular and spectral differential imaging) and the data reduction method (Karhunen–Loève Image Projection algorithm). We use this forward model to measure the position of an exoplanet in a Bayesian framework employing Gaussian processes and Markov-chain Monte Carlo to account for correlated noise. In the case of GPI data on β Pic b, this technique, which we call Bayesian KLIP-FM Astrometry (BKA), outperforms previous techniques and yields 1σ errors at or below the one milliarcsecond level. We validate BKA by fitting a Keplerian orbit to 12 GPI observations along with previous astrometry from other instruments. The statistical properties of the residuals confirm that BKA is accurate and correctly estimates astrometric errors. Our constraints on the orbit of β Pic b firmly rule out the possibility of a transit of the planet at 10-σ significance. However, we confirm that the Hill sphere of β Pic b will transit, giving us a rare chance to probe the circumplanetary environment of a young, evolving exoplanet. As a result, we provide an ephemeris for photometric monitoring of the Hill sphere transit event, which will begin at the start of April in 2017 and finish at the end of January in 2018.},
doi = {10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97},
journal = {The Astronomical Journal (Online)},
number = 4,
volume = 152,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Oct 03 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Mon Oct 03 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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    Detecting Water in the Atmosphere of HR 8799 c with L -band High-dispersion Spectroscopy Aided by Adaptive Optics
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    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab3642

    An Updated Visual Orbit of the Directly Imaged Exoplanet 51 Eridani b and Prospects for a Dynamical Mass Measurement with Gaia
    journal, December 2019

    • Rosa, Robert J. De; Nielsen, Eric L.; Wang, Jason J.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab4da4

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet β Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
    journal, January 2020

    • Nielsen, Eric L.; De Rosa, Robert J.; Wang, Jason J.
    • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b92

    ALMA Resolves C i Emission from the β Pictoris Debris Disk
    journal, July 2018

    • Cataldi, Gianni; Brandeker, Alexis; Wu, Yanqin
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aac5f3

    Discovery of δ Scuti Pulsations in the Young Hybrid Debris Disk Star HD 156623
    journal, January 2019

    • Mellon, Samuel N.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Zwintz, Konstanze
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf008

    A Model-independent Mass and Moderate Eccentricity for β Pic b
    journal, January 2019

    • Dupuy, Trent J.; Brandt, Timothy D.; Kratter, Kaitlin M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aafb31

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
    text, January 2019

    • Nielsen, El; De Rosa, Rj; Macintosh, B.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.39168

    The exoplanet handbook: Book Review
    journal, March 2012

    Post-conjunction detection of β Pictoris b with VLT/SPHERE
    text, January 2019

    Post-conjunction detection of β Pictoris b with VLT/SPHERE
    text, January 2019

    Detecting Exomoons Via Doppler Monitoring of Directly Imaged Exoplanets
    text, January 2018

    The GJ 504 system revisited: Combining interferometric, radial velocity, and high contrast imaging data
    text, January 2018

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