Search Menu
DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Search Scholarly Publications

Title: Printed assemblies of GaAs photoelectrodes with decoupled optical and reactive interfaces for unassisted solar water splitting

Abstract

Despite their excellent photophysical properties and record-high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, the high cost and limited stability of III-V compound semiconductors prohibit their practical application in solar-driven photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here in this paper we present a strategy for III-V photocatalysis that can circumvent these difficulties via printed assemblies of epitaxially grown compound semiconductors. A thin film stack of GaAs-based epitaxial materials is released from the growth wafer and printed onto a non-native transparent substrate to form an integrated photocatalytic electrode for solar hydrogen generation. The heterogeneously integrated electrode configuration together with specialized epitaxial design serve to decouple the material interfaces for illumination and electrocatalysis. Subsequently, this allows independent control and optimization of light absorption, carrier transport, charge transfer, and material stability. Using this approach, we construct a series-connected wireless tandem system of GaAs photoelectrodes and demonstrate 13.1% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of unassisted-mode water splitting.

Authors:
 [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [3]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
  2. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
  3. Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)
OSTI Identifier:
1351865
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-5900-66906
Journal ID: ISSN 2058-7546
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC36-08GO28308
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature Energy
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 2; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2058-7546
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
14 SOLAR ENERGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; III-V water splitting; photoelectrolysis; epitaxial micro-array assemblies

Citation Formats

Kang, Dongseok, Young, James L., Lim, Haneol, Klein, Walter E., Chen, Huandong, Xi, Yuzhou, Gai, Boju, Deutsch, Todd G., and Yoon, Jongseung. Printed assemblies of GaAs photoelectrodes with decoupled optical and reactive interfaces for unassisted solar water splitting. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.43.
Copy to clipboard
Kang, Dongseok, Young, James L., Lim, Haneol, Klein, Walter E., Chen, Huandong, Xi, Yuzhou, Gai, Boju, Deutsch, Todd G., & Yoon, Jongseung. Printed assemblies of GaAs photoelectrodes with decoupled optical and reactive interfaces for unassisted solar water splitting. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.43
Copy to clipboard
Kang, Dongseok, Young, James L., Lim, Haneol, Klein, Walter E., Chen, Huandong, Xi, Yuzhou, Gai, Boju, Deutsch, Todd G., and Yoon, Jongseung. Mon . "Printed assemblies of GaAs photoelectrodes with decoupled optical and reactive interfaces for unassisted solar water splitting". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.43. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1351865.
Copy to clipboard
@article{osti_1351865,
title = {Printed assemblies of GaAs photoelectrodes with decoupled optical and reactive interfaces for unassisted solar water splitting},
author = {Kang, Dongseok and Young, James L. and Lim, Haneol and Klein, Walter E. and Chen, Huandong and Xi, Yuzhou and Gai, Boju and Deutsch, Todd G. and Yoon, Jongseung},
abstractNote = {Despite their excellent photophysical properties and record-high solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, the high cost and limited stability of III-V compound semiconductors prohibit their practical application in solar-driven photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here in this paper we present a strategy for III-V photocatalysis that can circumvent these difficulties via printed assemblies of epitaxially grown compound semiconductors. A thin film stack of GaAs-based epitaxial materials is released from the growth wafer and printed onto a non-native transparent substrate to form an integrated photocatalytic electrode for solar hydrogen generation. The heterogeneously integrated electrode configuration together with specialized epitaxial design serve to decouple the material interfaces for illumination and electrocatalysis. Subsequently, this allows independent control and optimization of light absorption, carrier transport, charge transfer, and material stability. Using this approach, we construct a series-connected wireless tandem system of GaAs photoelectrodes and demonstrate 13.1% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of unassisted-mode water splitting.},
doi = {10.1038/nenergy.2017.43},
journal = {Nature Energy},
number = 5,
volume = 2,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Mon Mar 27 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
Copy to clipboard
Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.43
Copyright Statement
Other availability
Search WorldCat Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 92 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Save / Share:
Export Metadata
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.

Works referenced in this record:

A silicon-based photocathode for water reduction with an epitaxial SrTiO3 protection layer and a nanostructured catalyst
journal, December 2014

  • Ji, Li; McDaniel, Martin D.; Wang, Shijun
  • Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.277

Adaptive semiconductor/electrocatalyst junctions in water-splitting photoanodes
journal, December 2013

  • Lin, Fuding; Boettcher, Shannon W.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3811

Thermodynamic stabilities of semiconductor electrodes
journal, May 1979

  • Park, Su-Moon; Barber, Matthew E.
  • Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 99, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0728(79)80411-8

Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode
journal, July 1972

  • Fujishima, Akira; Honda, Kenichi
  • Nature, Vol. 238, Issue 5358, p. 37-38
  • DOI: 10.1038/238037a0

A taxonomy for solar fuels generators
journal, January 2015

  • Nielander, Adam C.; Shaner, Matthew R.; Papadantonakis, Kimberly M.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1039/C4EE02251C

Nanostructured Silicon Photocathodes for Solar Water Splitting Patterned by the Self-Assembly of Lamellar Block Copolymers
journal, November 2015

  • Shen, Lang; He, Chunlin; Qiu, Jing
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 47
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08661

Quantitative analysis of the levelized cost of electricity of commercial scale photovoltaics systems in the US
journal, September 2016

Dramatically Enhanced Performance of Flexible Micro-VCSELs via Thermally Engineered Heterogeneous Composite Assemblies
journal, March 2015

  • Kang, Dongseok; Lee, Sung-Min; Kwong, Anthony
  • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201400521

Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization
journal, October 2006

  • Lewis, N. S.; Nocera, D. G.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 43, p. 15729-15735
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603395103

Translation of device performance measurements to reference conditions
journal, September 1986

Printable Nanostructured Silicon Solar Cells for High-Performance, Large-Area Flexible Photovoltaics
journal, October 2014

  • Lee, Sung-Min; Biswas, Roshni; Li, Weigu
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn503884z

Flexible concentrator photovoltaics based on microscale silicon solar cells embedded in luminescent waveguides
journal, June 2011

  • Yoon, Jongseung; Li, Lanfang; Semichaevsky, Andrey V.
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1318

Recent theoretical progress in the development of photoanode materials for solar water splitting photoelectrochemical cells
journal, January 2015

  • Bhatt, Mahesh Datt; Lee, Jae Sung
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5TA00257E

Semiconductor electrodes. 48. Photooxidation of halides and water on n-silicon protected with silicide layers
journal, January 1983

  • Fan, Fu Ren F.; Keil, R. Gerald; Bard, Allen J.
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 105, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/ja00340a013

40% efficient metamorphic GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge multijunction solar cells
journal, April 2007

  • King, R. R.; Law, D. C.; Edmondson, K. M.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, Issue 18
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.2734507

GaAs photovoltaics and optoelectronics using releasable multilayer epitaxial assemblies
journal, May 2010

  • Yoon, Jongseung; Jo, Sungjin; Chun, Ik Su
  • Nature, Vol. 465, Issue 7296
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature09054

Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency: shining light on photoelectrochemical device performance
journal, January 2016

  • Döscher, H.; Young, J. L.; Geisz, J. F.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5EE03206G

Methods for comparing the performance of energy-conversion systems for use in solar fuels and solar electricity generation
journal, January 2015

  • Coridan, Robert H.; Nielander, Adam C.; Francis, Sonja A.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00777A

Design guidelines for concentrated photo-electrochemical water splitting devices based on energy and greenhouse gas yield ratios
journal, January 2015

  • Dumortier, Mikaël; Haussener, Sophia
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/C5EE01269D

High-Performance Silicon Photoanodes Passivated with Ultrathin Nickel Films for Water Oxidation
journal, November 2013

Design principles for maximizing photovoltage in metal-oxide-protected water-splitting photoanodes
journal, October 2015

  • Scheuermann, Andrew G.; Lawrence, John P.; Kemp, Kyle W.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat4451

Spectroscopic Characterization of Mixed Fe–Ni Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes
journal, July 2012

  • Landon, James; Demeter, Ethan; İnoğlu, Nilay
  • ACS Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1021/cs3002644

Epitaxial lift-off process for gallium arsenide substrate reuse and flexible electronics
journal, March 2013

  • Cheng, Cheng-Wei; Shiu, Kuen-Ting; Li, Ning
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2583

p-Type InP Nanopillar Photocathodes for Efficient Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production
journal, September 2012

  • Lee, Min Hyung; Takei, Kuniharu; Zhang, Junjun
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203174

Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode
journal, July 2013

  • Abdi, Fatwa F.; Han, Lihao; Smets, Arno H. M.
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3195

A monolithic device for solar water splitting based on series interconnected thin film absorbers reaching over 10% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency
journal, January 2013

  • Jacobsson, T. Jesper; Fjällström, Viktor; Sahlberg, Martin
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3ee42519c

Atomic layer-deposited tunnel oxide stabilizes silicon photoanodes for water oxidation
journal, June 2011

  • Chen, Yi Wei; Prange, Jonathan D.; Dühnen, Simon
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3047

Water reduction by a p-GaInP2 photoelectrode stabilized by an amorphous TiO2 coating and a molecular cobalt catalyst
journal, December 2015

  • Gu, Jing; Yan, Yong; Young, James L.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat4511

Amorphous TiO2 coatings stabilize Si, GaAs, and GaP photoanodes for efficient water oxidation
journal, May 2014

Artificial Photosynthesis for Sustainable Fuel and Chemical Production
journal, January 2015

  • Kim, Dohyung; Sakimoto, Kelsey K.; Hong, Dachao
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409116

Electrode Reaction of GaAs Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors in Deionized Water
journal, January 1993

  • Hagio, Masahiro
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1149/1.2220832

Solar Water Splitting Cells
journal, November 2010

  • Walter, Michael G.; Warren, Emily L.; McKone, James R.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 11, p. 6446-6473
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr1002326

Extreme selectivity in the lift‐off of epitaxial GaAs films
journal, December 1987

  • Yablonovitch, Eli; Gmitter, T.; Harbison, J. P.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 51, Issue 26, p. 2222-2224
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.98946

A High Yield Synthesis of Ligand-Free Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles with High Electrocatalytic Activity
journal, February 2011

  • Zhao, Yixin; Hernandez-Pagan, Emil A.; Vargas-Barbosa, Nella M.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1021/jz200051c

Anodic Deposition of Colloidal Iridium Oxide Thin Films from Hexahydroxyiridate(IV) Solutions
journal, June 2011

  • Zhao, Yixin; Vargas-Barbosa, Nella M.; Hernandez-Pagan, Emil A.
  • Small, Vol. 7, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100485

Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry
journal, January 2013

  • Pinaud, Blaise A.; Benck, Jesse D.; Seitz, Linsey C.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/c3ee40831k

Photoelectrochemical etching of p ‐GaAs
journal, July 1981

  • Ostermayer, F. W.; Kohl, P. A.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.92522

Wafer bonded four-junction GaInP/GaAs//GaInAsP/GaInAs concentrator solar cells with 44.7% efficiency: Wafer bonded four-junction concentrator solar cells with 44.7% efficiency
journal, January 2014

  • Dimroth, Frank; Grave, Matthias; Beutel, Paul
  • Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 22, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1002/pip.2475

Solar Energy Supply and Storage for the Legacy and Nonlegacy Worlds
journal, November 2010

  • Cook, Timothy R.; Dogutan, Dilek K.; Reece, Steven Y.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr100246c

Low overvoltage electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolving electrodes☆
journal, January 1982

Nickel oxide functionalized silicon for efficient photo-oxidation of water
journal, January 2012

  • Sun, Ke; Park, Namseok; Sun, Zhelin
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2ee21708b

High Performance Ultrathin GaAs Solar Cells Enabled with Heterogeneously Integrated Dielectric Periodic Nanostructures
journal, September 2015

Carbon-doped GaAs single junction solar microcells grown in multilayer epitaxial assemblies
journal, June 2013

  • Kang, Dongseok; Arab, Shermin; Cronin, Stephen B.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 25
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4812399

Amorphous Si Thin Film Based Photocathodes with High Photovoltage for Efficient Hydrogen Production
journal, October 2013

  • Lin, Yongjing; Battaglia, Corsin; Boccard, Mathieu
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl403265k

Crystalline silicon photovoltaics: a cost analysis framework for determining technology pathways to reach baseload electricity costs
journal, January 2012

  • Powell, D. M.; Winkler, M. T.; Choi, H. J.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2ee03489a

p-Type InP Nanopillar Photocathodes for Efficient Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production
journal, September 2012

  • Lee, Min Hyung; Takei, Kuniharu; Zhang, Junjun
  • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 124, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203174
    Sort by:
    [ × clear filter / sort ]

    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Tungsten Trioxide Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Material Engineering and Charge Carrier Dynamic Manipulation
    journal, March 2019

    • Wang, Yidan; Tian, Wei; Chen, Cheng
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201809036

    Photoelectrocatalytic Materials for Solar Water Splitting
    journal, May 2018

    • Yao, Tingting; An, Xiurui; Han, Hongxian
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 21
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201800210

    Tailored TiO 2 Protection Layer Enabled Efficient and Stable Microdome Structured p‐GaAs Photoelectrochemical Cathodes
    journal, January 2020

    Printed assemblies of microscale triple‐junction inverted metamorphic GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs solar cells
    journal, March 2019

    • Gai, Boju; Geisz, John F.; Friedman, Daniel J.
    • Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 27, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1002/pip.3127

    Crystalline TiO2 protective layer with graded oxygen defects for efficient and stable silicon-based photocathode
    journal, September 2018

    High performance III-V photoelectrodes for solar water splitting via synergistically tailored structure and stoichiometry
    journal, July 2019

    An efficient and stable photoelectrochemical system with 9% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency via InGaP/GaAs double junction
    journal, November 2019

    Conductive layer protected and oxide catalyst-coated thin-film silicon solar cell as an efficient photoanode
    journal, January 2017

    • Wang, Ning; Liu, Min; Liang, Junhui
    • Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01862b

    Toward practical solar hydrogen production – an artificial photosynthetic leaf-to-farm challenge
    journal, January 2019

    • Kim, Jin Hyun; Hansora, Dharmesh; Sharma, Pankaj
    • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00699g

    Thin film photoelectrodes for solar water splitting
    journal, January 2019

    • He, Yumin; Hamann, Thomas; Wang, Dunwei
    • Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00868j

    Si photocathode with Ag-supported dendritic Cu catalyst for CO 2 reduction
    journal, January 2019

    • Gurudayal, Gurudayal; Beeman, Jeffrey W.; Bullock, James
    • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ee03547d

    Unassisted visible solar water splitting with efficient photoelectrodes sensitized by quantum dots synthesized via an environmentally friendly eutectic solvent-mediated approach
    journal, January 2018

    • Ghorpade, Uma V.; Suryawanshi, Mahesh P.; Shin, Seung Wook
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 45
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta05901b

    Efficiency and stability of narrow-gap semiconductor-based photoelectrodes
    journal, January 2019

    • Zheng, Jianyun; Zhou, Huaijuan; Zou, Yuqin
    • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ee00524b

    Quasi-hydrophilic black silicon photocathodes with inverted pyramid arrays for enhanced hydrogen generation
    journal, January 2020

    • Zhao, Shuai; Yuan, Guodong; Wang, Qi
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06635g

    A methodological review on material growth and synthesis of solar-driven water splitting photoelectrochemical cells
    journal, January 2019

    • Park, Kwangwook; Kim, Yeong Jae; Yoon, Taeho
    • RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 52
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05341g

    Integration of electrocatalysts with silicon microcone arrays for minimization of optical and overpotential losses during sunlight-driven hydrogen evolution
    journal, January 2019

    • Yalamanchili, Sisir; Kempler, Paul A.; Papadantonakis, Kimberly M.
    • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 3, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00294d

    Long-term stability studies of a semiconductor photoelectrode in three-electrode configuration
    journal, January 2019

    • Vanka, Srinivas; Sun, Kai; Zeng, Guosong
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta09926c

    Stretchable, skin-conformal microscale surface-emitting lasers with dynamically tunable spectral and directional selectivity
    journal, January 2019

    • Kang, Dongseok; Chen, Huandong; Yoon, Jongseung
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5080947

    Photoelectrochemical cells for solar hydrogen production: Challenges and opportunities
    journal, August 2019

    • Chiu, Yi-Hsuan; Lai, Ting-Hsuan; Kuo, Ming-Yu
    • APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5109785

    Surface chemistry and photoelectrochemistry—Case study on tantalum nitride
    journal, October 2019

    • He, Yumin; Chen, Rong; Fa, Wenjun
    • The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 151, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5122996

    Semiconductor nanoheterostructures for photoconversion applications
    journal, January 2020

    • Fang, Mei-Jing; Tsao, Chun-Wen; Hsu, Yung-Jung
    • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 14
    • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab5f25

    Nanostructured LaFeO 3 Photocathodes with Onset Potentials for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Over 1.4 V vs. RHE
    journal, January 2019

    • Sun, Xin; Tiwari, Devendra; Fermin, David J.
    • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 15
    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0141915jes

    Crystalline TiO2 protective layer with graded oxygen defects for efficient and stable silicon-based photocathode
    journal, September 2018

    High performance III-V photoelectrodes for solar water splitting via synergistically tailored structure and stoichiometry
    journal, July 2019

    An efficient and stable photoelectrochemical system with 9% solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency via InGaP/GaAs double junction
    journal, November 2019

      Sort by:
      [ × clear filter / sort ]

      Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections: