Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams
Abstract
A comprehensive study on the effects of energetic protons on carbon-fiber composites and compounds under consideration for use as low-Z pion production targets in future high-power accelerators and low-impedance collimating elements for intercepting TeV-level protons at the Large Hadron Collider has been undertaken addressing two key areas, namely, thermal shock absorption and resistance to irradiation damage. Carbon-fiber composites of various fiber weaves have been widely used in aerospace industries due to their unique combination of high temperature stability, low density, and high strength. The performance of carbon-carbon composites and compounds under intense proton beams and long-term irradiation have been studied in a series of experiments and compared with the performance of graphite. The 24-GeV proton beam experiments confirmed the inherent ability of a 3D C/C fiber composite to withstand a thermal shock. A series of irradiation damage campaigns explored the response of different C/C structures as a function of the proton fluence and irradiating environment. Radiolytic oxidation resulting from the interaction of oxygen molecules, the result of beam-induced radiolysis encountered during some of the irradiation campaigns, with carbon atoms during irradiation with the presence of a water coolant emerged as a dominant contributor to the observed structural integrity loss at proton fluences ≥ 5 × 1020 p/cm2. The carbon-fiber composites were shown to exhibit significant anisotropy in their dimensional stability driven by the fiber weave and the microstructural behavior of the fiber and carbon matrix accompanied by the presence of manufacturing porosity and defects. Carbon-fiber-reinforced molybdenum-graphite compounds (MoGRCF) selected for their impedance properties in the Large Hadron Collider beam collimation exhibited significant decrease in postirradiation load-displacement behavior even after low dose levels ( ~ 5 × 1018 p cm$$-$$2 ). In addition, the studied MoGRCF compound grade suffered a high degree of structural degradation while being irradiated in a vacuum after a fluence ~ 5 × 1020 p cm$$-$$ 2. In conclusion, x-ray diffraction studies on irradiated C/C composites and a carbon-fiber-reinforced Mo-graphite compound revealed (a) low graphitization in the “as-received” 3D C/C and high graphitization in the MoGRCF compound, (b) irradiation-induced graphitization of the least crystallized phases in the carbon fibers of the 2D and 3D C/C composites, (c) increased interplanar distances along the c axis of the graphite crystal with increasing fluence, and (d) coalescence of interstitial clusters after irradiation forming new crystalline planes between basal planes and excellent agreement with fast neutron irradiation effects.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1332384
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1333845; OSTI ID: 1351737
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-16-566-AD; BNL-113727-2017-JA
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9888; PRABFM; 111002
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0012704; AC02-98CH10886; AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Physical Review Accelerators and Beams Journal Volume: 19 Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9888
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Citation Formats
Simos, N., Zhong, Z., Ghose, S., Kirk, H. G., Trung, L-P, McDonald, K. T., Kotsina, Z., Nocera, P., Assmann, R., Redaelli, S., Bertarelli, A., Quaranta, E., Rossi, A., Zwaska, R., Ammigan, K., Hurh, P., and Mokhov, N. Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111002.
Simos, N., Zhong, Z., Ghose, S., Kirk, H. G., Trung, L-P, McDonald, K. T., Kotsina, Z., Nocera, P., Assmann, R., Redaelli, S., Bertarelli, A., Quaranta, E., Rossi, A., Zwaska, R., Ammigan, K., Hurh, P., & Mokhov, N. Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111002
Simos, N., Zhong, Z., Ghose, S., Kirk, H. G., Trung, L-P, McDonald, K. T., Kotsina, Z., Nocera, P., Assmann, R., Redaelli, S., Bertarelli, A., Quaranta, E., Rossi, A., Zwaska, R., Ammigan, K., Hurh, P., and Mokhov, N. Wed .
"Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111002.
@article{osti_1332384,
title = {Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams},
author = {Simos, N. and Zhong, Z. and Ghose, S. and Kirk, H. G. and Trung, L-P and McDonald, K. T. and Kotsina, Z. and Nocera, P. and Assmann, R. and Redaelli, S. and Bertarelli, A. and Quaranta, E. and Rossi, A. and Zwaska, R. and Ammigan, K. and Hurh, P. and Mokhov, N.},
abstractNote = {A comprehensive study on the effects of energetic protons on carbon-fiber composites and compounds under consideration for use as low-Z pion production targets in future high-power accelerators and low-impedance collimating elements for intercepting TeV-level protons at the Large Hadron Collider has been undertaken addressing two key areas, namely, thermal shock absorption and resistance to irradiation damage. Carbon-fiber composites of various fiber weaves have been widely used in aerospace industries due to their unique combination of high temperature stability, low density, and high strength. The performance of carbon-carbon composites and compounds under intense proton beams and long-term irradiation have been studied in a series of experiments and compared with the performance of graphite. The 24-GeV proton beam experiments confirmed the inherent ability of a 3D C/C fiber composite to withstand a thermal shock. A series of irradiation damage campaigns explored the response of different C/C structures as a function of the proton fluence and irradiating environment. Radiolytic oxidation resulting from the interaction of oxygen molecules, the result of beam-induced radiolysis encountered during some of the irradiation campaigns, with carbon atoms during irradiation with the presence of a water coolant emerged as a dominant contributor to the observed structural integrity loss at proton fluences ≥ 5 × 1020 p/cm2. The carbon-fiber composites were shown to exhibit significant anisotropy in their dimensional stability driven by the fiber weave and the microstructural behavior of the fiber and carbon matrix accompanied by the presence of manufacturing porosity and defects. Carbon-fiber-reinforced molybdenum-graphite compounds (MoGRCF) selected for their impedance properties in the Large Hadron Collider beam collimation exhibited significant decrease in postirradiation load-displacement behavior even after low dose levels ( ~ 5 × 1018 p cm$-$2 ). In addition, the studied MoGRCF compound grade suffered a high degree of structural degradation while being irradiated in a vacuum after a fluence ~ 5 × 1020 p cm$-$ 2. In conclusion, x-ray diffraction studies on irradiated C/C composites and a carbon-fiber-reinforced Mo-graphite compound revealed (a) low graphitization in the “as-received” 3D C/C and high graphitization in the MoGRCF compound, (b) irradiation-induced graphitization of the least crystallized phases in the carbon fibers of the 2D and 3D C/C composites, (c) increased interplanar distances along the c axis of the graphite crystal with increasing fluence, and (d) coalescence of interstitial clusters after irradiation forming new crystalline planes between basal planes and excellent agreement with fast neutron irradiation effects.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111002},
journal = {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams},
number = 11,
volume = 19,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Wed Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.111002
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