Universal modal radiation laws for all thermal emitters
Abstract
We derive four laws relating the absorptivity and emissivity of thermal emitters. Unlike the original Kirchhoff radiation law derivations, these derivations include diffraction, and so are valid also for small objects, and can also cover nonreciprocal objects. The proofs exploit two recent approaches. First, we express all fields in terms of the mode-converter basis sets of beams; these sets, which can be uniquely established for any linear optical object, give orthogonal input beams that are coupled one-by-one to orthogonal output beams. Second, we consider thought experiments using universal linear optical machines, which allow us to couple appropriate beams and black bodies. Two of these laws can be regarded as rigorous extensions of previously known laws: One gives a modal version of a radiation law for reciprocal objects—the absorptivity of any input beam equals the emissivity into the “backward” (i.e., phase-conjugated) version of that beam; another gives the overall equality of the sums of the emissivities and the absorptivities for any object, including nonreciprocal ones. The other two laws, valid for reciprocal and nonreciprocal objects, are quite different from previous relations. One shows universal equivalence of the absorptivity of each mode-converter input beam and the emissivity into its corresponding scattered outputmore »
- Authors:
-
- Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion (LMI)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1351031
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1465693
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0001293; FA9550-15-1-0335
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Journal Volume: 114 Journal Issue: 17; Journal ID: ISSN 0027-8424
- Publisher:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; Kirchhoff radiation laws; thermal radiation; optical modes; solar energy conversion; mode conversion
Citation Formats
Miller, David A. B., Zhu, Linxiao, and Fan, Shanhui. Universal modal radiation laws for all thermal emitters. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1073/pnas.1701606114.
Miller, David A. B., Zhu, Linxiao, & Fan, Shanhui. Universal modal radiation laws for all thermal emitters. United States. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701606114
Miller, David A. B., Zhu, Linxiao, and Fan, Shanhui. Mon .
"Universal modal radiation laws for all thermal emitters". United States. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701606114.
@article{osti_1351031,
title = {Universal modal radiation laws for all thermal emitters},
author = {Miller, David A. B. and Zhu, Linxiao and Fan, Shanhui},
abstractNote = {We derive four laws relating the absorptivity and emissivity of thermal emitters. Unlike the original Kirchhoff radiation law derivations, these derivations include diffraction, and so are valid also for small objects, and can also cover nonreciprocal objects. The proofs exploit two recent approaches. First, we express all fields in terms of the mode-converter basis sets of beams; these sets, which can be uniquely established for any linear optical object, give orthogonal input beams that are coupled one-by-one to orthogonal output beams. Second, we consider thought experiments using universal linear optical machines, which allow us to couple appropriate beams and black bodies. Two of these laws can be regarded as rigorous extensions of previously known laws: One gives a modal version of a radiation law for reciprocal objects—the absorptivity of any input beam equals the emissivity into the “backward” (i.e., phase-conjugated) version of that beam; another gives the overall equality of the sums of the emissivities and the absorptivities for any object, including nonreciprocal ones. The other two laws, valid for reciprocal and nonreciprocal objects, are quite different from previous relations. One shows universal equivalence of the absorptivity of each mode-converter input beam and the emissivity into its corresponding scattered output beam. The other gives unexpected equivalences of absorptivity and emissivity for broad classes of beams. Additionally, we prove these orthogonal mode-converter sets of input and output beams are the ones that maximize absorptivities and emissivities, respectively, giving these beams surprising additional physical meaning.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1701606114},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
number = 17,
volume = 114,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Apr 10 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Mon Apr 10 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701606114
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Taming the Blackbody with Infrared Metamaterials as Selective Thermal Emitters
journal, July 2011
- Liu, Xianliang; Tyler, Talmage; Starr, Tatiana
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 4, Article No. 045901
All linear optical devices are mode converters
journal, January 2012
- Miller, David A. B.
- Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 21
Enhancement and suppression of thermal emission by a three-dimensional photonic crystal
journal, July 2000
- Lin, Shawn-Yu; Fleming, J. G.; Chow, E.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 62, Issue 4
Self-configuring universal linear optical component [Invited]
journal, January 2013
- Miller, David A. B.
- Photonics Research, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Conversion of broadband to narrowband thermal emission through energy recycling
journal, July 2012
- De Zoysa, Menaka; Asano, Takashi; Mochizuki, Keita
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 8
Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight
journal, November 2014
- Raman, Aaswath P.; Anoma, Marc Abou; Zhu, Linxiao
- Nature, Vol. 515, Issue 7528, p. 540-544
Complete and reversible absorption of radiation
journal, November 1983
- Ries, H.
- Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 3
Establishing Optimal Wave Communication Channels Automatically
journal, December 2013
- Miller, David A. B.
- Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 24
Self-aligning universal beam coupler
journal, January 2013
- Miller, David A. B.
- Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5
Roadmap on optical energy conversion
journal, June 2016
- Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Green, Martin A.; Catchpole, Kylie
- Journal of Optics, Vol. 18, Issue 7
Coherent Thermal Emission From Modified Periodic Multilayer Structures
journal, April 2006
- Lee, B. J.; Zhang, Z. M.
- Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 129, Issue 1
Thermodynamic constraints on reflectance reciprocity and Kirchhoff’s law
journal, January 1998
- Snyder, William C.; Wan, Zhengming; Li, Xiaowen
- Applied Optics, Vol. 37, Issue 16
High temperature epsilon-near-zero and epsilon-near-pole metamaterial emitters for thermophotovoltaics
journal, December 2012
- Molesky, Sean; Dewalt, Christopher J.; Jacob, Zubin
- Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue S1
Coherent emission of light by thermal sources
journal, March 2002
- Greffet, Jean-Jacques; Carminati, Rémi; Joulain, Karl
- Nature, Vol. 416, Issue 6876, p. 61-64
Time reversal of optical pulses by four-wave mixing
journal, January 1980
- Miller, D. A. B.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 7
4-Channel All-Optical MIMO Demultiplexing on a Silicon Chip
conference, January 2016
- Morichetti, Francesco; Annoni, Andrea; Grillanda, Stefano
- Optical Fiber Communication Conference
Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells
journal, March 1961
- Shockley, William; Queisser, Hans J.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 3, p. 510-519
Thermal Radiation from Photonic Crystals: A Direct Calculation
journal, November 2004
- Luo, Chiyan; Narayanaswamy, Arvind; Chen, Gang
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 21
Optical antenna thermal emitters
journal, October 2009
- Schuller, Jon A.; Taubner, Thomas; Brongersma, Mark L.
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 3, Issue 11
Demonstration of a 4 × 4-port universal linear circuit
journal, January 2016
- Ribeiro, Antonio; Ruocco, Alfonso; Vanacker, Laurent
- Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 12
Harvesting renewable energy from Earth's mid-infrared emissions
journal, March 2014
- Byrnes, S. J.; Blanchard, R.; Capasso, F.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 11
Radiative exchange of heat between nanostructures
journal, August 1999
- Pendry, J. B.
- Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 11, Issue 35
Focusing Polarization Diversity Grating Couplers in Silicon-on-Insulator
journal, March 2009
- Van Laere, Frederik; Bogaerts, Wim; Dumon, Pieter
- Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 27, Issue 5
Near-complete violation of detailed balance in thermal radiation
journal, December 2014
- Zhu, Linxiao; Fan, Shanhui
- Physical Review B, Vol. 90, Issue 22
Thermal emission control with one-dimensional metallodielectric photonic crystals
journal, September 2004
- Narayanaswamy, Arvind; Chen, Gang
- Physical Review B, Vol. 70, Issue 12
Time-Asymmetric Photovoltaics
journal, October 2012
- Green, Martin A.
- Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 11
60 dB high-extinction auto-configured Mach–Zehnder interferometer
journal, January 2016
- Wilkes, C. M.; Qiang, X.; Wang, J.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 22
Thermodynamic energy conversion efficiencies
journal, July 1980
- Landsberg, P. T.; Tonge, G.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 7