Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels

Mburu, Sarah; Kolli, R. Prakash; Perea, Daniel E.; Schwarm, Samuel C.; Eaton, Arielle; Liu, Jia; Patel, Shiv; Bartrand, Jonah; Ankem, Sreeramamurthy

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011

Title: Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels

Abstract

The microstructure and mechanical properties in unaged and thermally aged (at 280 °C, 320 °C, 360 °C, and 400 °C to 4300 h) CF–3 and CF–8 cast duplex stainless steels (CDSS) are investigated. The unaged CF–8 steel has Cr-rich M₂₃C₆ carbides located at the δ–ferrite/γ–austenite heterophase interfaces that were not observed in the CF–3 steel and this corresponds to a difference in mechanical properties. Both unaged steels exhibit incipient spinodal decomposition into Fe-rich α–domains and Cr-rich α’–domains. During aging, spinodal decomposition progresses and the mean wavelength (MW) and mean amplitude (MA) of the compositional fluctuations increase as a function of aging temperature. Additionally, G–phase precipitates form between the spinodal decomposition domains in CF–3 at 360 °C and 400 °C and in CF–8 at 400 °C. Finally, the microstructural evolution is correlated to changes in mechanical properties.

Authors:

Mburu, Sarah ^[1]; Kolli, R. Prakash ^[1]; Perea, Daniel E. ^[2]; Schwarm, Samuel C. ^[1]; Eaton, Arielle ^[2]; Liu, Jia ^[2]; Patel, Shiv ^[1]; Bartrand, Jonah ^[2]; Ankem, Sreeramamurthy ^[1]

Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1347967

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1415895

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-124944
Journal ID: ISSN 0921-5093; PII: S092150931730299X; TRN: US1700648

Grant/Contract Number:: AC057601830; NE0000724; 0833018

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Materials Science and Engineering. A, Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 690; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0921-5093

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; spinodal decomposition; duplex stainless steel; atom probe tomography; M23C6 carbide; G–phase

Citation Formats


                    Mburu, Sarah, Kolli, R. Prakash, Perea, Daniel E., Schwarm, Samuel C., Eaton, Arielle, Liu, Jia, Patel, Shiv, Bartrand, Jonah, and Ankem, Sreeramamurthy. Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011.

Copy to clipboard


                    Mburu, Sarah, Kolli, R. Prakash, Perea, Daniel E., Schwarm, Samuel C., Eaton, Arielle, Liu, Jia, Patel, Shiv, Bartrand, Jonah, & Ankem, Sreeramamurthy. Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011

Copy to clipboard


                    Mburu, Sarah, Kolli, R. Prakash, Perea, Daniel E., Schwarm, Samuel C., Eaton, Arielle, Liu, Jia, Patel, Shiv, Bartrand, Jonah, and Ankem, Sreeramamurthy. Mon .  
"Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1347967.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1347967,

  title        = {Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels},

  author       = {Mburu, Sarah and Kolli, R. Prakash and Perea, Daniel E. and Schwarm, Samuel C. and Eaton, Arielle and Liu, Jia and Patel, Shiv and Bartrand, Jonah and Ankem, Sreeramamurthy},

  abstractNote = {The microstructure and mechanical properties in unaged and thermally aged (at 280 °C, 320 °C, 360 °C, and 400 °C to 4300 h) CF–3 and CF–8 cast duplex stainless steels (CDSS) are investigated. The unaged CF–8 steel has Cr-rich M23C6 carbides located at the δ–ferrite/γ–austenite heterophase interfaces that were not observed in the CF–3 steel and this corresponds to a difference in mechanical properties. Both unaged steels exhibit incipient spinodal decomposition into Fe-rich α–domains and Cr-rich α’–domains. During aging, spinodal decomposition progresses and the mean wavelength (MW) and mean amplitude (MA) of the compositional fluctuations increase as a function of aging temperature. Additionally, G–phase precipitates form between the spinodal decomposition domains in CF–3 at 360 °C and 400 °C and in CF–8 at 400 °C. Finally, the microstructural evolution is correlated to changes in mechanical properties.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011},

  journal      = {Materials Science and Engineering. A, Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 690,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Mon Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 24 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Effect of 475°C embrittlement on the mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel
journal, May 2009

Sahu, J. K.; Krupp, U.; Ghosh, R. N.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 508, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.01.039

Characterization of Element Partitioning at the Austenite/Ferrite Interface of asCast CF-3 and CF-8 Duplex Stainless Steels
journal, August 2015

Kolli, R. Prakash; Mburu, Sarah; Perea, Daniel E.
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 21, Issue S3
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927615002627

Investigation of thermal aging damage mechanism of the Cast Duplex Stainless Steel
journal, October 2010

Wang, Zhao-Xi; Xue, Fei; Guo, Wen-Hai
Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 240, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.04.044

APFIM and AEM investigation of CF8 and CF8M primary coolant pipe steels
journal, March 1990

Miller, M. K.; Bentley, J.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1179/mst.1990.6.3.285

Atom Probe Studies of the Fe–Cr System and Stainless Steels Aged at Intermediate Temperature
journal, January 2000

Danoix, F.; Auger, P.
Materials Characterization, Vol. 44, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/S1044-5803(99)00048-0

Atom probe and transmission electron microscopy study of aging of cast duplex stainless steels
journal, March 1990

Auger, P.; Danoix, F.; Menand, A.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1179/mst.1990.6.3.301

Properties of thermally embrittled cast duplex stainless steel
journal, December 1989

McConnell, Paul; Sheckherd, William; Norris, Douglas
Journal of Materials Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/BF02834840

Aging kinetics of CF3 cast stainless steel in temperature range 300–400°C
journal, March 1990

Pumphrey, P. H.; Akhurst, K. N.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1179/mst.1990.6.3.211

Aging and life prediction of cast duplex stainless steel components
journal, January 1992

Chung, H. M.
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 50, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/0308-0161(92)90037-G

Embrittlement of laboratory and reactor aged CF3,CF8, and CF8M duplex stainless steels
journal, March 1990

Chung, H. M.; Leax, T. R.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1179/mst.1990.6.3.249

Study of phase transformation and mechanical properties evolution of duplex stainless steels after long term thermal ageing (>20years)
journal, April 2011

Pareige, C.; Novy, S.; Saillet, S.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 411, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.036

Aging degradation of cast stainless steel: Status and program
journal, April 1985

Chopra, O. K.; Ayrault, G.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 86, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0029-5493(85)90210-9

Aging of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems
journal, November 1985

Chopra, O. K.; Chung, H. M.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 89, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/0029-5493(85)90069-X

Thermal Aging Phenomena in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels
journal, November 2015

Byun, T. S.; Yang, Y.; Overman, N. R.
JOM, Vol. 68, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1007/s11837-015-1709-9

Relationship between evolution of mechanical properties of various cast duplex stainless steels and metallurgical and aging parameters: outline of current EDF programmes
journal, March 1990

Bonnet, S.; Bourgoin, J.; Champredonde, J.
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1179/mst.1990.6.3.221

Accurate determination of the number density of G-phase precipitates in thermally aged duplex stainless steel
journal, August 2012

Hamaoka, T.; Nomoto, A.; Nishida, K.
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 92, Issue 22
DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2012.674222

Effects of aging temperature on G-phase precipitation and ferrite-phase decomposition in duplex stainless steel
journal, December 2012

Hamaoka, T.; Nomoto, A.; Nishida, K.
Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 92, Issue 34
DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2012.707340

Kinetics of secondary phase precipitation during spinodal decomposition in duplex stainless steels: A kinetic Monte Carlo model – Comparison with atom probe tomography experiments
journal, August 2014

Emo, Jonathan; Pareige, Cristelle; Saillet, Sébastien
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 451, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.04.025

An atom-probe tomographic study of the temporal evolution of the nanostructure of Fe–Cu based high-strength low-carbon steels
journal, July 2006

Isheim, Dieter; Kolli, R. Prakash; Fine, Morris E.
Scripta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.02.040

On spinodal decomposition
journal, September 1961

Cahn, John W.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 9, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(61)90182-1

Free Energy of a Nonuniform System. I. Interfacial Free Energy
journal, February 1958

Cahn, John W.; Hilliard, John E.
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.1744102

Spinodal decomposition in Fe-Cr alloys: Experimental study at the atomic level and comparison with computer models—I. Introduction and methodology
journal, September 1995

Miller, M. K.; Hyde, J. M.; Hetherington, M. G.
Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 43, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(95)00040-3

Estimation of composition amplitude: Pa and LBM versus V
journal, April 1992

Miller, M. K.; Cerezo, A.; Hetherington, M. G.
Surface Science, Vol. 266, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/0039-6028(92)91059-K

Review of Atom Probe FIB-Based Specimen Preparation Methods
journal, November 2007

Miller, Michael K.; Russell, Kaye F.; Thompson, Keith
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 13, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927607070845

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography
journal, February 2007

Thompson, K.; Lawrence, D.; Larson, D. J.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 107, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.06.008

A Focused Ion Beam Specimen Preparation Method to Minimize Gallium Ion Concentration in Copper Atom-Probe Tomography Specimen Tips
journal, August 2014

Prakash Kolli, R.; Meisenkothen, Frederick
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 20, Issue S3
DOI: 10.1017/S143192761400347X

Comparison of Compositional and Morphological Atom-Probe Tomography Analyses for a Multicomponent Fe-Cu Steel
journal, July 2007

Kolli, R. Prakash; Seidman, David N.
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 13, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927607070675

Low temperature aging embrittlement of CF-8 stainless steel
journal, August 1999

Mathew, M. D.; Lietzan, L. M.; Murty, K. L.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 269, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00140-9

Characterization of phase properties and deformation in ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels by nanoindentation and finite element method
journal, January 2017

Schwarm, Samuel C.; Kolli, R. Prakash; Aydogan, Eda
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 680
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.116

Microstructure evolution and impact fracture behaviors of Z3CN20-09M stainless steels after long-term thermal aging
journal, February 2013

Li, S. L.; Wang, Y. L.; Zhang, H. L.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 433, Issue 1-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.09.004

Effect of long-term thermal aging on the mechanical properties of casting duplex stainless steels
journal, August 2012

Yao, Y. H.; Wei, J. F.; Wang, Z. P.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 551
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.105

Precipitation of M ₂₃ C ₆ at austenite/ferrite interfaces in duplex stainless steel
journal, October 1982

Southwick, P. D.; Honeycombe, R. W. K.
Metal Science, Vol. 16, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1179/msc.1982.16.10.475

Atomistic study on the site preference and thermodynamic properties for CrFeC
journal, December 2005

Xie, J.; Chen, N.; Teng, L.
Acta Materialia, Vol. 53, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.07.039

Influence of tempering temperature on stability of carbide phases in 2.6cr-0.7mo-0.3v steel with various carbon content
journal, February 1994

Janovec, J.; Vyrostkova, A.; Svoboda, M.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 25, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1007/BF02647972

Co-Precipitated and Collocated Carbides and Cu-Rich Precipitates in a Fe–Cu Steel Characterized by Atom-Probe Tomography
journal, September 2014

Kolli, R. Prakash; Seidman, David N.
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 20, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927614013221

Chemical volume diffusion coefficients for stainless steel corrosion studies
journal, October 1987

Williams, P. I.; Faulkner, R. G.
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 22, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1007/BF01161455

Transformation from austenite in alloy steels
journal, July 1976

Honeycombe, R. W. K.; Mehl, R. F.
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 7, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1007/BF02644057

Diffusional formation of ferrite in iron and its alloys
journal, January 1985

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.
Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 29, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0079-6425(85)90004-0

Quantitative Evaluation of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-Cr by Atom Probe Tomography and Radial Distribution Function Analysis
journal, May 2013

Zhou, Jing; Odqvist, Joakim; Thuvander, Mattias
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 19, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927613000470

Kinetics of phase separation in iron-based ternary alloys. II. Numerical simulation of phase separation in Fe–Cr–X(X=Mo, Cu) ternary alloys
journal, January 2003

Kuwajima, T.; Saito, Y.; Suwa, Y.
Intermetallics, Vol. 11, Issue 11-12
DOI: 10.1016/S0966-9795(03)00169-9

Kinetics of Phase Separation in Fe-Cr-Mo Ternary Alloys
journal, January 2002

Suwa, Yoshihiro; Saito, Yoshiyuki; Ochi, Kazumi
MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 43, Issue 2
DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.43.271

Recent developments in stainless steels
journal, May 2009

Lo, K. H.; Shek, C. H.; Lai, J. K. L.
Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 65, Issue 4-6
DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2009.03.001

The two-step nucleation of G-phase in ferrite
journal, September 2016

Matsukawa, Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Kakubo, Y.
Acta Materialia, Vol. 116
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.013

Trajectory overlaps and local magnification in three-dimensional atom probe
journal, May 2000

Vurpillot, F.; Bostel, A.; Blavette, D.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 76, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1063/1.126545

Atom probe examination of thermally ages CF8M cast stainless steel
journal, October 1992

Leax, T. R.; Brenner, S. S.; Spitznagel, J. A.
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 23, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1007/BF02651752

Mechanical property and microstructural change by thermal aging of SCS14A cast duplex stainless steel
journal, March 2006

Yamada, Takuyo; Okano, Satoshi; Kuwano, Hisashi
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 350, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.11.008

An atom probe perspective on phase separation and precipitation in duplex stainless steels
journal, May 2016

Guo, Wei; Garfinkel, David A.; Tucker, Julie D.
Nanotechnology, Vol. 27, Issue 25
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/254004

Works referencing / citing this record:

Neural network implementation for the prediction of secondary phase precipitation and mechanical feature in a duplex stainless steel
journal, December 2018

Baiocco, Gabriele; Ucciardello, Nadia
Applied Physics A, Vol. 125, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1007/s00339-018-2312-z

Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
journal, August 2018

Jeng, Sheng-Long; Su, Dai-Ping; Lee, Jing-Ting
Metals, Vol. 8, Issue 8
DOI: 10.3390/met8080630

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels

Journal Article Mburu, Sarah ; Kolli, R. Prakash ; Perea, Daniel E. ; ... - Materials Science and Engineering. A, Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing

The microstructure and mechanical properties in unaged and thermally aged (at 280 oC, 320 oC, 360 oC, and 400 oC to 4300 h) CF–3 and CF–8 cast duplex stainless steels (CDSS) are investigated. The unaged CF–8 steel has Cr-rich M23C6 carbides located at the δ–ferrite/γ– austenite heterophase interfaces that were not observed in the CF–3 steel and this corresponds to a difference in mechanical properties. Both unaged steels exhibit incipient spinodal decomposition into Fe-rich α–domains and Cr-rich α’–domains. During aging, spinodal decomposition progresses and the mean wavelength (MW) and mean amplitude (MA) of the compositional fluctuations increase as a functionmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.011
DE-NE0000724 - Research Performance Final Report - Investigation of Thermal Aging Effects on the Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels

Technical Report Ankem, Sreeramamurthy ; Perea, Daniel E. ; Kolli, R. Prakash ; ...

This report details the research activities carried out under DOE-NEUP award number DE-NE0000724 concerning the evolution of structural and mechanical properties during thermal aging of CF–3 and CF–8 cast duplex stainless steels (CDSS). The overall objective of this project was to use state-of-the-art characterization techniques to elucidate trends and phenomena in the mechanical and structural evolution of cast duplex stainless steels (CDSS) during thermal aging. These steels are commonly used as structural materials in commercial light water nuclear power plants, undergoing aging for decades in operation as cooling water pipes, pump casings, valve bodies, etc. During extended exposure to thesemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1413256

Full Text Available
Kinetics and mechanism of thermal aging embrittlement of duplex stainless steels

Conference Chung, H M ; Chopra, O K

Microstructural characteristics of long-term-aged cast duplex stainless steel specimens from eight laboratory heats and an actual component from a commercial boiling water reactor have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) techniques. Three precipitate phases, i.e., Cr-rich ..cap alpha..' and the Ni- and Si-rich G phase, and ..gamma../sub 2/ austenite, have been identified in the ferrite matrix of the aged specimens. For CF-8 grade materials, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ carbides were identified on the austenite-ferrite boundaries as well as in the ferrite matrix for agingmore »« less
Full Text Available
Effects of long-term thermal aging on bulk and local mechanical behavior of ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels

Journal Article Schwarm, Samuel C. ; Mburu, Sarah ; Kolli, Ratna P. ; ... - Materials Science and Engineering. A. Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing

Ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels (DSS) undergo significant thermal aging embrittlement in service in light water reactors. Specimens of cast CF–3 and CF–8 DSS have been laboratory aged for up to 17,200 h at four different temperatures (280, 320, 360, 400 °C) in order to characterize the aging evolution and mechanical properties. Standard Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact testing and tensile testing are employed to measure the progression of embrittlement of the steels. Concurrently, nanoindentation measurements are performed to measure the hardening of the individual ferrite and austenite phases. Atom probe tomography (APT) analysis of the ferrite and austenite phases elucidates themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.058
Long-term-aging embrittlement of cast duplex stainless steels: Mechanism and kinetics

Conference Chung, H M ; Chopra, O K

Microstructural characteristics of long-term-aged cast duplex stainless steel specimens including one from a BWR, have been investigated by SEM, TEM, SANS, and APFIM techniques. Three precipitate phases, Cr-rich ..cap alpha..' and the Ni- and Si-rich G phase, and ..gamma../sub 2/ austenite, have been identified in the ferrite matrix of the aged specimens. For CF-8 grade materials, M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ carbides were identified on the austenite-ferrite boundaries as well as in the ferrite matrix for aging at greater than or equal to450/sup 0/C. The Si, C, and Mo contents influenced the kinetics of the G-phase precipitation. However, TEM, and APFIM analysesmore »« less

Similar Records

Title: Effect of aging temperature on phase decomposition and mechanical properties in cast duplex stainless steels

Abstract

Citation Formats

Effect of 475°C embrittlement on the mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel journal, May 2009

Characterization of Element Partitioning at the Austenite/Ferrite Interface of asCast CF-3 and CF-8 Duplex Stainless Steels journal, August 2015

Investigation of thermal aging damage mechanism of the Cast Duplex Stainless Steel journal, October 2010

APFIM and AEM investigation of CF8 and CF8M primary coolant pipe steels journal, March 1990

Atom Probe Studies of the Fe–Cr System and Stainless Steels Aged at Intermediate Temperature journal, January 2000

Atom probe and transmission electron microscopy study of aging of cast duplex stainless steels journal, March 1990

Properties of thermally embrittled cast duplex stainless steel journal, December 1989

Aging kinetics of CF3 cast stainless steel in temperature range 300–400°C journal, March 1990

Aging and life prediction of cast duplex stainless steel components journal, January 1992

Embrittlement of laboratory and reactor aged CF3,CF8, and CF8M duplex stainless steels journal, March 1990

Study of phase transformation and mechanical properties evolution of duplex stainless steels after long term thermal ageing (>20years) journal, April 2011

Aging degradation of cast stainless steel: Status and program journal, April 1985

Aging of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems journal, November 1985

Thermal Aging Phenomena in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels journal, November 2015

Relationship between evolution of mechanical properties of various cast duplex stainless steels and metallurgical and aging parameters: outline of current EDF programmes journal, March 1990

Accurate determination of the number density of G-phase precipitates in thermally aged duplex stainless steel journal, August 2012

Effects of aging temperature on G-phase precipitation and ferrite-phase decomposition in duplex stainless steel journal, December 2012

Kinetics of secondary phase precipitation during spinodal decomposition in duplex stainless steels: A kinetic Monte Carlo model – Comparison with atom probe tomography experiments journal, August 2014

An atom-probe tomographic study of the temporal evolution of the nanostructure of Fe–Cu based high-strength low-carbon steels journal, July 2006

On spinodal decomposition journal, September 1961

Free Energy of a Nonuniform System. I. Interfacial Free Energy journal, February 1958

Spinodal decomposition in Fe-Cr alloys: Experimental study at the atomic level and comparison with computer models—I. Introduction and methodology journal, September 1995

Estimation of composition amplitude: Pa and LBM versus V journal, April 1992

Review of Atom Probe FIB-Based Specimen Preparation Methods journal, November 2007

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography journal, February 2007

A Focused Ion Beam Specimen Preparation Method to Minimize Gallium Ion Concentration in Copper Atom-Probe Tomography Specimen Tips journal, August 2014

Comparison of Compositional and Morphological Atom-Probe Tomography Analyses for a Multicomponent Fe-Cu Steel journal, July 2007

Low temperature aging embrittlement of CF-8 stainless steel journal, August 1999

Characterization of phase properties and deformation in ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels by nanoindentation and finite element method journal, January 2017

Microstructure evolution and impact fracture behaviors of Z3CN20-09M stainless steels after long-term thermal aging journal, February 2013

Effect of long-term thermal aging on the mechanical properties of casting duplex stainless steels journal, August 2012

Precipitation of M 23 C 6 at austenite/ferrite interfaces in duplex stainless steel journal, October 1982

Atomistic study on the site preference and thermodynamic properties for CrFeC journal, December 2005

Influence of tempering temperature on stability of carbide phases in 2.6cr-0.7mo-0.3v steel with various carbon content journal, February 1994

Co-Precipitated and Collocated Carbides and Cu-Rich Precipitates in a Fe–Cu Steel Characterized by Atom-Probe Tomography journal, September 2014

Chemical volume diffusion coefficients for stainless steel corrosion studies journal, October 1987

Transformation from austenite in alloy steels journal, July 1976

Diffusional formation of ferrite in iron and its alloys journal, January 1985

Quantitative Evaluation of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-Cr by Atom Probe Tomography and Radial Distribution Function Analysis journal, May 2013

Kinetics of phase separation in iron-based ternary alloys. II. Numerical simulation of phase separation in Fe–Cr–X(X=Mo, Cu) ternary alloys journal, January 2003

Kinetics of Phase Separation in Fe-Cr-Mo Ternary Alloys journal, January 2002

Recent developments in stainless steels journal, May 2009

The two-step nucleation of G-phase in ferrite journal, September 2016

Trajectory overlaps and local magnification in three-dimensional atom probe journal, May 2000

Atom probe examination of thermally ages CF8M cast stainless steel journal, October 1992

Mechanical property and microstructural change by thermal aging of SCS14A cast duplex stainless steel journal, March 2006

An atom probe perspective on phase separation and precipitation in duplex stainless steels journal, May 2016

Neural network implementation for the prediction of secondary phase precipitation and mechanical feature in a duplex stainless steel journal, December 2018

Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding journal, August 2018

Effect of 475°C embrittlement on the mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel
journal, May 2009

Characterization of Element Partitioning at the Austenite/Ferrite Interface of asCast CF-3 and CF-8 Duplex Stainless Steels
journal, August 2015

Investigation of thermal aging damage mechanism of the Cast Duplex Stainless Steel
journal, October 2010

APFIM and AEM investigation of CF8 and CF8M primary coolant pipe steels
journal, March 1990

Atom Probe Studies of the Fe–Cr System and Stainless Steels Aged at Intermediate Temperature
journal, January 2000

Atom probe and transmission electron microscopy study of aging of cast duplex stainless steels
journal, March 1990

Properties of thermally embrittled cast duplex stainless steel
journal, December 1989

Aging kinetics of CF3 cast stainless steel in temperature range 300–400°C
journal, March 1990

Aging and life prediction of cast duplex stainless steel components
journal, January 1992

Embrittlement of laboratory and reactor aged CF3,CF8, and CF8M duplex stainless steels
journal, March 1990

Study of phase transformation and mechanical properties evolution of duplex stainless steels after long term thermal ageing (>20years)
journal, April 2011

Aging degradation of cast stainless steel: Status and program
journal, April 1985

Aging of cast duplex stainless steels in LWR systems
journal, November 1985

Thermal Aging Phenomena in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels
journal, November 2015

Relationship between evolution of mechanical properties of various cast duplex stainless steels and metallurgical and aging parameters: outline of current EDF programmes
journal, March 1990

Accurate determination of the number density of G-phase precipitates in thermally aged duplex stainless steel
journal, August 2012

Effects of aging temperature on G-phase precipitation and ferrite-phase decomposition in duplex stainless steel
journal, December 2012

Kinetics of secondary phase precipitation during spinodal decomposition in duplex stainless steels: A kinetic Monte Carlo model – Comparison with atom probe tomography experiments
journal, August 2014

An atom-probe tomographic study of the temporal evolution of the nanostructure of Fe–Cu based high-strength low-carbon steels
journal, July 2006

On spinodal decomposition
journal, September 1961

Free Energy of a Nonuniform System. I. Interfacial Free Energy
journal, February 1958

Spinodal decomposition in Fe-Cr alloys: Experimental study at the atomic level and comparison with computer models—I. Introduction and methodology
journal, September 1995

Estimation of composition amplitude: Pa and LBM versus V
journal, April 1992

Review of Atom Probe FIB-Based Specimen Preparation Methods
journal, November 2007

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography
journal, February 2007

A Focused Ion Beam Specimen Preparation Method to Minimize Gallium Ion Concentration in Copper Atom-Probe Tomography Specimen Tips
journal, August 2014

Comparison of Compositional and Morphological Atom-Probe Tomography Analyses for a Multicomponent Fe-Cu Steel
journal, July 2007

Low temperature aging embrittlement of CF-8 stainless steel
journal, August 1999

Characterization of phase properties and deformation in ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels by nanoindentation and finite element method
journal, January 2017

Microstructure evolution and impact fracture behaviors of Z3CN20-09M stainless steels after long-term thermal aging
journal, February 2013

Effect of long-term thermal aging on the mechanical properties of casting duplex stainless steels
journal, August 2012

Precipitation of M ₂₃ C ₆ at austenite/ferrite interfaces in duplex stainless steel
journal, October 1982

Atomistic study on the site preference and thermodynamic properties for CrFeC
journal, December 2005

Influence of tempering temperature on stability of carbide phases in 2.6cr-0.7mo-0.3v steel with various carbon content
journal, February 1994

Co-Precipitated and Collocated Carbides and Cu-Rich Precipitates in a Fe–Cu Steel Characterized by Atom-Probe Tomography
journal, September 2014

Chemical volume diffusion coefficients for stainless steel corrosion studies
journal, October 1987

Transformation from austenite in alloy steels
journal, July 1976

Diffusional formation of ferrite in iron and its alloys
journal, January 1985

Quantitative Evaluation of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-Cr by Atom Probe Tomography and Radial Distribution Function Analysis
journal, May 2013

Kinetics of phase separation in iron-based ternary alloys. II. Numerical simulation of phase separation in Fe–Cr–X(X=Mo, Cu) ternary alloys
journal, January 2003

Kinetics of Phase Separation in Fe-Cr-Mo Ternary Alloys
journal, January 2002

Recent developments in stainless steels
journal, May 2009

The two-step nucleation of G-phase in ferrite
journal, September 2016

Trajectory overlaps and local magnification in three-dimensional atom probe
journal, May 2000

Atom probe examination of thermally ages CF8M cast stainless steel
journal, October 1992

Mechanical property and microstructural change by thermal aging of SCS14A cast duplex stainless steel
journal, March 2006

An atom probe perspective on phase separation and precipitation in duplex stainless steels
journal, May 2016

Neural network implementation for the prediction of secondary phase precipitation and mechanical feature in a duplex stainless steel
journal, December 2018

Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on the Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldments by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
journal, August 2018