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Title: Magnetic-field induced critical endpoint

Authors:
Publication Date:
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1347267
Resource Type:
Publisher's Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Physical Review D Journal Volume: 95 Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
Publisher:
American Physical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

Citation Formats

Rechenberger, Stefan. Magnetic-field induced critical endpoint. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054013.
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Rechenberger, Stefan. Magnetic-field induced critical endpoint. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054013
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Rechenberger, Stefan. Fri . "Magnetic-field induced critical endpoint". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054013.
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@article{osti_1347267,
title = {Magnetic-field induced critical endpoint},
author = {Rechenberger, Stefan},
abstractNote = {},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054013},
journal = {Physical Review D},
number = 5,
volume = 95,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Mar 17 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Fri Mar 17 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.054013
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font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2004-01-01">January 2004</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Inagaki, Tomohiro; Kimura, Daiji; Murata, Tsukasa</span> </li> <li> Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, Vol. 153</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1143/PTPS.153.321" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1143/PTPS.153.321<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.054911" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Electromagnetic field evolution in relativistic heavy-ion collisions<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2011-05-01">May 2011</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Voronyuk, V.; Toneev, V. D.; Cassing, W.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review C, Vol. 83, Issue 5</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.054911" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevC.83.054911<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.152002" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Magnetic Color-Flavor Locking Phase in High-Density QCD<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2005-10-01">October 2005</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ferrer, Efrain J.; de la Incera, Vivian; Manuel, Cristina</span> </li> <li> Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 15</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.152002" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.152002<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034910" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Theoretical analysis of a possible observation of the chiral magnetic effect in Au <math display="inline"> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </math> Au collisions within the RHIC beam energy scan program<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2012-03-01">March 2012</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Toneev, V. D.; Voronyuk, V.; Bratkovskaya, E. L.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034910" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034910<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(03)00701-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Isospin chemical potential and the QCD phase diagram at nonzero temperature and baryon chemical potential<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2003-07-01">July 2003</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Toublan, D.; Kogut, J. B.</span> </li> <li> Physics Letters B, Vol. 564, Issue 3-4</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(03)00701-9" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0370-2693(03)00701-9<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.076007" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Solitonic modulation and Lifshitz point in an external magnetic field within Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2016-04-01">April 2016</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Cao, Gaoqing; Huang, Anping</span> </li> <li> Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 7</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.076007" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevD.93.076007<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.76.105030" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Color-flavor locked superconductor in a magnetic field<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2007-11-01">November 2007</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Noronha, Jorge L.; Shovkovy, Igor A.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review D, Vol. 76, Issue 10</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.76.105030" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevD.76.105030<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.03.016" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Mesons in strong magnetic fields: (I) General analyses<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2016-07-01">July 2016</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Hattori, Koichi; Kojo, Toru; Su, Nan</span> </li> <li> Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 951</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.03.016" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.03.016<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.64.649" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">The Nambu—Jona-Lasinio model of quantum chromodynamics<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1992-07-01">July 1992</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Klevansky, S. P.</span> </li> <li> Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 64, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.64.649" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/RevModPhys.64.649<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.122301" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Magnetic Fields Boosted by Gluon Vortices in Color Superconductivity<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2006-09-01">September 2006</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ferrer, Efrain J.; de la Incera, Vivian</span> </li> <li> Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 12</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.122301" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.122301<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="sr-only">Previous Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a> <ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul> <a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="sr-only">Next Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-references" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All References</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; 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list-style-type: none;"> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="0" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1104465-giant-magnetic-fluctuations-critical-endpoint-insulating-homno3" itemprop="url">Giant Magnetic Fluctuations at the Critical Endpoint in Insulating HoMnO<sub>3</sub></a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Choi, Y. J.</span> ; <span class="author">Lee, N.</span> ; <span class="author">Sharma, P. A.</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Physical Review Letters</span> </span> </div> <div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 9<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.157202" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1104465" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="PM" >https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.157202</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/4246352-evidence-magnetic-field-induced-reduction-fluctuation-dimensionality-bulk-type-ii-superconductors-just-above-critical-field-sub-c2" itemprop="url">Evidence for magnetic-field-induced reduction of the fluctuation dimensionality in bulk type II superconductors just above the critical field H/sub c2/</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Conference</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Hake, R R</span> ; <span class="author">Timmerhaus, K D</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"></span> </span> </div> <div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/496574-magnetic-field-induced-changes-critical-exponent-beta-chiral-triangular-antiferromagnet-csmnbr-sub-presence-electric-field-abstract" itemprop="url">Magnetic field induced changes in the critical exponent {beta} of the chiral triangular antiferromagnet CsMnBr{sub 3} in the presence of an electric field (abstract)</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Visser, D</span> ; <span class="author">Monteith, A R</span> ; <span class="author">Bargawi, A Y</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of Applied Physics</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The magnetic moments in the triangular antiferromagnetic CsMnBr{sub 3} order at T{sub N}=8.3 K with a frustration of the magnetic moments in a 120{degree} type magnetic structure. The magnetic moments are either ordered in a clockwise or an anticlockwise direction resulting in a chirality ordering, which is characterized by the critical exponent of the magnetic sublattice magnetization {beta}=0.25. It has been shown that an electric field applied along the [110] direction removes the chiral ordering and a linear Ising-like phase will be established; consequently, the value of {beta} decreases. The subsequent application of a magnetic field of B=4 T along<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> the [100] direction causes the critical exponent {beta} to increase. The magnetic phase diagram of CsMnBr{sub 3} does not change due to the introduction of an electric field.{copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.364519" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="496574" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1063/1.364519</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1003078-temperature-magnetic-field-dependence-critical-currents-ybco-coated-conductors-processing-induced-variations-pinning-properties" itemprop="url">Temperature and Magnetic Field Dependence of Critical Currents in YBCO Coated Conductors with Processing-Induced Variations in Pinning Properties</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Gapud, Albert Agcaoili</span> ; <span class="author">Feenstra, Roeland</span> ; <span class="author">Christen, David K</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Several applications of high-temperature super-conducting wire require high currents at intermediate magnetic fields B and over a range of orientations; however, such conditions are at present achievable only at low temperatures (-30 K). The goal of this study is to determine the feasibility of higher operating temperatures for these applications by investigating temperature dependent, low- and high-field pinning properties of YBCO coated conductor samples. The YBCO films were grown on RABiTS templates by a PVD ex situ BaF{sub 2} process. Variations in pinning properties were induced by introducing excess yttrium (Y) in the precursor and controllably increasing the growth rate.<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> The main result is a more uniform dependence of J{sub c} over all orientations of B, along with high irreversibility field B{sub irr} and high critical current densities J{sub c}. Results also show that for films with various pinning properties and processed under different conditions the self-field J{sub c} at 77 K is an effective indicator of performance in the temperatures and fields of interest.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2005.847657" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1003078" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2005.847657</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/5143718-magnetic-field-dependence-critical-superconducting-current-induced-proximity-effect-silicon" itemprop="url">Magnetic field dependence of the critical superconducting current induced by the proximity effect in silicon</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Nishino, T</span> ; <span class="author">Kawabe, U</span> ; <span class="author">Yamada, E</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter; (United States)</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The magnetic field dependence of the critical superconducting current induced by the proximity effect in heavily-boron-doped Si is studied experimentally. It is found that the critical current flowing through the p-type-Si-coupled junction decreases with increasing applied magnetic field. The critical current can be expressed as the product of three factors: the current induced by de Gennes's proximity effect, the exponential decrease due to pair breaking by the magnetic field, and the usual diffraction-pattern-like dependence on the magnetic field due to the Josephson effect. The second factor depends on the carrier concentration in the semiconductor. The local critical current shows a<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> rapid decrease at the edge of the electrodes.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.4857" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="5143718" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.4857</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a class="tab-nav disabled" data-tab="related" style="color: #636c72 !important; opacity: 1;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Similar Records</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <div class="footer-minor"> <div class="container"> <hr class="footer-separator"/> <br/> <div class="col text-center mt-3"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal"> <ul class="pure-menu-list" id="footer-org-menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://energy.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-us-doe-min" alt="U.S. Department of Energy" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-office-of-science-min" alt="Office of Science" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.osti.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-osti-min" alt="Office of Scientific and Technical Information" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col text-center small" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom:2.0rem;"> <div class="row justify-content-center" style="color:white"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal" style='white-space:normal'> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="https://www.osti.gov/disclaim" class="pure-menu-link" target="_blank" ref="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-institution"></span> Website Policies <span class="d-none d-sm-inline d-print-none" style="color:#737373;">/ Important Links</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a href="/pages/contact" class="pure-menu-link"><span class="fa fa-comments-o"></span>Contact Us</a></li> <li class="d-block d-md-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a target="_blank" title="Vulnerability Disclosure Program" class="pure-menu-link" href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li class="d-block d-lg-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://twitter.com/OSTIgov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-youtube-play" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <link href="/pages/css/pages.fonts.240327.0205.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/pages/js/pages.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/pages.biblio.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/lity.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script async type="text/javascript" src="/pages/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOE" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script><noscript></noscript> </body> <!-- DOE PAGES v.240327.0205 --> </html>