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Title: Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans

Abstract

Here, evolutionary medicine may provide insights into human physiology and pathophysiology, including tumor biology. To identify mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and compare cellular response to DNA damage among elephants, healthy human controls, and cancer-prone patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Design, Setting, and Participants A comprehensive survey of necropsy data was performed across 36 mammalian species to validate cancer resistance in large and long-lived organisms, including elephants (n=644). The African and Asian elephant genomes were analyzed for potential mechanisms of cancer resistance. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from elephants, healthy human controls, and patients with LFS were tested in vitro in the laboratory for DNA damage response. The study included African and Asian elephants (n=8), patients with LFS (n=10), and age-matched human controls (n=11). Human samples were collected at the University of Utah between June 2014 and July 2015. Exposures Ionizing radiation and doxorubicin. Cancer mortality across species was calculated and compared by body size and life span. The elephant genome was investigated for alterations in cancer-related genes. DNA repair and apoptosis were compared in elephant vs human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Across mammals, cancer mortality did not increase with body size and/or maximum life span (eg, for rock hyrax, 1% [95%more » CI, 0%-5%]; African wild dog, 8% [95% CI, 0%-16%]; lion, 2% [95% CI, 0%-7%]). Despite their large body size and long life span, elephants remain cancer resistant, with an estimated cancer mortality of 4.81% (95% CI, 3.14%-6.49%), compared with humans, who have 11% to 25% cancer mortality. While humans have 1 copy (2 alleles) of TP53, African elephants have at least 20 copies (40 alleles), including 19 retrogenes (38 alleles) with evidence of transcriptional activity measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In response to DNA damage, elephant lymphocytes underwent p53-mediated apoptosis at higher rates than human lymphocytes proportional to TP53 status (ionizing radiation exposure: patients with LFS, 2.71% [95% CI, 1.93%-3.48%] vs human controls, 7.17% [95% CI, 5.91%-8.44%] vs elephants, 14.64% [95% CI, 10.91%-18.37%]; P<.001; doxorubicin exposure: human controls, 8.10% [95% CI, 6.55%-9.66%] vs elephants, 24.77% [95% CI, 23.0%-26.53%]; P<.001). Compared with other mammalian species, elephants appeared to have a lower-than-expected rate of cancer, potentially related to multiple copies of TP53. Compared with human cells, elephant cells demonstrated increased apoptotic response following DNA damage. These findings, if replicated, could represent an evolutionary-based approach for understanding mechanisms related to cancer suppression.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [2];  [5];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
  2. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
  3. Ringling Bros Center for Elephant Conservation, Polk City, FL (United States)
  4. Ronin Institute, West Lafayette, IN (United States)
  5. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States); Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1342515
Grant/Contract Number:  
FG02-97ER25308
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 314; Journal Issue: 17; Journal ID: ISSN 0098-7484
Publisher:
American Medical Association
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Abegglen, Lisa M., Caulin, Aleah F., Chan, Ashley, Lee, Kristy, Robinson, Rosann, Campbell, Michael S., Kiso, Wendy K., Schmitt, Dennis L., Waddell, Peter J., Bhaskara, Srividya, Jensen, Shane T., Maley, Carlo C., and Schiffman, Joshua D. Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13134.
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Abegglen, Lisa M., Caulin, Aleah F., Chan, Ashley, Lee, Kristy, Robinson, Rosann, Campbell, Michael S., Kiso, Wendy K., Schmitt, Dennis L., Waddell, Peter J., Bhaskara, Srividya, Jensen, Shane T., Maley, Carlo C., & Schiffman, Joshua D. Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans. United States. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13134
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Abegglen, Lisa M., Caulin, Aleah F., Chan, Ashley, Lee, Kristy, Robinson, Rosann, Campbell, Michael S., Kiso, Wendy K., Schmitt, Dennis L., Waddell, Peter J., Bhaskara, Srividya, Jensen, Shane T., Maley, Carlo C., and Schiffman, Joshua D. Thu . "Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans". United States. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13134. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342515.
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@article{osti_1342515,
title = {Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans},
author = {Abegglen, Lisa M. and Caulin, Aleah F. and Chan, Ashley and Lee, Kristy and Robinson, Rosann and Campbell, Michael S. and Kiso, Wendy K. and Schmitt, Dennis L. and Waddell, Peter J. and Bhaskara, Srividya and Jensen, Shane T. and Maley, Carlo C. and Schiffman, Joshua D.},
abstractNote = {Here, evolutionary medicine may provide insights into human physiology and pathophysiology, including tumor biology. To identify mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and compare cellular response to DNA damage among elephants, healthy human controls, and cancer-prone patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Design, Setting, and Participants A comprehensive survey of necropsy data was performed across 36 mammalian species to validate cancer resistance in large and long-lived organisms, including elephants (n=644). The African and Asian elephant genomes were analyzed for potential mechanisms of cancer resistance. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from elephants, healthy human controls, and patients with LFS were tested in vitro in the laboratory for DNA damage response. The study included African and Asian elephants (n=8), patients with LFS (n=10), and age-matched human controls (n=11). Human samples were collected at the University of Utah between June 2014 and July 2015. Exposures Ionizing radiation and doxorubicin. Cancer mortality across species was calculated and compared by body size and life span. The elephant genome was investigated for alterations in cancer-related genes. DNA repair and apoptosis were compared in elephant vs human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Across mammals, cancer mortality did not increase with body size and/or maximum life span (eg, for rock hyrax, 1% [95% CI, 0%-5%]; African wild dog, 8% [95% CI, 0%-16%]; lion, 2% [95% CI, 0%-7%]). Despite their large body size and long life span, elephants remain cancer resistant, with an estimated cancer mortality of 4.81% (95% CI, 3.14%-6.49%), compared with humans, who have 11% to 25% cancer mortality. While humans have 1 copy (2 alleles) of TP53, African elephants have at least 20 copies (40 alleles), including 19 retrogenes (38 alleles) with evidence of transcriptional activity measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In response to DNA damage, elephant lymphocytes underwent p53-mediated apoptosis at higher rates than human lymphocytes proportional to TP53 status (ionizing radiation exposure: patients with LFS, 2.71% [95% CI, 1.93%-3.48%] vs human controls, 7.17% [95% CI, 5.91%-8.44%] vs elephants, 14.64% [95% CI, 10.91%-18.37%]; P<.001; doxorubicin exposure: human controls, 8.10% [95% CI, 6.55%-9.66%] vs elephants, 24.77% [95% CI, 23.0%-26.53%]; P<.001). Compared with other mammalian species, elephants appeared to have a lower-than-expected rate of cancer, potentially related to multiple copies of TP53. Compared with human cells, elephant cells demonstrated increased apoptotic response following DNA damage. These findings, if replicated, could represent an evolutionary-based approach for understanding mechanisms related to cancer suppression.},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2015.13134},
journal = {JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association},
number = 17,
volume = 314,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Thu Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13134
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