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Title: Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia

Abstract

The atmospheric chemistry of isoprene contributes to the production of a substantial mass fraction of the particulate matter (PM) over tropical forests. Isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) produced in the gas phase by the oxidation of isoprene under HO2-dominant conditions are subsequently taken up by particles, thereby leading to production of secondary organic PM. The present study investigates possible perturbations to this pathway by urban pollution. The measurement site in central Amazonia was located 4 to 6 hours downwind of Manaus, Brazil. Measurements took place from February through March 2014 of the wet season, as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. Mass spectra of organic PM collected with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer were analyzed by positive-matrix factorization. One resolved statistical factor (“IEPOX-SOA factor”) was associated with PM production by the IEPOX pathway. Loadings of this factor correlated with independently measured mass concentrations of tracers of IEPOX-derived PM, namely C5-alkene triols and 2-methyltetrols (R =0.96 and 0.78, respectively). Factor loading, as well as the ratio of the factor loading to organic PM mass concentration, decreased under polluted compared to background conditions. For the study period, sulfate concentration explained 37 % of the variability in the factor loading. After segregation of the data setmore » by NOy concentration, the sulfate concentration explained up to 75 % of the variability in factor loading within the NOy subsets. The sulfate-detrended IEPOX-SOA factor loading decreased by two- to three-fold for an increase in NOy concentration from 0.5 to 2 ppb. The suppressing effects of elevated NO dominated over the enhancing effects of higher sulfate with respect to the production of IEPOX-derived PM. Relative to background conditions, the Manaus pollution contributed more significantly to NOy than to sulfate. In this light, increased emissions of nitrogen oxides, as anticipated for some scenarios of Amazonian economic development, could significantly alter pathways of PM production that presently prevail over the tropical forest, implying changes to air quality and regional climate.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [4];  [5]; ORCiD logo [6];  [6]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [4];  [7];  [8]; ORCiD logo [9]; ORCiD logo [10]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [11] more »;  [3]; ORCiD logo [2];  [12] « less
  1. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
  2. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Department. of Chemistry & Biochemistry. Cooperative Inst. for Research in Environmental Sciences
  3. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab.
  4. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management
  5. Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
  6. Univ. of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Departamento de Física Aplicada
  7. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil)
  8. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil). Escola Superior de Tecnologia
  9. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division
  10. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab.; Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division
  11. Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States). Gillings School of Global Public Health. Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
  12. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
OSTI Identifier:
1341692
Report Number(s):
BNL-113437-2017-JA; BNL-113437-2017-JAAM
R&D Project: 2016-BNL-EE630EECA-Budg; KP1701000
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0012704; AC05-76RL01830
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: Discussions
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 17
Publisher:
European Geosciences Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

de Sá, Suzane S., Palm, Brett B., Campuzano-Jost, Pedro, Day, Douglas A., Newburn, Matthew K., Hu, Weiwei, Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel, Yee, Lindsay D., Thalman, Ryan, Brito, Joel, Carbone, Samara, Artaxo, Paulo, Goldstein, Allen H., Manzi, Antonio O., Souza, Rodrigo A.F., Mei, Fan, Shilling, John E., Springston, Stephen R., Wang, Jian, Surratt, Jason D., Alexander, M. Lizabeth, Jimenez, Jose L., and Martin, Scot T. Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.5194/acp-2016-1020.
de Sá, Suzane S., Palm, Brett B., Campuzano-Jost, Pedro, Day, Douglas A., Newburn, Matthew K., Hu, Weiwei, Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel, Yee, Lindsay D., Thalman, Ryan, Brito, Joel, Carbone, Samara, Artaxo, Paulo, Goldstein, Allen H., Manzi, Antonio O., Souza, Rodrigo A.F., Mei, Fan, Shilling, John E., Springston, Stephen R., Wang, Jian, Surratt, Jason D., Alexander, M. Lizabeth, Jimenez, Jose L., & Martin, Scot T. Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-1020
de Sá, Suzane S., Palm, Brett B., Campuzano-Jost, Pedro, Day, Douglas A., Newburn, Matthew K., Hu, Weiwei, Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel, Yee, Lindsay D., Thalman, Ryan, Brito, Joel, Carbone, Samara, Artaxo, Paulo, Goldstein, Allen H., Manzi, Antonio O., Souza, Rodrigo A.F., Mei, Fan, Shilling, John E., Springston, Stephen R., Wang, Jian, Surratt, Jason D., Alexander, M. Lizabeth, Jimenez, Jose L., and Martin, Scot T. Tue . "Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-1020. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1341692.
@article{osti_1341692,
title = {Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter from isoprene epoxydiols in central Amazonia},
author = {de Sá, Suzane S. and Palm, Brett B. and Campuzano-Jost, Pedro and Day, Douglas A. and Newburn, Matthew K. and Hu, Weiwei and Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel and Yee, Lindsay D. and Thalman, Ryan and Brito, Joel and Carbone, Samara and Artaxo, Paulo and Goldstein, Allen H. and Manzi, Antonio O. and Souza, Rodrigo A.F. and Mei, Fan and Shilling, John E. and Springston, Stephen R. and Wang, Jian and Surratt, Jason D. and Alexander, M. Lizabeth and Jimenez, Jose L. and Martin, Scot T.},
abstractNote = {The atmospheric chemistry of isoprene contributes to the production of a substantial mass fraction of the particulate matter (PM) over tropical forests. Isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) produced in the gas phase by the oxidation of isoprene under HO2-dominant conditions are subsequently taken up by particles, thereby leading to production of secondary organic PM. The present study investigates possible perturbations to this pathway by urban pollution. The measurement site in central Amazonia was located 4 to 6 hours downwind of Manaus, Brazil. Measurements took place from February through March 2014 of the wet season, as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. Mass spectra of organic PM collected with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer were analyzed by positive-matrix factorization. One resolved statistical factor (“IEPOX-SOA factor”) was associated with PM production by the IEPOX pathway. Loadings of this factor correlated with independently measured mass concentrations of tracers of IEPOX-derived PM, namely C5-alkene triols and 2-methyltetrols (R =0.96 and 0.78, respectively). Factor loading, as well as the ratio of the factor loading to organic PM mass concentration, decreased under polluted compared to background conditions. For the study period, sulfate concentration explained 37 % of the variability in the factor loading. After segregation of the data set by NOy concentration, the sulfate concentration explained up to 75 % of the variability in factor loading within the NOy subsets. The sulfate-detrended IEPOX-SOA factor loading decreased by two- to three-fold for an increase in NOy concentration from 0.5 to 2 ppb. The suppressing effects of elevated NO dominated over the enhancing effects of higher sulfate with respect to the production of IEPOX-derived PM. Relative to background conditions, the Manaus pollution contributed more significantly to NOy than to sulfate. In this light, increased emissions of nitrogen oxides, as anticipated for some scenarios of Amazonian economic development, could significantly alter pathways of PM production that presently prevail over the tropical forest, implying changes to air quality and regional climate.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-2016-1020},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: Discussions},
number = ,
volume = 17,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jun 06 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Tue Jun 06 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}

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Aqueous-phase mechanism for secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene: application to the southeast United States and co-benefit of SO 2 emission controls
journal, January 2016

  • Marais, E. A.; Jacob, D. J.; Jimenez, J. L.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-1603-2016

Photochemical processing of organic aerosol at nearby continental sites: contrast between urban plumes and regional aerosol
journal, January 2011

  • Slowik, J. G.; Brook, J.; Chang, R. Y. -W.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2991-2011

Variations of OH radical in an urban plume inferred from NO 2 column measurements : NO2 COLUMN AND VARIATIONS OF OH RADICAL
journal, May 2013

  • Valin, L. C.; Russell, A. R.; Cohen, R. C.
  • Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1002/grl.50267

Tropospheric nitric oxide measurements over the Amazon Basin
journal, January 1988


An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08)
journal, January 2010

  • Martin, S. T.; Andreae, M. O.; Althausen, D.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11415-2010

The lifetime of nitrogen oxides in an isoprene-dominated forest
journal, January 2016

  • Romer, Paul S.; Duffey, Kaitlin C.; Wooldridge, Paul J.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7623-2016

Unexpected Epoxide Formation in the Gas-Phase Photooxidation of Isoprene
journal, August 2009


Real-Time Continuous Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol Derived from Isoprene Epoxydiols in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, Using the Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor
journal, May 2013

  • Budisulistiorini, Sri Hapsari; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Croteau, Philip L.
  • Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1021/es400023n

Observational Insights into Aerosol Formation from Isoprene
journal, September 2013

  • Worton, David R.; Surratt, Jason D.; LaFranchi, Brian W.
  • Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1021/es4011064

Chemical Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed from the Photooxidation of Isoprene
journal, August 2006

  • Surratt, Jason D.; Murphy, Shane M.; Kroll, Jesse H.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 110, Issue 31
  • DOI: 10.1021/jp061734m

Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols
journal, January 2008

  • Fu, Tzung-May; Jacob, Daniel J.; Wittrock, Folkard
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D15
  • DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009505

Emission of nitric oxide (NO) from tropical forest soils and exchange of NO between the forest canopy and atmospheric boundary layers
journal, January 1990

  • Bakwin, Peter S.; Wofsy, Steven C.; Fan, Song-Miao
  • Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue D10
  • DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16755

Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene
journal, December 2009

  • Surratt, J. D.; Chan, A. W. H.; Eddingsaas, N. C.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911114107

Unexpected Epoxide Formation in the Gas-Phase Photooxidation of Isoprene
journal, August 2009


Evidence for a significant proportion of Secondary Organic Aerosol from isoprene above a maritime tropical forest
journal, January 2011

  • Robinson, N. H.; Hamilton, J. F.; Allan, J. D.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-1039-2011

Characterization of a real-time tracer for isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements
journal, January 2015

  • Hu, W. W.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Palm, B. B.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-11807-2015

Submicron particle mass concentrations and sources in the Amazonian wet season (AMAZE-08)
journal, January 2015

  • Chen, Q.; Farmer, D. K.; Rizzo, L. V.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-3687-2015

Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene: influence of aerosol acidity and relative humidity on secondary organic aerosol
journal, January 2015

  • Lewandowski, M.; Jaoui, M.; Offenberg, J. H.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-3773-2015

Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)
journal, January 2016

  • Martin, S. T.; Artaxo, P.; Machado, L. A. T.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016

The lifetime of nitrogen oxides in an isoprene-dominated forest
journal, January 2016

  • Romer, Paul S.; Duffey, Kaitlin C.; Wooldridge, Paul J.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-7623-2016

Power plant fuel switching and air quality in a tropical, forested environment
journal, January 2017

  • Medeiros, Adan S. S.; Calderaro, Gisele; Guimarães, Patricia C.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8987-2017

Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review
journal, January 2004

  • Kanakidou, M.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 4, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.5194/acpd-4-5855-2004

Works referencing / citing this record:

Chemical composition of ultrafine aerosol particles in central Amazonia during the wet season
journal, January 2019

  • Glicker, Hayley S.; Lawler, Michael J.; Ortega, John
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-13053-2019

Multi-year statistical and modeling analysis of submicrometer aerosol number size distributions at a rain forest site in Amazonia
journal, January 2018

  • Varanda Rizzo, Luciana; Roldin, Pontus; Brito, Joel
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10255-2018

Ground-based observation of clusters and nucleation-mode particles in the Amazon
journal, January 2018

  • Wimmer, Daniela; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany; Manninen, Hanna Elina
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13245-2018

Isoprene photo-oxidation products quantify the effect of pollution on hydroxyl radicals over Amazonia
journal, April 2018


Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest
journal, March 2019


Evaluation of the new capture vaporizer for aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) through field studies of inorganic species
journal, February 2017


Aircraft observations of the chemical composition and aging of aerosol in the Manaus urban plume during GoAmazon 2014/5
journal, January 2018

  • Shilling, John E.; Pekour, Mikhail S.; Fortner, Edward C.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10773-2018

Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia
journal, January 2018

  • Palm, Brett B.; de Sá, Suzane S.; Day, Douglas A.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-467-2018

Development of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the chemical characterization of water-soluble isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-derived secondary organic aerosol
journal, January 2018

  • Cui, Tianqu; Zeng, Zhexi; dos Santos, Erickson O.
  • Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol. 20, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/c8em00308d

Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons
journal, January 2018

  • Yee, Lindsay D.; Isaacman-VanWertz, Gabriel; Wernis, Rebecca A.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10433-2018

Assessing the role of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on PM1 over southern West Africa using aircraft measurements
journal, January 2018

  • Brito, Joel; Freney, Evelyn; Dominutti, Pamela
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-757-2018

Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia
journal, January 2018

  • de Sá, Suzane S.; Palm, Brett B.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 16
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12185-2018

CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia: seasonal and diel variations and impact of anthropogenic emissions
journal, January 2017

  • Thalman, Ryan; de Sá, Suzane S.; Palm, Brett B.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-11779-2017

Contributions of biomass-burning, urban, and biogenic emissions to the concentrations and light-absorbing properties of particulate matter in central Amazonia during the dry season
journal, January 2019

  • de Sá, Suzane S.; Rizzo, Luciana V.; Palm, Brett B.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-7973-2019

Regional Similarities and NO x ‐Related Increases in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol in Summertime Southeastern United States
journal, September 2018

  • Liu, Jun; Russell, Lynn M.; Ruggeri, Giulia
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 18
  • DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028491

Contributions of mobile, stationary and biogenic sources to air pollution in the Amazon rainforest: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model
journal, January 2017

  • Abou Rafee, Sameh A.; Martins, Leila D.; Kawashima, Ana B.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-7977-2017

Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region
journal, January 2018

  • Schulz, Christiane; Schneider, Johannes; Amorim Holanda, Bruna
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-14979-2018

African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosols over the Amazon rain forest
journal, January 2018

  • Saturno, Jorge; Ditas, Florian; Penning de Vries, Marloes
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018

Anthropogenic influences on the physical state of submicron particulate matter over a tropical forest
journal, January 2017

  • Bateman, Adam P.; Gong, Zhaoheng; Harder, Tristan H.
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-1759-2017

Organosulfates in aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazon
journal, January 2018

  • Glasius, Marianne; Bering, Mads S.; Yee, Lindsay D.
  • Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol. 20, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1039/c8em00413g

Isoprene photo-oxidation products quantify the effect of pollution on hydroxyl radicals over Amazonia
journal, April 2018


Elemental Mixing State of Aerosol Particles Collected in Central Amazonia during GoAmazon2014/15
journal, September 2017

  • Fraund, Matthew; Pham, Don; Bonanno, Daniel
  • Atmosphere, Vol. 8, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.3390/atmos8090173

African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosols over the Amazon rain forest
journal, January 2018

  • Saturno, Jorge; Ditas, Florian; Penning de Vries, Marloes
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018

Ground-based observation of clusters and nucleation-mode particles in the Amazon
journal, January 2018

  • Wimmer, Daniela; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany; Manninen, Hanna Elina
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13245-2018

Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region
journal, January 2018

  • Schulz, Christiane; Schneider, Johannes; Amorim Holanda, Bruna
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-14979-2018

Chemical composition of ultrafine aerosol particles in central Amazonia during the wet season
journal, January 2019

  • Glicker, Hayley S.; Lawler, Michael J.; Ortega, John
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-13053-2019

Mixing states of Amazon basin aerosol particles transported over long distances using transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 2020

  • Adachi, Kouji; Oshima, Naga; Gong, Zhaoheng
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-11923-2020

Exploration of oxidative chemistry and secondary organic aerosol formation in the Amazon during the wet season: explicit modeling of the Manaus urban plume with GECKO-A
journal, May 2020

  • Mouchel-Vallon, Camille; Lee-Taylor, Julia; Hodzic, Alma
  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-5995-2020