Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark?gluon plasma?
Abstract
Experimental results on azimuthal correlations in high energy nuclear collisions (nucleus–nucleus, proton–nucleus, and proton–proton) seem to be well described by viscous hydrodynamics. It is often argued that this agreement implies either local thermal equilibrium or at least local isotropy. In this note, I present arguments why this is not the case. Neither local near-equilibrium nor near-isotropy are required in order for hydrodynamics to offer a successful and accurate description of experimental results. However, I predict the breakdown of hydrodynamics at momenta of order seven times the temperature, corresponding to a smallest possible QCD liquid drop size of 0.15 fm.
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1338664
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1368404
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0008132
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields Journal Volume: 77 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044
- Publisher:
- Springer
- Country of Publication:
- Germany
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS
Citation Formats
Romatschke, P. Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark?gluon plasma?. Germany: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x.
Romatschke, P. Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark?gluon plasma?. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x
Romatschke, P. Tue .
"Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark?gluon plasma?". Germany. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x.
@article{osti_1338664,
title = {Do nuclear collisions create a locally equilibrated quark?gluon plasma?},
author = {Romatschke, P.},
abstractNote = {Experimental results on azimuthal correlations in high energy nuclear collisions (nucleus–nucleus, proton–nucleus, and proton–proton) seem to be well described by viscous hydrodynamics. It is often argued that this agreement implies either local thermal equilibrium or at least local isotropy. In this note, I present arguments why this is not the case. Neither local near-equilibrium nor near-isotropy are required in order for hydrodynamics to offer a successful and accurate description of experimental results. However, I predict the breakdown of hydrodynamics at momenta of order seven times the temperature, corresponding to a smallest possible QCD liquid drop size of 0.15 fm.},
doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x},
journal = {European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields},
number = 1,
volume = 77,
place = {Germany},
year = {Tue Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Tue Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4567-x
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 73 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, conformal invariance, and holography
journal, April 2008
- Baier, Rudolf; Romatschke, Paul; Son, Dam Thanh
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2008, Issue 04
Coupling Hydrodynamics to Nonequilibrium Degrees of Freedom in Strongly Interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma
journal, December 2014
- Heller, Michal P.; Janik, Romuald A.; Spaliński, Michał
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 26
Characteristics of Thermalization of Boost-Invariant Plasma from Holography
journal, May 2012
- Heller, Michal P.; Janik, Romuald A.; Witaszczyk, Przemysław
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 20
Equation of state, radial flow, and freeze-out in high energy heavy ion collisions
journal, April 1998
- Hung, C. M.; Shuryak, E.
- Physical Review C, Vol. 57, Issue 4
Thermalization in weakly coupled nonabelian plasmas
journal, December 2011
- Kurkela, Aleksi; Moore, Guy D.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2011, Issue 12
Isotropization and Hydrodynamization in Weakly Coupled Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, October 2015
- Kurkela, Aleksi; Zhu, Yan
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 18
Instabilities of an anisotropically expanding non-Abelian plasma: discretized hard-loop simulations
journal, August 2008
- Rebhan, Anton; Strickland, Michael; Attems, Maximilian
- Physical Review D, Vol. 78, Issue 4
Horizon Formation and Far-from-Equilibrium Isotropization in a Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Plasma
journal, May 2009
- Chesler, Paul M.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 21
Boost invariant flow, black hole formation, and far-from-equilibrium dynamics in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory
journal, July 2010
- Chesler, Paul M.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 82, Issue 2
Event-by-Event Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-ion Collisions from Combined Yang-Mills and Viscous Fluid Dynamics
journal, January 2013
- Gale, Charles; Jeon, Sangyong; Schenke, Björn
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 1
Collective modes of an anisotropic quark-gluon plasma
journal, August 2003
- Romatschke, Paul; Strickland, Michael
- Physical Review D, Vol. 68, Issue 3
Apparent Thermalization due to Plasma Instabilities in the Quark-Gluon Plasma
journal, February 2005
- Arnold, Peter; Lenaghan, Jonathan; Moore, Guy D.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 7
Shear viscosity from thermal fluctuations in relativistic conformal fluid dynamics
journal, February 2012
- Peralta-Ramos, J.; Calzetta, E.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 2
Non-abelian plasma instabilities for strong anisotropy
journal, July 2007
- Bödeker, Dietrich; Rummukainen, Kari
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2007, Issue 07
On the apparent convergence of perturbative QCD at high temperature
journal, July 2003
- Blaizot, J. -P.; Iancu, E.; Rebhan, A.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 68, Issue 2
Lectures on hydrodynamic fluctuations in relativistic theories
journal, November 2012
- Kovtun, Pavel
- Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Vol. 45, Issue 47
Holography and Colliding Gravitational Shock Waves in Asymptotically Spacetime
journal, January 2011
- Chesler, Paul M.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 2
Absence of a local rest frame in far from equilibrium quantum matter
journal, October 2014
- Arnold, Peter; Romatschke, Paul; van der Schee, Wilke
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 10
Nonlinear amplification of instabilities with longitudinal expansion
journal, April 2012
- Berges, Jürgen; Boguslavski, Kirill; Schlichting, Sören
- Physical Review D, Vol. 85, Issue 7
Bottom-up isotropization in classical-statistical lattice gauge theory
journal, February 2008
- Berges, Jürgen; Scheffler, Sebastian; Sexty, Dénes
- Physical Review D, Vol. 77, Issue 3
Transient relativistic thermodynamics and kinetic theory
journal, April 1979
- Israel, W.; Stewart, J. M.
- Annals of Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 2
Fate of non-Abelian plasma instabilities in dimensions
journal, September 2005
- Arnold, Peter; Moore, Guy D.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 72, Issue 5
Hydrodynamic fluctuations, long-time tails, and supersymmetry
journal, July 2003
- Kovtun, Pavel; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 68, Issue 2
Stickiness of sound: An absolute lower limit on viscosity and the breakdown of second-order relativistic hydrodynamics
journal, July 2011
- Kovtun, Pavel; Moore, Guy D.; Romatschke, Paul
- Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 2
Quasinormal modes and holography
journal, October 2005
- Kovtun, Pavel K.; Starinets, Andrei O.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 72, Issue 8
The unstable glasma
journal, August 2006
- Romatschke, Paul; Venugopalan, Raju
- Physical Review D, Vol. 74, Issue 4
Statistical hadronization with exclusive channels in e+e− annihilation
journal, December 2011
- Ferroni, L.; Becattini, F.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 71, Issue 12
Hydrodynamics Beyond the Gradient Expansion: Resurgence and Resummation
journal, August 2015
- Heller, Michal P.; Spaliński, Michał
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 7
Weak and strong coupling equilibration in nonabelian gauge theories
journal, April 2016
- Keegan, Liam; Kurkela, Aleksi; Romatschke, Paul
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 4
How big are the smallest drops of quark-gluon plasma?
journal, March 2016
- Chesler, Paul M.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 3
Elliptic flow and incomplete equilibration at RHIC
journal, October 2005
- Bhalerao, Rajeev S.; Blaizot, Jean-Paul; Borghini, Nicolas
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 627, Issue 1-4
Plasma instability at the initial stage of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, September 1993
- Mrówczyński, Stanisław
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 314, Issue 1
Quasinormal modes of near extremal black branes
journal, December 2002
- Starinets, Andrei O.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 66, Issue 12
Accelerating Cosmological Expansion from Shear and Bulk Viscosity
journal, March 2015
- Floerchinger, Stefan; Tetradis, Nikolaos; Wiedemann, Urs Achim
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 9
Hydrodynamic Gradient Expansion in Gauge Theory Plasmas
journal, May 2013
- Heller, Michal P.; Janik, Romuald A.; Witaszczyk, Przemysław
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 21
Testing hydrodynamic descriptions of p+p collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=7$$ s = 7 TeV
journal, July 2016
- Habich, M.; Miller, G. A.; Romatschke, P.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 76, Issue 7
Linearized fluid/gravity correspondence: from shear viscosity to all order hydrodynamics
journal, November 2014
- Bu, Yanyan; Lublinsky, Michael
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 11
Partition temperature and energy conservation of particle production
journal, September 1987
- Hoang, T. F.; Cork, B.
- Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields, Vol. 34, Issue 3
Highly relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions: The central rapidity region
journal, January 1983
- Bjorken, J. D.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Numerical integration of thermal noise in relativistic hydrodynamics
journal, February 2014
- Young, Clint
- Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 2
Hard-Loop Dynamics of Non-Abelian Plasma Instabilities
journal, March 2005
- Rebhan, Anton; Romatschke, Paul; Strickland, Michael
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 10
Particle spectra and HBT radii for simulated central nuclear collisions of C + C, Al + Al, Cu + Cu, Au + Au, and Pb + Pb from $$\sqrt{s}=62.4$$ s = 62.4 – $$2760$$ 2760 GeV
journal, January 2015
- Habich, M.; Nagle, J. L.; Romatschke, P.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 75, Issue 1
Statistical hadronization model and transverse momentum spectra of hadrons in high energy collisions
journal, April 2002
- Becattini, F.; Passaleva, G.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 23, Issue 3
“Bottom-up” thermalization in heavy ion collisions
journal, March 2001
- Baier, R.; Mueller, A. H.; Schiff, D.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 502, Issue 1-4
Pressure Isotropization in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
journal, December 2013
- Epelbaum, Thomas; Gelis, François
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 23
Retarded correlators in kinetic theory: branch cuts, poles and hydrodynamic onset transitions
journal, June 2016
- Romatschke, Paul
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 76, Issue 6
Holographic thermalization with radial flow
journal, March 2013
- van der Schee, Wilke
- Physical Review D, Vol. 87, Issue 6
Out-of-equilibrium chiral magnetic effect at strong coupling
journal, July 2013
- Lin, Shu; Yee, Ho-Ung
- Physical Review D, Vol. 88, Issue 2
Event-by-event fluctuations in a perturbative QCD + saturation + hydrodynamics model: Determining QCD matter shear viscosity in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, February 2016
- Niemi, H.; Eskola, K. J.; Paatelainen, R.
- Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 2
Does parton saturation at high density explain hadron multiplicities at RHIC?
journal, July 2002
- Baier, R.; Mueller, A. H.; Schiff, D.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 539, Issue 1-2
Zum Paradoxon der W�rmeleitungstheorie
journal, August 1967
- M�ller, Ingo
- Zeitschrift f�r Physik, Vol. 198, Issue 4
Cosmic antifriction and accelerated expansion
journal, August 2001
- Zimdahl, Winfried; Schwarz, Dominik J.; Balakin, Alexander B.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 64, Issue 6
Transport coefficients in high temperature gauge theories, 2. Beyond leading log
journal, May 2003
- Arnold, Peter; Moore, Guy D.; Yaffe, Laurence G.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2003, Issue 05
(3+1)D hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, July 2010
- Schenke, Björn; Jeon, Sangyong; Gale, Charles
- Physical Review C, Vol. 82, Issue 1
Light-heavy-ion collisions: a window into pre-equilibrium QCD dynamics?
journal, July 2015
- Romatschke, P.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 75, Issue 7
Real-time evolution of non-Gaussian cumulants in the QCD critical regime
journal, September 2015
- Mukherjee, Swagato; Venugopalan, Raju; Yin, Yi
- Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 3
Shear-Viscosity to Entropy-Density Ratio of a Relativistic Hadron Gas
journal, May 2009
- Demir, Nasser; Bass, Steffen A.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 17
SHOCK WAVE COLLISIONS IN AdS 5 : APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
journal, December 2011
- Wu, Bin; Romatschke, Paul
- International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol. 22, Issue 12
Plasma Instabilities in an Anisotropically Expanding Geometry
journal, December 2006
- Romatschke, Paul; Rebhan, Anton
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 25
Gauge-gravity duality and thermalization of a boost-invariant perfect fluid
journal, August 2006
- Janik, Romuald A.; Peschanski, Robi
- Physical Review D, Vol. 74, Issue 4
From strong to weak coupling in holographic models of thermalization
journal, July 2016
- Grozdanov, Sašo; Kaplis, Nikolaos; Starinets, Andrei O.
- Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 7
From Full Stopping to Transparency in a Holographic Model of Heavy Ion Collisions
journal, October 2013
- Casalderrey-Solana, Jorge; Heller, Michal P.; Mateos, David
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 18
QCD plasma instabilities and isotropization
journal, August 2005
- Dumitru, Adrian; Nara, Yasushi
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 621, Issue 1-2